A randomised controlled trial of calcium channel blockade (CCB) with Amlodipine For the treatment oF subcortical ischaEmic vasCular demenTia (AFFECT): study protocol

BACKGROUND: Vascular dementia is the second most common cause of dementia affecting over seven million people worldwide, yet there are no licensed treatments. There is an urgent need for a clinical trial in this patient group. Subcortical ischaemic vascular dementia is the most common variant of vascular dementia. This randomised trial will investigate whether use of calcium channel blockade with amlodipine, a commonly used agent, can provide the first evidence-based pharmacological treatment for subcortical ischaemic vascular dementia.

METHODS/DESIGN: This is a randomised controlled trial of calcium channel blockade with Amlodipine For the treatment oF subcortical ischaEmic vasCular demenTia (AFFECT) to test the hypothesis that treatment with amlodipine can improve outcomes for these patients in a phase IIb, multi-centre, double-blind, placebo-controlled randomised trial. The primary outcome is the change from baseline to 12 months in the Vascular Dementia Assessment Scale cognitive subscale (VADAS-cog). Secondary outcomes include cognitive function, executive function, clinical global impression of change, change in blood pressure, quantitative evaluation of lesion accrual based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), health-related quality of life, activities of daily living, non-cognitive dementia symptoms, care-giver burden and care-giver health-related quality of life, cost-effectiveness and institutionalisation. A total of 588 patients will be randomised in a 1:1 ratio to either amlodipine or placebo, recruited from sites across the UK and enrolled in the trial for 104 weeks.

DISCUSSION: There are no treatments licensed for vascular dementia. The most common subtype is subcortical ischaemic vascular dementia (SIVD). This study is designed to investigate whether amlodipine can produce benefits compared to placebo in established SIVD. It is estimated that the numbers of people with VaD and SIVD will increase globally in the future and the results of this study should inform important treatment decisions.

National Physical Activity Plan for Ireland

There is strong evidence to support the multiple benefits of physical activity to health and wellbeing. It promotes healthy growth and development in children and young people. It contributes to cognitive function. It is important for healthy ageing and helps to maintain quality of life and independence when we grow older. It is also a preventative factor for many non-communicable diseases. This Plan focuses on different types of actions, some immediate and some more long-term and sustainable solutions, which recognise that behaviour change is complex, challenging and takes time. This does not merely focus on overcoming deficits but concentrates on solutions and strengths and reshaping the environment for physical activity.    

