905 resultados para Currency convertibility
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Conductivity measurements have been made on x V O-2(5) - (100-x) 0.5 Na2O + 0.5 B2O3] (where 10 a parts per thousand currency sign x a parts per thousand currency sign 50) glasses prepared by using microwave method. DC conductivity (sigma) measurements exhibit temperature-and compositional-dependent trends. It has been found that conductivity in these glasses changes from the predominantly `ionic' to predominantly `electronic' depending upon the chemical composition. The dc conductivity passes through a deep minimum, which is attributed to network disruption. Also, this nonlinear variation in sigma (dc) and activation energy can be interpreted using ion-polaron correlation effect. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and impedance spectroscopic techniques have been used to elucidate the nature of conduction mechanism. The EPR spectra reveals, in least modified (25 Na2O mol%) glasses, conduction is due to the transfer of electrons via aliovalent vanadium sites, while in highly modified (45 Na2O mol%) glasses Na+ ion transport dominates the electrical conduction. For highly modified glasses, frequency-dependent conductivity has been analysed using electrical modulus formalism and the observations have been discussed.
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We report the localized charge carrier transport of two-phase composite Zn1-x Ni (x) O/NiO (0 a parts per thousand currency sign x a parts per thousand currency sign 1) using the temperature dependence of ac-resistivity rho (ac)(T) across the N,el temperature T (N) (= 523 K) of nickel oxide. Our results provide strong evidence to the variable range hopping of charge carriers between the localized states through a mechanism involving spin-dependent activation energies. The temperature variation of carrier hopping energy epsilon (h)(T) and nearest-neighbor exchange-coupling parameter J (ij)(T) evaluated from the small poleron model exhibits a well-defined anomaly across T (N). For all the composite systems, the average exchange-coupling parameter (J (ij))(AVG) nearly equals to 70 meV which is slightly greater than the 60-meV exciton binding energy of pure zinc oxide. The magnitudes of epsilon (h) (similar to 0.17 eV) and J (ij) (similar to 11 meV) of pure NiO synthesized under oxygen-rich conditions are consistent with the previously reported theoretical estimation based on Green's function analysis. A systematic correlation between the oxygen stoichiometry and, epsilon (h)(T) and J (ij)(T) is discussed.
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Resumen: Si bien el período de recuperación posterior a la crisis del fin de la convertibilidad mostró mejoras en las mediciones de pobreza y desigualdad monetarias, el análisis de medidas multidimensionales permite detectar un estancamiento en estas mejoras ya a partir del año 2007. Este documento intenta indagar en los componentes de este cambio, mediante un ejercicio de descomposición temporal y por grupos de la medida Alkire-Foster (2007) aplicada a los datos de la Encuesta de la Deuda Social Argentina.
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Desde 1956, en ocho ocasiones la Argentina refinanció deudas oficiales en el ámbito del Club de París. Estas refinanciaciones implicaron implementar programas de ajuste, acompañados en seis oportunidades por acuerdos contingentes con el FMI. Pero la apreciación subsiguiente de la moneda doméstica y los compromisos de facilitar importaciones pactados en tales acuerdos, desencadenan un ciclo de auge y deterioro de la cuenta corriente del balance de pagos que finaliza con una nueva crisis y una deuda externa incrementada, agravando la restricción de divisas originante de tal situación, en un contexto de salida masiva de capitales, inflación y recesión.
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Resumen: En un modelo dinámico, de dos países y con precios rígidos, este trabajo analiza la transmisión de la política monetaria cuando las empresas fijan sus precios en distintas monedas. Siguiendo el modelo de Betts y Devereux (2000) suponemos que las empresas pueden fijar un único precio para el mercado local y extranjero en moneda del país al cual exportan. Algunas empresas segmentan el mercado por país y otras fijan un único precio en su propia moneda o en la del país vecino. Los precios rígidos en moneda del país vecino aumentan la variabilidad del tipo de cambio y reducen los efectos positivos que la política monetaria tiene sobre el consumo y la tasa de interés real, respecto a una situación donde las empresas sólo segmentan el mercado o fijan un único precio en su propia moneda. En ausencia de segmentación de mercado, a mayor número de empresas que fijen su precio en moneda del país vecino, mayor es el efecto positivo que un shock monetario en el país extranjero tiene sobre su bienestar y el del otro, pero es menor en ambos cuando se produce en el país local.
