Agreed-upon procedures report on the City of Dawson, Iowa for the period January 1, 2014 through December 31, 2014

Agreed-upon procedures report on the City of Dawson, Iowa for the period January 1, 2014 through December 31, 2014

Agreed-upon procedures report on the City of Nichols, Iowa for the period January 1, 2013 through December 31, 2014

Agreed-upon procedures report on the City of Nichols, Iowa for the period January 1, 2013 through December 31, 2014

Agreed-upon procedures report on Eden Township in Fayette County, Iowa for the period July 1, 2003 through April 30, 2015

Agreed-upon procedures report on Eden Township in Fayette County, Iowa for the period July 1, 2003 through April 30, 2015

Agreed-upon procedures report on the City of Blairstown, Iowa for the period December 1, 2013 through November 30, 2014

Agreed-upon procedures report on the City of Blairstown, Iowa for the period December 1, 2013 through November 30, 2014

Agreed-upon procedures report on the City of Oxford, Iowa for the period July 1, 2013 through June 30, 2014

Agreed-upon procedures report on the City of Oxford, Iowa for the period July 1, 2013 through June 30, 2014

Agreed–upon procedures report on the City of Riverside, Iowa for the period July 1, 2013 through June 30, 2014

Agreed–upon procedures report on the City of Riverside, Iowa for the period July 1, 2013 through June 30, 2014

Agreed-upon procedures report on the City of Laurel, Iowa for the period February 1, 2014 through January 31, 2015

Agreed-upon procedures report on the City of Laurel, Iowa for the period February 1, 2014 through January 31, 2015

Agreed-upon procedures report on the City of Ocheyedan, Iowa for the period July 1, 2013 through June 30, 2014

Agreed-upon procedures report on the City of Ocheyedan, Iowa for the period July 1, 2013 through June 30, 2014

Agreed-upon procedures report on the City of Collins, Iowa for the period July 1, 2013 through June 30, 2014

Agreed-upon procedures report on the City of Collins, Iowa for the period July 1, 2013 through June 30, 2014

Agreed-upon procedures report on the City of Martensdale, Iowa for the period November 1, 2013 through October 31, 2014

Agreed-upon procedures report on the City of Martensdale, Iowa for the period November 1, 2013 through October 31, 2014

Agreed-upon procedures report on the City of Urbana, Iowa for the period July 1, 2014 through June 30, 2015

Agreed-upon procedures report on the City of Urbana, Iowa for the period July 1, 2014 through June 30, 2015

Similarity in food cleaning techniques within matrilines in wild vervet monkeys.

Social learning and the formation of traditions rely on the ability and willingness to copy one another. A central question is under which conditions individuals adapt behaviour to social influences. Here, we demonstrate that similarities in food processing techniques emerge on the level of matrilines (mother-offspring) but not on the group level in an experiment on six groups of wild vervet monkeys that involved grapes covered with sand. Monkeys regularly ate unclean grapes but also used four cleaning techniques more similarly within matrilines: rubbing in hands, rubbing on substrate, open with mouth, and open with hands. Individual cleaning techniques evolved over time as they converged within matrilines, stabilised at the end and remained stable in a follow-up session more than one year later. The similarity within matrilines persisted when we analyzed only foraging events of individuals in the absence of other matriline members and matriline members used more similar methods than adult full sisters. Thus, momentary conversion or purely genetic causation are unlikely explanations, favouring social learning as mechanism for within matriline similarities. The restriction of traditions to matriline membership rather than to the group level may restrict the development of culture in monkeys relative to apes or humans.

Agreed-upon procedures report on the City of Sidney, Iowa for the period July 1, 2014 through June 30, 2015

Agreed-upon procedures report on the City of Sidney, Iowa for the period July 1, 2014 through June 30, 2015

Agreed-upon procedures report on the City of Glidden, Iowa for the period July 1, 2014 through June 30, 2015

Agreed-upon procedures report on the City of Glidden, Iowa for the period July 1, 2014 through June 30, 2015

Agreed-upon procedures report on the City of Fruitland, Iowa for the period July 1, 2014 through June 30, 2015

Agreed-upon procedures report on the City of Fruitland, Iowa for the period July 1, 2014 through June 30, 2015