Arteterapia em Idosos: efeitos nas funções cognitivas

Enquadramento: O envelhecimento abarca muitas transformações, desencadeando variadas mudanças do organismo, nomeadamente problemas cognitivos. A intervenção através da Arteterapia tem-se revelado eficaz na conservação do funcionamento das funções cognitivas dos idosos, sendo este um tema de extrema importância na manutenção da sua qualidade de vida. Objectivos: Identificar características sócio-demográficas da amostra; verificar se a Intervenção de arteterapia produz efeitos nas funções cognitivas dos idosos; verificar se estes efeitos correspondem a melhorias nas funções cognitivas. Métodos: A investigação adoptada é do tipo qualitativo, quase-experimental, (ensaio de Campo) sem grupo de controlo, que decorreu durante 3 meses (de Fevereiro a Abril de 2011), com sessões de 2 horas, três vezes por semana. Participaram no estudo 6 idosos institucionalizados, do sexo feminino com uma média de idades de 85 anos. Foi aplicado um questionário caracterizador da amostra, o Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) (adaptado à população portuguesa) para a avaliação das funções cognitivas gerais, assim como o Teste da Figura Complexa de Rey, para avaliação da percepção visual e memória. Resultados: Existe uma melhoria em todos os itens avaliados, quando comparados os resultados pré-teste e pós-teste. Em suma, verificamos que a média de respostas correctas em todos os testes aplicados, antes da intervenção foi de 52,9% e após a intervenção foi de 69,8%. Desta forma apuramos um aumento global de 16,9% de respostas correctas, após a intervenção Arteterapeutica. O item onde os participantes demonstraram maiores dificuldades no momento anterior à intervenção, foi no exercício de reprodução de memória na Figura complexa de Rey, e na Atenção e Calculo e na Habilidade Construtiva (MMSE). No entanto, após a intervenção, as maiores subidas verificadas foram precisamente nestes dois últimos itens mencionados (30% e 33,3%, respectivamente). / Background: The aging encompasses many changes, triggering the body's various changes, including cognitive problems. Intervention through Art Therapy has proved effective in preserving the functioning of the cognitive functions of elderly people, and this is an issue of utmost importance in maintaining their quality of life. Objectives: To identify socio-demographic characteristics of the sample, verify that the art therapy intervention effect on cognitive function of older persons; verify that these effects correspond to improvements in cognitive functions. Methods: The research adopted is a qualitative, quasi-experimental (test field) with no control group, which ran for three months (February to April 2011), with sessions of two hours, three times a week. This study analyzed six institutionalized elderly female with a mean age of 85 years. A questionnaire was given characterization of the sample, the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) (adapted to the Portuguese population) for the assessment of general cognitive function, as well as the Test of Rey Complex Figure, for evaluation of visual perception and memory. Results: The analysis of the results allows us to verify that there is an improvement in all evaluated items, when comparing pretest and posttest. In summary, we found that the average of correct answers in all tests, before the intervention was 52.9% and after the intervention was 69.8%, verifying an overall increase of 16.9% of correct answers, after the intervention. The item where participants demonstrated greater difficulties at the moment before the intervention was playing in the exercise of memory in the Rey Complex Figure, and attention and calculation ability and Constructive (MMSE). However, after the intervention, the highest increases were observed especially in these last two items mentioned (30% and 33.3% respectively).

Increase in Hippocampal Theta Oscillations during Spatial Decision Making

The processing of spatial and mnemonic information is believed to depend on hippocampal theta oscillations (5–12 Hz). However, in rats both the power and the frequency of the theta rhythm are modulated by locomotor activity, which is a major confounding factor when estimating its cognitive correlates. Previous studies have suggested that hippocampal theta oscillations support decision-making processes. In this study, we investigated to what extent spatial decision making modulates hippocampal theta oscillations when controlling for variations in locomotion speed. We recorded local field potentials from the CA1 region of rats while animals had to choose one arm to enter for reward (goal) in a four-arm radial maze. We observed prominent theta oscillations during the decision-making period of the task, which occurred in the center of the maze before animals deliberately ran through an arm toward goal location. In speed-controlled analyses, theta power and frequency were higher during the decision period when compared to either an intertrial delay period (also at the maze center), or to the period of running toward goal location. In addition, theta activity was higher during decision periods preceding correct choices than during decision periods preceding incorrect choices. Altogether, our data support a cognitive function for the hippocampal theta rhythm in spatial decision making

