Primary endemic Cryptococcosis gattii by molecular type VGII in the state of Pará, Brazil

In order to study the infectious agents causing human disseminated cryptococcosis in the state of Pará, North Brazil, 56 isolates of Cryptococcusspp. (54 isolated from cerebral spinal fluid and two from blood cultures) from 43 cases diagnosed between 2003-2007 were analysed. The species were determined through morphological and physiological tests and genotypes were determined by URA5-RFLP and PCR-fingerprinting (wild-type phage M13). The following species and genotypes were identified: Cryptococcus neoformans VNI (28/56, 50%), Cryptococcus gattii VGII (25/56, 44.64%) and C. gattii VGI (3/56, 5.26%). The genotype VNI occurred in 12 out of 14 HIV-positive adults, whereas the genotype VGII occurred in 11 out of 21 HIV-negative adults (p < 0.02, OR = 6.6 IC95% 0.98-56.0). All patients less than 12 years old were HIV negative and six cases were caused by the VGII genotype, one by the VGI and one by VNI. Therefore, endemic primary mycosis in HIV-negative individuals, including an unexpectedly high number of children, caused by the VGII genotype deserves further study and suggests the need for surveillance on cryptococcal infection in the state of Pará, Eastern Amazon.

II Comprehensive Mental Health Plan For Andalusia 2008-2012 : Andalusian Public Health System

A Comprehensive Plan is a medium-term planning instrument. Its development alone does not guarantee the achievement of the goals laid out in it, but by defining the goals, establishing priorities and setting out courses of action and concrete activities it will allow for an overall vision of the objectives being aimed towards and the tasks that will need to be carried out. The first Comprehensive Mental Health Plan for Andalusia 2003-2007 (I PISMA, Plan Integral de Salud Mental de Andalucía) was developed using this approach. Nine courses of action were covered in this Plan, which over its duration lead to noticeable progress in various fields.The assessment of the I PISMA and the experience gained from its development have channelled into this second Comprehensive Mental Health Plan for Andalusia 2008-2012 (II PISMA). The main principles for this second Plan are quality improvements, equality and efficiency of health services, aimed at public awareness of mental health in the Andalusian population, prevention of the illnesses and improvements to the care of patients and their families.

Diabetes del embarazo

En la cub.: Plan Integral de Diabetes de Andalucía

Schistosomiasis control program in the state of Minas Gerais in Brazil

The Schistosomiasis Control Program (PCE) was implemented in Minas Gerais (MG) in 1984. In 1999, the state started the investigation and control of schistosomiasis in 470 municipalities. The aim of the present paper is to report the evolution of this Program from 1984-2007. The program included a coproscopic survey carried out in the municipalities of known endemic areas using a quantitative method. Positives were treated with praziquantel and given a program of health education. The information for this study was obtained from data collected and stored by the Health State Department. From 2003-2007, 2,643,564 stool examinations resulted in 141,284 positive tests for Schistosoma mansoni (5.3%). In the first evaluation after treatment, a decrease in the number of municipalities with prevalence over 10% was documented. In one village, selected for a more detailed evaluation, the percentage of positive tests decreased from 14.9% in the baseline survey to 5.3% after treatment. A reference centre for patients with severe schistosomiasis was created in Belo Horizonte, MG. Based on our findings, we believe that the implementation of PCE in MG is on the right path and in due time these new initiatives will provide desirable results.

Validação de intervenções de enfermagem em pessoas com diabetes mellitus

Estudo descritivo e exploratório que objetivou validar as intervenções de enfermagem propostas pela Nursing Interventions Classification para os diagnósticos de enfermagem: Integridade da pele prejudicada, Conhecimento deficiente e Controle ineficaz do regime terapêutico predominantes em pessoas com diabetes. Participaram 21 enfermeiros especialistas em diabetes mellitus no Brasil, em 2007. As intervenções de enfermagem que obtiveram a maior média ponderada foram cuidado com lesões: drenagem fechada, precauções circulatórias para o diagnóstico de enfermagem Integridade da pele prejudicada, ensino: processo de doença, ensino: medicação prescrita para o Conhecimento deficiente e ensino: processo de doença e ensino: dieta prescrita para Controle ineficaz do regime terapêutico. Dentre as 1005 atividades de enfermagem, 51% foram validadas como muitíssimo características pelos especialistas. Acredita-se que outros estudos devam ser conduzidos para ampliar a validação das intervenções de enfermagem em pessoas com diabetes mellitus no Brasil, buscando evidências científicas para o cuidado dessa clientela.

