1000 resultados para Concreto. Resíduo. Scheelita. Sustentabilidade
Resumo:
The present work reports the use of anthocyanins extracted from mulberry (Morus Alba L.), raspberry (Rubus Idaeus L.) and blueberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) as sensitizers in dye-sensitized solar cells. The conversion efficiency of these devices is dependent on the extracts employed and can be rationalized in terms of their composition and spectral properties. Solar cells sensitized by the mulberry extract showed the highest efficiency among the fruits investigated. Moreover, a 16 cm² active area solar cell with the mulberry extract has presented fair good efficiency of conversion for natural dye-based solar cells, besides stability over twenty weeks, showing perspectives for developing these low cost devices with a commercial viability.
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The earth diatomite is a material used by the industries in the filtration process and clarification of the beer. This material presents a reduced useful life due to the blockages of their pores during the filtration process. The objective of this work was to reactivate the properties of filtration of the earth diatomite, saturated with organic matter during the filtration stage, starting from a controlled thermal treatment. The obtained results demonstrated that the earth diatomite saturated with organic matter submitted to a controlled thermal treatment has their filtration properties reactivated, could be reused in the beer production process.
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The world's largest ethanol producer (USA) uses corn as feedstock. DDGS (distillers dried grains with solubles) is the main waste generated from this process (around 32 million t/year). DDGS samples were pyrolyzed at 1000 ºC in a furnace with controlled atmosphere. The effluent was channeled to a second furnace, in which catalyst substrates were placed. Chromatographic analysis was used to evaluate the gaseous effluents, showing that the catalyst reduced hydrocarbon emissions. The solid products formed were analyzed by SEM and TEM. Graphitic structures and carbon nanofibers, 50 µm in length and with diameters of 80-200 nm, were formed.
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The nature of the solid residue formed in beef tallow biodiesel from two commercial producers in Brazil was determined by comparative analytical techniques, namely, gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and thermogravimetry (TG). Pure monopalmitin and monostearin were used as reference standards for both methodologies. Analyses were carried out before and after filtration of the solids formed, which allowed the observation that the formation of precipitate reduced the levels of monoglycerides in the beef tallow biodiesel. The chromatographic and thermogravimetric results confirmed the nature of the residue as saturated monoglycerides, predominantly monostearin and monopalmitin.
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A study evaluating Brazilian chemical researchers understanding of the scope of the terms Environmental Sustainability and Sustainable Development, and their assessment of how to deal with environmental fragility and limits, is reported. Results showed a certain degree of acknowledgement of the need for a more sustainable development, but little agreement on the magnitude of the environmental limits. The researchers recognized the limitations of the classical paradigms "of dilution" and "of risk", but showed no agreement on the requirements of the new "ecological paradigm" based on Environmental Sustainability and the 12 principles of Green Chemistry, important to assess the role of Green Chemistry for Sustainability.
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In this study, electric arc furnace dust (EAFD) was thermally modified at different temperatures under H2 flow or charcoal in order to obtain reduced iron phases (Fe3O4, FeO and Fe0). The formation of these phases was confirmed by powder X-ray diffraction. The tests performed for reducing Cr (VI) using resultant materials obtained after thermal treatment of the EAFD showed excellent results, with PAE600H (EAFD reduced at 600 ºC under H2 flow) decreasing around 100% of the Cr (VI) in only 10 minutes of reaction. These results indicate the possibility of adding value to the residue, obtaining materials that offer great potential for environmental applications.
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This contribution discusses the state of the art and the challenges in producing biofuels, as well as the need to develop chemical conversion processes of CO2 in Brazil. Biofuels are sustainable alternatives to fossil fuels for providing energy, whilst minimizing the effects of CO2 emissions into the atmosphere. Ethanol from fermentation of simple sugars and biodiesel produced from oils and fats are the first-generation of biofuels available in the country. However, they are preferentially produced from edible feedstocks (sugar cane and vegetable oils), which limits the expansion of national production. In addition, environmental issues, as well as political and societal pressures, have promoted the development of 2nd and 3rd generation biofuels. These biofuels are based on lignocellulosic biomass from agricultural waste and wood processing, and on algae, respectively. Cellulosic ethanol, from fermentation of cellulose-derived sugars, and hydrocarbons in the range of liquid fuels (gasoline, jet, and diesel fuels) produced through thermochemical conversion processes are considered biofuels of the new generation. Nevertheless, the available 2nd and 3rd generation biofuels, and those under development, have to be subsidized for inclusion in the consumer market. Therefore, one of the greatest challenges in the biofuels area is their competitive large-scale production in relation to fossil fuels. Owing to this, fossil fuels, based on petroleum, coal and natural gas, will be around for many years to come. Thus, it is necessary to utilize the inevitable CO2 released by the combustion processes in a rational and economical way. Chemical transformation processes of CO2 into methanol, hydrocarbons and organic carbonates are attractive and relatively easy to implement in the short-to-medium terms. However, the low reactivity of CO2 and the thermodynamic limitations in terms of conversion and yield of products remain challenges to be overcome in the development of sustainable CO2 conversion processes.