Rôle des cellules myéloïdes dans des modèles murins de la neuroinflammation

L’inflammation du système nerveux central (SNC), appelée neuroinflammation, est un aspect inséparable des maladies neurodégénératives chroniques comme la sclérose en plaques (SEP) et la maladie d’Alzheimer (MA). La caractérisation de la signature moléculaire spécifique à chaque population cellulaire dans des pathologies distinctes va aboutir à la compréhension et donc au contrôle de la neuroinflammation. Le présent ouvrage a pour but de mieux comprendre les mécanismes d’action de deux types cellulaires myéloïdes, la microglie et les neutrophiles, au cours des affections neuroinflammatoires du SNC. Ainsi, le premier objectif a été de comprendre le rôle des cytokines IL-36 dans la neuroinflammation établie au cours de l’encéphalomyélite auto-immune expérimentale (EAE). Dans une seconde partie, l’objectif a été d’explorer l’action du GPR84, un récepteur couplé à la protéine G spécifique à la microglie dans le SNC, lors de l’altération des fonctions cérébrales dans un modèle de souris transgénique de la MA. Nos résultats démontrent que la voie de signalisation IL-36/IL36R est augmentée dans trois modèles différents de l’EAE, mais ne contribue pas au développement ni à la progression de la pathologie. En utilisant l’approche de cytométrie en flux nous identifions les neutrophiles comme la source majeure de l’IL-36γ. De plus, nous démontrons que la microglie exprime l’IL-36R et sa stimulation par l’IL-36γ conduit à la production de cytokines pro-inflammatoires. Dans un second temps, nous caractérisons l’augmentation de l’expression du GPR84 par la microglie dans le modèle murin de la MA APP/PS1. Ainsi, le croisement de ces souris avec des souris déficientes en GPR84 diminue l’activation et le recrutement de la microglie autour des plaques d’amyloïde-β et accélère le déclin cognitif. Nos études impliquent le GPR84 comme un acteur important dans le maintien de l’homéostasie neuronale puisque son absence favorise la dégénérescence des dendrites dans le cerveau. Les résultats obtenus dans cette thèse apportent de nouveaux éléments qui peuvent contribuer au développement des thérapies qui ciblent les cellules myéloïdes dans diverses pathologies du SNC. Ces données ouvrent de nouvelles pistes pour élucider le rôle de l’IL-36γ dans des maladies neurodégénératives. Enfin, pour une première fois, nous présentons un modèle murin permettant d’identifier le(s) ligand(s) endogène(s) du GPR84, une cible thérapeutique potentielle pour la prévention et/ou le traitement de la MA.

Older Adult Injury Risk Assessment in the Driving and Occupational Environments

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Washington, 2016-08

The Role of Perceived Social Support, Resilience, and Depression on Communicative Participation in Head and Neck Cancer Survivors

Thesis (Master's)--University of Washington, 2016-08

Treino cognitivo em idosos sem diagnóstico de demência institucionalizados : impacto de um programa de estimulação cognitiva (PEC)

Trabalho de Projeto apresentado à Escola Superior de Educação do Instituto Politécnico de Castelo Branco para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Gerontologia Social.

Increase in Hippocampal Theta Oscillations during Spatial Decision Making

The processing of spatial and mnemonic information is believed to depend on hippocampal theta oscillations (5–12 Hz). However, in rats both the power and the frequency of the theta rhythm are modulated by locomotor activity, which is a major confounding factor when estimating its cognitive correlates. Previous studies have suggested that hippocampal theta oscillations support decision-making processes. In this study, we investigated to what extent spatial decision making modulates hippocampal theta oscillations when controlling for variations in locomotion speed. We recorded local field potentials from the CA1 region of rats while animals had to choose one arm to enter for reward (goal) in a four-arm radial maze. We observed prominent theta oscillations during the decision-making period of the task, which occurred in the center of the maze before animals deliberately ran through an arm toward goal location. In speed-controlled analyses, theta power and frequency were higher during the decision period when compared to either an intertrial delay period (also at the maze center), or to the period of running toward goal location. In addition, theta activity was higher during decision periods preceding correct choices than during decision periods preceding incorrect choices. Altogether, our data support a cognitive function for the hippocampal theta rhythm in spatial decision making

Le rôle des réponses cardiovasculaires et respiratoires sur la cognition chez les jeunes et les ainés sains