Lastenkulttuuripoliittisesta ohjelmasta tilanvuokraustoimintaan : lastenkulttuuritarjonnan muodostuminen Helsingin alueellisissa kulttuurikeskuksissa

Then aim of this thesis is to investigate children's culture in the regional cultural centres of Helsinki, namely Stoa, Malmitalo and Kanneltalo. The main objective was to identify how the center's repertoire for children forms. Moreover, a further research question was how different fields of art as well as proposals for action defined by the Children's Culture Programme, are portrayed in the repertoire of the regional cultural centres. The Ministry of Education's missions are to plan cultural and artistic policies, to support the industry financially, and to prepare cultural legislation. The Ministry promotes children's culture with a variety of programs and projects. The basis of the thesis is formed by the Finnish Ministry of Education's Children's Culture Programme, published in 2003. The goal of the programme is to give direction to the promotion of children's culture from 2003 to 2007. The programme presented proposals for action in different fields of art that are directed towards a broad range of implementors. In addition, in the theoretical section the focus is on the research of the Ministry of Education, the Art Council of Finland and the Municipalities. The research investigates the roles in children's culture as well as the activities of regional cultural centers. The qualitative analysis has been conducted by interviewing the employees of these regional cultural centers. The factors that affect and hinder the composition of the children's programme's repertoire are analysed based on the results of the interviews. The factors that affect the composition are the supply, the facilities and the possibilities provided by cooperation. The results section examines how the Children's Cultural Programme presents different fields of art. What is also taken into account is focal points connected to them, the proposals for action when building the repertoire. The results of the interviews indicate that the repertoire of the regional cultural centres is very diverse and it often meets the propositions of the children's cultural programme. However, the contents of the program were unknown for many. Various fields of art have been catered for in the children's repertoire and the supply is of good quality. The City of Helsinki Cultural Office's upcoming change in the administration was also mentioned, as the interviewees contemplated its future effects.

Lobbying, political competition, and local land supply: recent evidence from Spain

We analyze whether local land supply is influenced by the degree of political competition, and interpret the findings as being indicative of the influence wielded by land development lobbies. We use a new database including both political and land supply data for more than 2,000 Spanish municipalities for the period 2003-2007. In Spain, land use policies are largely a local responsibility with municipalities having periodically to pass compre- hensive land use plans. The main policy variable in these plans, and the one analyzed here, is the amount of land classified for potential development. We measure local political competition as the margin of victory of the incumbent government. We instrument this variable using the number of votes obtained by parties represented in local government when standing at the first national legislative elections following the re-establishment of democracy, and the number of votes they actually obtained regionally at the national legislative elections. The results indicate that stiffer political competition does indeed reduce the amount of new land designated for development. This effect is found to be most marked in suburbs, in towns with a high percent of commuters and homeowners, and in municipalities governed by the left.

Lobbying, political competition, and local land supply: recent evidence from Spain

We analyze whether local land supply is influenced by the degree of political competition, and interpret the findings as being indicative of the influence wielded by land development lobbies. We use a new database including both political and land supply data for more than 2,000 Spanish municipalities for the period 2003-2007. In Spain, land use policies are largely a local responsibility with municipalities having periodically to pass compre- hensive land use plans. The main policy variable in these plans, and the one analyzed here, is the amount of land classified for potential development. We measure local political competition as the margin of victory of the incumbent government. We instrument this variable using the number of votes obtained by parties represented in local government when standing at the first national legislative elections following the re-establishment of democracy, and the number of votes they actually obtained regionally at the national legislative elections. The results indicate that stiffer political competition does indeed reduce the amount of new land designated for development. This effect is found to be most marked in suburbs, in towns with a high percent of commuters and homeowners, and in municipalities governed by the left.