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The transition to sustainable standards of production and consumption within a scenario of decreased availability of natural resources, growing population and climate change is essential to meet current challenges facing mankind. A strategy to meet these challenges should contain elements different from current approaches for industrial production. This work concentrates on the possibilities for the intensive use of sustainable biomass, abundant minerals and every type of residue, a task that can largely benefit from the application of nanotechnology and biotechnology platforms for material design and transformation. This strategy cannot be solely based on existing knowledge and requires new science, new knowledge including supposedly well-known themes, like the tribochemistry of electrostatic charging and friction. It is especially relevant within the Brazilian context, where many recent successful innovations are related to biomass production and transformation. Implementation of this strategy requires converging efforts by personnel from many different organizations and professions, while making sound risk assessment to produce significant innovation leading to sustainable development.
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Cellulose acetates (CA) with different degrees of acetylation were synthesized from cellulose extracted from corn stover. Membranes were prepared for the ultrafiltration process with pure polymers and blend form of CA utilizing a dioxane/acetone system. The membranes were characterized according to their transport properties. The blend form materials presented the best results for application in ultrafiltration experiments. M-TAC/DAC (corn stover triacetate and diacetate) and M-TAC/DAC-Rho (corn stover triacetate and Rhodia diacetate) presented rejection to egg albumin protein of 87.39% and 80.50%, respectively. Thus, MWCO of 45 kDa was determined for these materials.
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Environmentally friendly acid carbon (CG) catalysts, containing a high amount of sulfonated and oxygenated groups, were prepared from glycerin, a biodiesel waste. CGs were produced by glycerin carbonization in the presence of H2SO4 at 1:3 m:m ratio in a closed autoclave at 180ºC for different times: 0.25; 1; 3 and 6 hours (CG-0.25h; CG-1h; CG-3h and CG-6h, respectively). The catalyst properties for all carbons were evaluated in the glycerol etherification reaction with tert-butyl alcohol (TBA). The yield for mono-tert-butyl glycerol (MTBG), di-tert-butyl glycerol (DTBG) and tri-tert-butyl-glycerol (TTBG) was high and very similar for all CGs, of about 43% and 20% for the MTBG and DTBG + TTBG, respectively. Furthermore, the activity of these catalysts were close to those obtained using a commercial resin, Amberlyst-15, of about 50% and 27% for MTBG and DTBG + TTBG, respectively.
Resumo:
Utilizando-se de um gradiente de lâminas d'água obtidas com o sistema de irrigação por aspersão em linha "line source" e duas cultivares de feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris), sob os sistemas de plantio direto e convencional, verificou-se aumento da intensidade do mofo-branco causado por Sclerotinia sclerotiorum e da produção de escleródios com o incremento da lâmina d'água. Com inóculo inicial de 0,2 escleródio/kg de solo a porcentagem de plantas infetadas variou de 0 a 100% em 1998 e de 0 a 12% em 1999. Maior severidade e incidência do mofo-branco ocorreram na cultivar de porte prostrado, em cultivo convencional. Em ambos os anos, a intensidade da doença, a produção de escleródios e a formação de apotécios foram menores no sistema de plantio direto do que no convencional. Finalmente, em ambos os experimentos foi detectado cerca de quatro vezes mais escleródios no resíduo da trilhadora no plantio convencional que no plantio direto, mostrando que a produção de inóculo para as safras subseqüentes no plantio convencional é muito maior que no direto. Este é um fato relevante, considerando-se a importância do inóculo inicial para as doenças monocíclicas, como é o caso do mofo-branco do feijoeiro, e tem implicações diretas na sustentabilidade do sistema de produção irrigado de inverno.