En plus de contribuer à améliorer la santé de façon générale, l’activité physique chronique pourrait modérer le déclin cognitif associé au vieillissement normal et pathologique (Colcombe et Kramer, 2003; Heyn et al., 2004). Plus précisément, la pratique à long terme d’activités cardiovasculaires aurait des effets positifs sur la cognition des ainés et plus particulièrement sur le contrôle attentionnel, un aspect précocement touché au cours du vieillissement (Raz, 2000; Bherer et al., 2008). Toutefois, les mécanismes par lesquels l’exercice physique aigu améliore la cognition demeurent limités. Malgré ses nombreuses implications théoriques et pratiques, la réponse aiguë de l’oxygénation cérébrale à l’exercice physique et sa relation avec la cognition sont trop peu étudiées. Cette thèse se consacre à cette question. Des études récentes en neuro-imagerie chez les jeunes adultes démontrent que la relation entre l’oxygénation cérébrale et l’intensité de l’exercice suit la forme d’un U inversé. Il existe un seuil au-delà duquel l’oxygénation cérébrale diminue avec l’augmentation de l’intensité de l’exercice. Supposant que les performances cognitives dépendent de la disponibilité de l’oxygène cérébral, cette relation en U inversé devrait affecter les performances cognitives. Avant de préciser le rôle exact de l’oxygénation cérébrale sur les fonctions cognitives, nous avons d’abord examiné le temps nécessaire pour que l’oxygénation cérébrale atteigne un état stable et la durée pendant laquelle cette période stable peut être maintenue lors de paliers de sept minutes à une puissance sous-maximale (40%, 60% et 85% de la puissance aérobie maximale). Nos résultats soulignent l’existence d’une relation inverse entre la durée de l’état stable et l’intensité de l’exercice. Suite à cette vérification méthodologique, la prochaine étape a été de tester la possible relation entre l’oxygénation cérébrale, l’intensité de l’exercice et les performances cognitives, au cours du processus de vieillissement. Les résultats de ces études démontrent que la chute de l’oxygénation cérébrale observée lors des exercices de haute intensité est associée avec une diminution des performances cognitives. Les résultats de cette thèse corrigent l’écart existant dans la documentation entre l’exercice, les fonctions cognitives et les mécanismes neurophysiologiques.

Personality of the caregiver influences the use of strategies to deal with the behavior of persons with dementia

Personality of family caregiver is an important factor influencing the caregiver's burden, depression and distress. We now hypothesized that the personality is associated with specific strategies used by family caregivers to deal with the behavioral and psychological symptoms of demented relatives (BPSD). Participants were 98 consecutive persons with dementia and their family caregivers. Assessments included: Personality (NEO-FFI), Burden (ZBI), Depression (CES-D), Cognitive Function (MMSE), BPSD (NPI), Distress (NPI-D), and an open question to identify the strategies used by caregivers when faced with BPSD. Caregivers used different strategies to cope with their relatives' behavior: avoiding conflict; confronting; reassuring; orienting; responding coercively; distracting; colluding; medicating and restricting the movements. Extraversion was the only dimension of caregiver's personality that determined the use of caregiver strategies to deal with BPSD. Extroverted caregivers used the "confronting" strategy less often. Caregiver's personality should be taken into account when designing adapted intervention programs.

National survey of the portuguese elderly nutritional status : study protocol

© 2016 The Author(s). Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

Relação entre a prática deliberada e continuada da atividade física e o desempenho cognitivo, em idosos

A atividade física (AF) previne e atrasa o declínio cognitivo que se desenvolve com o envelhecimento (Middleton et al, 2010; Ratey & Loehr, 2011; WHO, 2012; Buckworth, 2013; Chang & Etnier, 2014). Este estudo tem como objectivo identificar a relação entre o número de horas de prática de AF, deliberada e continuada no tempo, e o desempenho cognitivo na população idosa. A amostra contém um n=43 (34♀, 9♂) com idades compreendidas entre os 60 e os 90 anos (69.7±7.77 anos), e com escolaridade de 7.4±3.8 anos. Os instrumentos usados foram o teste de Stroop que mediu o desempenho cognitivo (função executiva), o questionário YPAS que mediu a atividade física semanal e o guião de entrevista de prática deliberada que mediu o número de horas consecutivas de prática de atividade física (PDAF). Os resultados indicam que a variável PDAF correlaciona-se negativamente com o valor total do teste de Stroop (quanto mais baixo, melhor o desempenho), i.e. mais horas de prática deliberada e continuada de atividade física estão associados a um melhor desempenho cognitivo. Juntamente com o efeito bem demonstrado na prevenção de doença cardiovascular e metabólica, a prática deliberada e continuada de atividade física poderá ser importante para a melhoria da função cognitiva ao longo da vida.