Annual Report of the Hawk-I Board to The Governor, General Assembly and Council on Human Services, 2009

Congress established the State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) with passage of the Balanced Budget Act of 1997, which authorized $40 billion for the SCHIP program through Federal Fiscal Year (FFY) 2007. Under the program, a federal block grant was awarded to states to provide health insurance to children from families with income about Medicaid eligibility levels.

Worldwide trends in gastric cancer mortality (1980-2011), with predictions to 2015, and incidence by subtype.

Gastric cancer incidence and mortality decreased substantially over the last decades in most countries worldwide, with differences in the trends and distribution of the main topographies across regions. To monitor recent mortality trends (1980-2011) and to compute short-term predictions (2015) of gastric cancer mortality in selected countries worldwide, we analysed mortality data provided by the World Health Organization. We also analysed incidence of cardia and non-cardia cancers using data from Cancer Incidence in Five Continents (2003-2007). The joinpoint regression over the most recent calendar periods gave estimated annual percent changes (EAPC) around -3% for the European Union (EU) and major European countries, as well as in Japan and Korea, and around -2% in North America and major Latin American countries. In the United States of America (USA), EU and other major countries worldwide, the EAPC, however, were lower than in previous years. The predictions for 2015 show that a levelling off of rates is expected in the USA and a few other countries. The relative contribution of cardia and non-cardia gastric cancers to the overall number of cases varies widely, with a generally higher proportion of cardia cancers in countries with lower gastric cancer incidence and mortality rates (e.g. the USA, Canada and Denmark). Despite the favourable mortality trends worldwide, in some countries the declines are becoming less marked. There still is the need to control Helicobacter pylori infection and other risk factors, as well as to improve diagnosis and management, to further reduce the burden of gastric cancer.

Da (contra)normatividade do cotidiano escolar: problematizando discursos sobre a indisciplina discente

O artigo ambiciona colocar em causa a proliferação discursiva contemporânea em torno das condutas do alunado tidas como indisciplinadas, situando-a, em diálogo com a conceituação foucaultiana, no interior de um quadro socio-histórico e institucional atravessado por demandas multiformes de governamento dos sujeitos escolares. Para tanto, o texto oferece primeiramente uma configuração preliminar da produção acadêmica brasileira sobre a temática disciplinar nas últimas três décadas, bem como problematiza os nortes teórico-metodológicos da investigação voltada ao âmbito (contra)normativo do cotidiano escolar. Em seguida, apresenta os resultados de uma investigação baseada nos registros das ocorrências disciplinares que tomaram lugar no ensino médio de uma escola pública na cidade de São Paulo, num intervalo de cinco anos (2003-2007). Por fim, opera algumas aproximações analíticas do problema, apontando que se as queixas disciplinares parecem ser, num primeiro momento, solidárias a uma espécie de esgarçadura do modus operandi escolar clássico, num segundo momento, elas passam a apontar para a irrupção de modos sutis de controle das condutas não apenas discentes, mas também dos profissionais, de modo consoante aos processos de governamentalização em ação na contemporaneidade.

Fallers in postacute rehabilitation have worse functional recovery and increased health services use.

OBJECTIVES: To determine characteristics associated with single and multiple fallers during postacute rehabilitation and to investigate the relationship among falls, rehabilitation outcomes, and health services use. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: Geriatric postacute rehabilitation hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Patients (n = 4026) consecutively admitted over a 5-year period (2003-2007). MEASUREMENTS: All falls during hospitalization were prospectively recorded. Collected patients' characteristics included health, functional, cognitive, and affective status data. Length of stay and discharge destination were retrieved from the administrative database. RESULTS: During rehabilitation stay, 11.4% (458/4026) of patients fell once and an additional 6.3% (253/4026) fell several times. Compared with nonfallers, fallers were older and more frequently men. They were globally frailer, with lower Barthel score and more comorbidities, cognitive impairment, and depressive symptoms. In multivariate analyses, compared with 1-time fallers, multiple fallers were more likely to have lower Barthel score (adjOR: 2.45, 95% CI: 1.48-4.07; P = .001), cognitive impairment (adjOR: 1.43, 95% CI: 1.04-1.96; P = .026), and to have been admitted from a medicine ward (adjOR: 1.55, 95% CI: 1.03-2.32; P = .035). Odds of poor functional recovery and institutionalization at discharge, as well as length of stay, increased incrementally from nonfallers to 1-time and to multiple fallers. CONCLUSION: In these patients admitted to postacute rehabilitation, the proportion of fallers and multiple fallers was high. Multiple fallers were particularly at risk of poor functional recovery and increased health services use. Specific fall prevention programs targeting high-risk patients with cognitive impairment and low functional status should be developed in further studies.