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Resumen: El presente trabajo estima distintas funciones agregadas de producción para la Argentina entre los años 1975 y 2006, con el objetivo de determinar la que resulta más apropiada para describir el proceso productivo argentino. Una vez obtenidas dichas funciones de producción, las mismas se aplican al estudio de la productividad total de los factores, a la determinación del producto potencial y a establecer la contribución al crecimiento de los factores productivos involucrados. Este estudio revela el paulatino deterioro de la productividad total de los factores en dicho período, a pesar de haber atravesado períodos de crecimiento en la convertibilidad de los `90 y la recuperación posterior a la crisis de 2002. Se verifican varios episodios de recalentamiento de la economía, donde el producto observado supera al potencial, y pone en evidencia una matriz de crecimiento basado en acumulación de factores y no en productividad e innovación.
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This paper highlights the role of the terms of trade in the trade channel of propagation of oil price shocks both empirically and theoretically. Empirically, I show that oil price shocks have a large, persistent and statistically significant impact on the US terms of trade. Theoretically, I add oil in the model by Corsetti and Pesenti (2005) and analyse under what conditions the terms of trade plays a relevant role in the international transmission of oil price shocks. With nominal price rigidities and full exchange rate pass-through positive oil price shocks depreciate the currency of the oil importing country. The subsequent negative wealth effect adds to the recessive effect of the supply channel and may trongly reduce the consumption in the oil importing country economy. Without exchange rate pass-through oil shocks transmit to the economy only through the supply channel. The model suggests that a change in the exchange rate pass-through might contribute to explain the evidence of a weaker impact of oil price shocks on the macroeconomic activity in recent times.
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The aim of this work is to analyze the main characteristics of the current financial system and to investigate the arising of critical voices with respect this system. In particular, we analyze some historical facts that have been important in the creation of this financial order. We analyze the new digital currency, known as Bitcoin, as the basic ingredient in the formation of a new alternative and decentralized international financial system. In 10 years Bitcoin has expanded its influence to many economic activities. We also analyzed briefly the classic liberal theory that criticizes the intervention of governments in the markets. Finally, we consider relevant the arising of a group of countries (BRICS) that may challenge the current system where the position of USA is privileged.
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A presente dissertação discute o repasse cambial para o IPCA na economia brasileira durante o período compreendido entre janeiro de 1999 e dezembro de 2007. A ampla maioria dos trabalhos que versam sobre este tema aborda a redução do repasse após a adoção do regime de metas de inflação e/ou tem como único foco o impacto das desvalorizações cambiais no aumento dos índices de preços. Este trabalho, por outro lado, aborda de maneira explícita o papel da valorização do Real sobre a variação do IPCA no período recente, configurando o que denominamos de repasse cambial reverso. Para tanto, estimamos o repasse cambial por meio de um modelo de vetores auto-regressivos tanto para o referido período (1999-2007), quanto para outros dois recortes temporais: entre janeiro de 1999 e junho 2003 (amostra 1), período no qual se verifica uma tendência de desvalorização cambial e aumento de preços; e de julho de 2003 a dezembro de 2007 (amostra 2), período caracterizado pelo processo inverso, de valorização da taxa de câmbio e de cumprimento das metas de inflação na maioria dos anos. Os principais resultados foram: (i) no longo prazo os coeficientes de repasse cambial para o IPCA para as duas amostras foram superiores àqueles verificados para o período completo; e (ii) o repasse estimado para a amostra 2 foi bem elevado, ainda que inferior àquele obtido para a amostra 1. Estes resultados reforçam o argumento de que a taxa de câmbio desempenhou um papel proeminente no controle da inflação no período 2003-2007.
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This academic work is based on the study of the gold standard, its evolution over the years, their periods of boom and crisis. We will also discuss the arguments that some economists back the return to this monetary system.
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Este trabalho pretende contribuir para o entendimento sobre a desindustrialização brasileira, bem como propor uma reflexão sobre o futuro das políticas de governo atualmente vigentes. Para isso, procurou-se inicialmente avaliar a literatura nacional e estrangeira sobre o tema da desindustrialização. O objetivo é, portanto, observar através dos dados e indicadores mais recomendados pela literatura existente, se o Brasil apresenta, realmente, sinais de que está passando por um processo de desindustrialização. Os agregados econômicos analisados foram: emprego, produto e o setor externo. As respectivas séries revelaram, em seu conjunto, que o Brasil está enfrentando, desde meados dos anos 1980, o fenômeno da desindustrialização. As principais causas que contribuem para explicar o porquê desse processo são: o avanço das commodities na pauta exportadora brasileira, a recente valorização da moeda nacional, a baixa densidade tecnológica dos produtos industriais brasileiros, as mudanças de políticas econômicas dos anos 1980 e 1990 e, finalmente, o processo geral recente do capitalismo, no contexto de um mundo globalizado.