Characterization of the behavioural phenotype of calpain-knockout mice

Dissertação de Mestrado, Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Ciências Biomédicas e Medicina, Universidade do Algarve, 2016

Development of the Andalusian Registry of Patients Receiving Community Case Management, for the follow-up of people with complex chronic diseases.

Background: Complex chronic diseases are a challenge for the current configuration of Health services. Case management is a service frequently provided for people with chronic conditions and despite its effectiveness in many outcomes, such as mortality or readmissions, uncertainty remains about the most effective form of team organization, structures, and the nature of the interventions. Many processes and outcomes of case management for people with complex chronic conditions cannot be addressed with the information provided by electronic clinical records. Registries are frequently used to deal with this weakness. The aim of this study was to generate a registry-based information system of patients receiving case management to identify their clinical characteristics, their context of care, events identified during their follow-up, interventions developed by case managers, and services used. Methods and design: The study was divided into three phases, covering the detection of information needs, the design and its implementation in the healthcare system, using literature review and expert consensus methods to select variables that would be included in the registry. Objective: To describe the essential characteristics of the provision of ca re lo people who receive case management (structure, process and outcomes), with special emphasis on those with complex chronic diseases. Study population: Patients from any District of Primary Care, who initiate the utilization of case management services, to avoid information bias that may occur when including subjects who have already been received the service, and whose outcomes and characteristics could not be properly collected. Results: A total of 102 variables representing structure, processes and outcomes of case management were selected for their inclusion in the registry after the consensus phase. Total sample was composed of 427 patients, of which 211 (49.4%) were women and 216 (50.6%) were men. The average functional level (Barthel lndex) was 36.18 (SD 29.02), cognitive function (Pfeiffer) showed an average of 4.37 {SD 6.57), Chat1son Comorbidity lndex, obtained a mean of 3.03 (SD 2.7) and Social Support (Duke lndex) was 34.2 % (SD 17.57). More than half of patients include in the Registry, correspond lo immobilized or transitional care for patients discharged from hospital (66.5 %). The patient's educational level was low or very low (50.4%). Caregivers overstrain (Caregiver stress index), obtained an average value of 6.09% (SD 3.53). Only 1.2 % of patients had declared their advanced directives, 58.6 had not defined the tutelage and the vast majority lived at home 98.8 %. Regarding the major events recorded at RANGE Registry, 25.8 % of the selected patients died in the first three months, 8.2 % suffered a hospital admission at least once time, 2.3%, two times, and 1.2% three times, 7.5% suffered a fall, 8.7% had pressure ulcer, 4.7% had problems with medication, and 3.3 % were institutionalized. Stroke is the more prevalent health problem recorded (25.1%), followed by hypertension (11.1%) and COPD (11.1%). Patients registered by NCMs had as main processes diabetes (16.8%) and dementia (11.3 %). The most frequent nursing diagnoses referred to the self-care deficit in various activities of daily living. Regarding to nursing interventions, described by the Nursing Intervention Classification (NIC), dementia management is the most used intervention, followed by mutual goal setting, caregiver and emotional support. Conclusions: The patient profile who receive case management services is a chronic complex patient with severe dependence, cognitive impairment, normal social support, low educational level, health problems such as stroke, hypertension or COPD, diabetes or dementia, and has an informal caregiver. At the first follow up, mortality was 19.2%, and a discrete rate of readmissions and falls.