Fertilización nitrogenada después de la poda del cafeto robusta en Cambisoles

El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la influencia de la fertilización mineral nitrogenada, después de la poda del cafeto robusta, sobre la productividad del cultivo y algunos indicadores químicos (pH, materia orgánica) y microbiológicos (respiración biológica y nitrificación) de dos Cambisoles en Tercer Frente, Santiago de Cuba y La Alcarraza, Holguín, durante los años 2003-2007. Se estudió la respuesta a dosis crecientes de nitrógeno (0 hasta 400 kg ha-1), en presencia de un fondo fijo de P (50 kg ha-1) y K (160 kg ha-1), en un diseño experimental de bloques al azar, con cuatro réplicas. Para productividades entre 0,50 y 0,84 Mg ha-1 de café, son suficientes 75 kg ha-1 de N. Aplicaciones de 100 kg ha-1 de N permitieron productividades de 1,22 a 1,25 Mg ha-1de café. Con dosis de 153 kg ha-1 de N, se logran producciones de 1,80 Mg ha-1 de café, mientras que para productividades superiores a 2 Mg ha-1 se necesita aplicar 200 kg ha-1 en ambos suelos. Se encontró un incremento importante en las productividades del cafeto por cada quilogramo de N aplicado, que osciló entre 2,13 y 7,80. Las dosis propuestas por sitio no afectaron la actividad microbiana y la materia orgánica de los suelos. Se encontró disminución del pH del suelo respecto a su estado inicial.

Reino Rinteen arkisto

- Reino Rinteen arkisto sisältää laajan, kulttuurihistoriallisesti arvokkaan kirjekokoelman, miete- ja päiväkirjoja 1930-luvulta lähtien, teosten käsikirjoituksia sekä muuta kirjallista tuotantoa: nuoruudenaikaisia runoja ja kirjoitelmia, satuja, pakinoita sekä sanoma- ja aikakauslehtiartikkeleita. - Reino Aleksanteri Rinne (1913-2002) oli sanomalehtimies ja kirjailija. Hän työskenteli toimittajana oululaisessa sanomalehti Kalevassa 1938-1947, luottamustoimessa kulttuurilehti Kaltion toimitussihteerinä 1945-1946 sekä päätoimittajana rovaniemeläisessä Lapin kansassa 1947-1948. Posiolle palattuaan Reino Rinne pani alulle Kollissanomat, jonka ensimmäinen näytenumero ilmestyi 18.8.1950. Lehden päätoimittajana hän oli 1950-1968. Vapaana kirjailijana hän toimi vuodesta 1969. Puolen vuosisadan aikana Reino Rinne julkaisi lapinaiheisia romaaneja, novellikokoelmia, runoja ja pamfletteja. Esikoisromaani "Tunturit hymyilevät" ilmestyi v. 1945. Hänen viimeiseksi jäänyt teoksensa "Luotiin Koillismaa" ilmestyi v. 1995. - Valtion kirjallisuuspalkinnon Reino Rinne sai v. 1971 teoksesta "Anna minulle atomipommi". Valtion tiedonjulkistamispalkinto hänelle myönnettiin v. 1977. Oulun yliopiston kasvatustieteen kunniatohtoriksi Reino Rinne promovoitiin v. 1994. - Reino Rinne tuli 1960-luvulta alkaen tunnetuksi myös eräänä Suomen johtavista luonnon ja ihmisen elinympäristön puolustajista. Elämäntyönään hän piti Kuusamon koskien säilyttämistä luononvaraisena. Kuusamon "koskisoturi" saavutti tavoitteensa, kun v. 1965 valtion asettama komitea päätyi ehdottamaan Kuusamon koskien rauhoittamista ja viimein tammikuussa 1987 asiasta säädettiin eduskunnassa laki.