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California's red sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus franciscanus, catch peaked at 23,577 metric tons (t) in 1988. Since then, catches and CPUE have trended downward at different rates in northern and southern California, with 10,086 t landed statewide in 1995. West coast sea urchin catches and CPUE from British Columbia, Can., to Baja California, Mex., have generally declined during this period which followed a decade of rapid fishery expansion. This expansion was in response to increasing demand from Japan fueled by rising prices based largely on a more favorable export currency exchange rate. West coast stock assessment methods have been based on integrating a combination of fisheries dependent data and population surveys into models at various levels of complexity. California management policy has centered on technical measures such as size limits and seasonal closures and has been largely ineffective in stabilizing declining catches.
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Este trabalho tem como objetivos analisar as semelhanças das respostas dos países da Zona do Euro aos choques na política monetária e no câmbio (identificados através de restrições de sinais nas funções impulso-resposta) e investigar a simetria das flutuações na taxa de crescimento do nível de atividade na região através da análise da importância relativa da resposta do crescimento do PIB destes países aos choques comum e específico identificados pelo modelo FAVAR utilizado, que foi estimado através de um método Bayesiano desenvolvido para incorporar prioris de Litterman (1986). A importância do choque comum (relativamente ao específico) nos diversos países, fornece uma medida do grau de integração dos diversos membros da Zona do Euro. O trabalho contribui para a análise do grau de integração dos países da Zona do Euro ao utilizar uma metodologia que permite o uso de um amplo conjunto de variáveis e ao identificar o grau de simetria das flutuações na taxa de crescimento do nível de atividade dos membros da região através da identificação dos choques comuns e específicos. Foram utilizados dados trimestrais de 1999.I a 2013.I para os 17 países da região. Os resultados encontrados apontam para a existência de uma maior integração entre as grandes economias da Zona do Euro ( com exceção da França) e uma integração menor para as menores economias (com exceção da Finlândia).
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The paper deals with the proper management of fishing resources of shrimps in shallow waters, those currently constitute the main source of foreign currency trade of the country. The analysis of the level of the productive sector is presented by the local Institute of Fisheries Research.
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Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to explore the key influential factors and their implications on food supply chain (FSC) location decisions from a Thailand-based manufacturer's view. Design/methodology/approach: In total, 21 case studies were conducted with eight Thailand-based food manufacturers. In each case, key influential factors were observed along with their implications on upstream and downstream FSC location decisions. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and documentations. Data reduction and data display in tables were used to help data analysis of the case studies. Findings: This exploratory research found that, in the food industry, FSC geographical dispersion pattern could be determined by four factors: perishability, value density, economic-political forces, and technological forces. Technological forces were found as an enabler for FSC geographical dispersion whereas the other three factors could be both barriers and enablers. The implications of these four influential factors drive FSC towards four key patterns of FSC geographical dispersion: local supply chain (SC), supply-proximity SC, market-proximity SC, and international SC. Additionally, the strategy of the firm was found to also be an influential factor in determining FSC geographical dispersion. Research limitations/implications: Despite conducting 21 cases, the findings in this research are based on a relatively small sample, given the large size of the industry. More case evidence from a broader range of food product market and supply items, particularly ones that have significantly different patterns of FSC geographical dispersions would have been insightful. The consideration of additional influential factors such as labour movement between developing countries, currency fluctuations and labour costs, would also enrich the framework as well as improve the quality and validity of the research findings. The different strategies employed by the case companies and their implications on FSC location decisions should also be further investigated along with cases outside Thailand, to provide a more comprehensive view of FSC geographical location decisions. Practical implications: This paper provides insights how FSC is geographically located in both supply-side and demand-side from a manufacturing firm's view. The findings can also provide SC managers and researchers a better understanding of their FSCs. Originality/value: This research bridges the existing gap in the literature, explaining the geographical dispersion of SC particularly in the food industry where the characteristics are very specific, by exploring the internationalization ability of Thailand-based FSC and generalizing the key influential factors - perishability (lead time), value density, economic-political forces, market opportunities, and technological advancements. Four key patterns of FSC internationalization emerged from the case studies. © Emerald Group Publishing Limited.