Resumo:
A síntese do complexo sólido de estanho(II)-EDTA é descrita e sua caracterização efetuada através da análise elementar, espectroscopia de absorção na região do infravermelho, difratometria de raios X e ressonância magnética nuclear de ¹H e 13C. O comportamento térmico é avaliado através das curvas termogravimétricas TG e de análise térmica diferencial DTA em atmosferas inerte e oxidante sugerindo etapas de decomposição térmica para o quelato de estequiometria [H2SnH2O(NCH2(CH2COO)2)2].¹/2H2O. As microscopias eletrônicas de varredura demonstram diferentes morfologias para os resíduos óxidos obtidos a 1200ºC em função da razão de aquecimento utilizada.
Resumo:
A utilização de materiais orgânicos que melhoram as características físicas, químicas e biológicas do solo vem sendo estudada como indutor da supressividade a fitopatógenos. Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da incorporação da parte aérea de leguminosas no controle da fusariose do tomateiro. Os resíduos frescos das leguminosas leucena, feijão guandu, amendoim forrageiro e feijão de porco foram incorporados ao solo nas concentrações 0; 20; 40; 60 e 80 g L-1. Sementes de tomateiro da variedade Santa Cruz Kada Gigante foram semeadas em bandejas contendo terra autoclavado e húmus de minhoca. As mudas foram transplantadas para vasos, contendo substrato (terra autoclavada + resíduo fresco), 15 dias após a semeadura. Aos 15 dias após o transplantio realizou-se a inoculação, por meio de ferimento de raízes em meia lua, aplicando em seguida 20 mL da suspensão de 1x10(6) conídios mL-1 por planta. A avaliação foi realizada 21 dias após a inoculação através de escala de notas variando de 1 a 5. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições, sendo a unidade experimental duas plantas por vaso. A incorporação da parte aérea das leguminosas leucena, feijão guandu, amendoim forrageiro e feijão de porco demonstrou eficiência no controle da fusariose. Maior percentual de controle foi obtido com os resíduos de amendoim forrageiro (40 g L-1), feijão de porco (60 g L-1) e leucena (80 g L-1), apresentando um percentual de controle de 73,3%. O amendoim forrageiro pode ser considerado o mais eficiente, por necessitar de uma menor concentração para atingir o mesmo percentual de controle da fusariose.
Resumo:
No intuito de contribuir para o estudo da biodiversidade em um bioma importante como é a Mata Atlântica, algumas considerações são feitas dentro da visão pedológica. Enfoca-se a questão dos diversos fatores que podem influir nesta biodiversidade, como, por exemplo, a profundidade do solo, que pode variar a curtas distâncias. Questiona-se a visão conservacionista tradicional de proibir o uso dos solos com relevo acidentado, especialmente para a agricultura familiar. A água, os nutrientes e a radiação solar são apontados como os fatores básicos de funcionamento dos ecossistemas. Com base nas informações pedológicas, foi possível separar dez grandes ambientes que podem permitir melhor compreensão dos ecossistemas que compõem a Mata Atlântica. Em cada ambiente estratificado são comentadas suas principais características quanto aos nutrientes e à água e são feitas observações gerais quanto ao uso, à instabilidade e à sua importância ecológica.
Resumo:
A eficiência de utilização de nutrientes (EUN) e o crescimento de três procedências de Eucalyptus grandis e de três de E. saligna foram avaliados, aos 78 meses de idade, nos municípios de Angatuba, Itapetininga, Paraibuna, São Miguel Aracanjo e São José dos Campos, Estado de São Paulo. Houve variação na produção de biomassa entre os municípios, sendo as maiores produtividades observadas em São Miguel Aracanjo, seguido por Paraibuna, com os demais municípios constituindo um terceiro grupo. Dentro dos municípios não houve diferença entre materiais genéticos na produção de biomassa, exceto em São Miguel Arcanjo. Os materiais genéticos mostraram variações na EUN entre locais. Observou-se maior EUN de E. grandis em relação ao E. saligna para N, P e Mg, não havendo diferenças apreciáveis de eficiência entre as duas espécies para Ca e K. A alta EUN não está necessariamente ligada à alta produtividade. O Ca e o K são os nutrientes que mais poderão limitar a produtividade do próximo ciclo, quando se considera a colheita do tronco. Entretanto, esta limitação pode ser substancialmente reduzida, principalmente para o Ca, se a colheita for realizada apenas do lenho.