Alkoholinkäyttö ja tupakointi raskauden aikana - haaste hoitohenkilökunnalle

Opinnäytetyön tavoitteena oli selvittää, kuinka tärkeänä Pietarin synnytyslaitos nro 9:n hoitohenkilökunta pitää potilasohjauksen eri osa-alueita raskaus-, synnytys- ja lapsivuodeaikana, sekä kuinka hoito toteutuu lapsivuodeosastolla. Suoritettu kysely oli samalla myös hankkeen loppukartoitus. Työ on osa moniammatillista yhteistyöhanketta (2003 -2007) Suomen ja Venäjän välillä. Teoreettisen viitekehyksen avulla tuodaan esille raskaudenaikaisen alkoholinkäytön ja tupakoinnin riskejä lääketieteellisestä näkökulmasta sekä selvitetään keinoja ohjata alkoholia käyttäviä tai tupakoivia raskaana olevia naisia ja perheitä. Tutkimusaineisto kerättiin strukturoidulla kyselylomakkeella 1.11-8.11.2006 Pietarin synnytyslaitos nro 9:n hoitohenkilökunnalta (n = 99). Vastanneet olivat kätilöitä tai sairaanhoitajia. Tulosten analysointi tehtiin SPSS for Windows 15 -ohjelmalla. Yleisesti ottaen vastaajat pitivät merkityksellisenä ohjata ja tukea äitejä sairaalassa sekä keskustella raskauteen, synnytykseen ja kotiutumiseen liittyvistä asioista. Vastanneiden mukaan äitejä kannustettiin omatoimisuuteen ja he saivat osallistua hoidon suunnitteluun. Ilmapiiri koettiin leppoisaksi ja mukavaksi sekä kannustavaksi ja tukevaksi, mutta myös synnyttäjää ja perhettä holhoavaksi. Kyselyssä kartoitetut potilasohjauksen kehittämisehdotukset kohdistuivat lähinnä henkilö- ja materiaaliresurssien lisäämiseen. Henkilökunnasta 77 % oli saanut WHO:n imetysohjaajakoulutuksen. Muista osa-alueista poiketen lähes 23 % vastanneista ei pitänyt lainkaan tärkeänä keskustella alkoholinkäytöstä ja tupakoinnista raskaus- ja lapsivuodeaikana. Vastaava luku vuoden 2004 alkukartoituksessa oli 40 %. Tulosten mukaan imetysohjaajakoulutuksen saannilla, koulutuksen pituudella tai iällä ei ollut merkitystä sen suhteen, pitikö tärkeänä keskustella alkoholinkäytöstä ja tupakoinnista äitien kanssa. Sen sijaan ne vastanneet, jotka eivät kokeneet tärkeäksi keskustella alkoholinkäytöstä, eivät kokeneet sen tärkeämmäksi myöskään tupakoinnista keskustelemista. Opinnäytetyö antaa tietoa Pietarin synnytyslaitos nro 9:n hoidon nykytilanteesta. Se tarjoaa valmiuksia alkoholinkäytöstä ja tupakoinnista ohjaamiseen sekä äitien raittiudessa ja savuttomuudessa pysymisen tukemiseen. Näin voidaan parantaa sekä syntyvien lasten että äitien itsensä terveyttä. Jatkossa olisi tärkeää selvittää miksi hoitotyöntekijät eivät osaa tai koe tarpeelliseksi keskustella alkoholinkäytöstä ja tupakoinnista äitien kanssa. Myös raskaana olevien naisten alkoholinkäytöstä ja tupakoinnista kaivattaisiin lisäselvitystä ilmiön ymmärtämiseksi ja selittämiseksi, sekä tehokkaiden interventiokeinojen löytämiseksi.