Church and State

Church and state have historically had an uneasy relationship, sometimes close allies, at others harsh adversaries, and at still others largely independent of one another. This paper develops an economic model of this relationship, where the state's objective is to maximize net tax revenue, while the church provides religious goods. Religious goods benefit the state in two ways: first, they provide utility to citizens, thus allowing the state to extract more taxes before running up against citizens' reservation utility (the point at which they would revolt), and second, they potentially provide legitimacy to the state, thereby lowering the costs of tax collection. If the latter effect is strong enough, the state may find it optimal to take control of the church, either to enhance its legitimizing effect, or to suppress its de-legitimizing effect. To evaluate the model's implications, we use recent cross-country data on the relationship between religion and state, including measures coded from the 2001, 2003, and 2005 International Religious Freedom reports. We also examine in more detail some of the paradigmatic cases indicated by the model, presenting various types of evidence from current and historical examples of each case.

Ronald E. Heine, Origen. Scholarship in the service of the church, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2010, pp. 275. ISBN 978-0-19-920907-1.

Fil: Peretó Rivas, Rubén.

Davies, Wendy (2007) Acts of Giving. Individual, Community, and Church in Tenth-Century Christian Spain. Oxford University Press (244 + xvi pp.)

Fil: Cimino, Carla. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación; Argentina.

Davies, Wendy (2007) Acts of Giving. Individual, Community, and Church in Tenth-Century Christian Spain. Oxford University Press (244 + xvi pp.)

Fil: Cimino, Carla. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación; Argentina.

Davies, Wendy (2007) Acts of Giving. Individual, Community, and Church in Tenth-Century Christian Spain. Oxford University Press (244 + xvi pp.)

Fil: Cimino, Carla. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación; Argentina.

Estudio de los enlucidos de yeso de la iglesia de San Pedro de los Francos de Calatayud. Study of plasters finishes on San Pedro de los Francos church at Calatayud

El estudio de los enlucidos de la iglesia de San Pedro de los Francos de Calatayud ha permitido demostrar, en primer lugar, la secuencia estratigráfica mediante la lectura de la interfase de adherencia; en segundo lugar, la evolución de las técnicas de aplicación, desde el enlucido mudéjar, un fingido de piedra agramilado y pintado (siglo XV), hasta los enlucidos lisos y pinturas aplicados posteriormente. Y, finalmente, a través de los estudios de microscopía electrónica de barrido (SEM) y de difracción de rayos X (DRX), se ha determinado que son morteros en los que tanto el conglomerante como el árido son yeso y anhidrita, que correspondería a un yeso trasdicional multifase, cuyos granos más gruesos analizados como áridos proceden del producto obtenido artesanalmente.

Stabilization works at Olvés Church (Zaragoza-Spain)

The Olvés Church is a Lhree naves basilica. From its construction in 1767, it sufTercd important damages and successivc reparations. The church is built on a claycy hillock on top of the village with vcry fort slopcs. The retaining walls Lhat surround the church havc sufTered movements. A soil sludy was done to know its propcrtics and the reason of the movement. Also, the structural roof is broken and it is not fixed to thc walls that can movc. Thc first phase is done, with a pavcd squa rc ovcr an ancient cemetery. The next phase is a new roof structure to support the lean walls. Al'ter that done, the repair inside can start.

Church of Ascension

To make a church in the neighbourhood of the Macarena in Seville, a city full of light.

Acoustic study of the Compañía de Jesús church. Characterization by means of objective and subjective parameters

This work shows the objective results of the acoustic quality of the Compañia de Jesús Church in Cordoba, Argentina. The acoustics of this Temple, built by the Orden Jesuita (Jesuit Order) two centuries ago and declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 2000, is currently considered optimal by musicians as well as general public. In the second half of XVI century, with the Catholic reform, the need for improved speech intelligibility was given priority, being the Jesuit one of the orders that gave most importance to the construction of their temples. This church has constructive and spatial characteristics consistent with those needs. With the purpose of carrying out the acoustic assessment of the precincts, a work methodology that allowed comparing the results obtained from objective measures was developed by means of implementation of field measurements and space modeling, with subjective appreciation results, by developing surveys, with the aim of characterizing acoustically the sound space. This paper shows the comparison between the subjective results and objective criteria, which allowed important conclusions on the acoustic behavior of the temple to be obtained. In this way interesting data were obtained in relation to the subjective response of the acoustics of the church.

Church for the School "Santa María del Pilar"

Church for the School "Santa María del Pilar"

NEOTRIBALISMO E NOVOS MOVIMENTOS RELIGIOSOS: ESTUDO DE CASO DA PRÁXIS DA IGREJA BOLA DE NEVE CHURCH

A presente pesquisa Neotribalismo e Novos Movimentos Religiosos:Estudo de Caso das Práxis da Igreja Bola de Neve Church é uma investigação in loco que se propõe analisar, descrever e interpretar o contexto de uma práxis religiosa emergente, com uma abordagem teórico-científica deste movimento religioso. A partir da década de 80 do século XX houve uma nova configuração social permitindo criar grupos de identificação própria, principalmente no contexto urbano. Um destes grupos que vieram a surgir foram as chamadas tribos urbanas. Esta nova configuração neo-tribalista permitiu o desenvolvimento de expressões de religiosidade própria, chamado de Novos Movimentos Religiosos, dentre os quais, destaca-se a Igreja Bola de Neve Church. O tema desta pesquisa científica tem despertado grande interesse pelos cientistas sociais e da religião, apresentando-se, também, como um novo desafio aos pastoralistas por analisar os efeitos que este fenômeno religioso implica na sociedade contemporânea. Por isso, além de compreender os fundamentos teórico-científicos da construção do modelo social neotribalista e dos Novos Movimentos Religiosos, a pesquisa propõe-se a investigar o surgimento, descrevê-lo e interpretar suas práticas religiosas sob a chave hermenêutica da teoria da práxis religiosa, a fim de compreender como a Igreja Bola de Neve Church é interpretada pelas religiões de tradição cristã.(AU)

NEOTRIBALISMO E NOVOS MOVIMENTOS RELIGIOSOS: ESTUDO DE CASO DA PRÁXIS DA IGREJA BOLA DE NEVE CHURCH

A presente pesquisa Neotribalismo e Novos Movimentos Religiosos:Estudo de Caso das Práxis da Igreja Bola de Neve Church é uma investigação in loco que se propõe analisar, descrever e interpretar o contexto de uma práxis religiosa emergente, com uma abordagem teórico-científica deste movimento religioso. A partir da década de 80 do século XX houve uma nova configuração social permitindo criar grupos de identificação própria, principalmente no contexto urbano. Um destes grupos que vieram a surgir foram as chamadas tribos urbanas. Esta nova configuração neo-tribalista permitiu o desenvolvimento de expressões de religiosidade própria, chamado de Novos Movimentos Religiosos, dentre os quais, destaca-se a Igreja Bola de Neve Church. O tema desta pesquisa científica tem despertado grande interesse pelos cientistas sociais e da religião, apresentando-se, também, como um novo desafio aos pastoralistas por analisar os efeitos que este fenômeno religioso implica na sociedade contemporânea. Por isso, além de compreender os fundamentos teórico-científicos da construção do modelo social neotribalista e dos Novos Movimentos Religiosos, a pesquisa propõe-se a investigar o surgimento, descrevê-lo e interpretar suas práticas religiosas sob a chave hermenêutica da teoria da práxis religiosa, a fim de compreender como a Igreja Bola de Neve Church é interpretada pelas religiões de tradição cristã.(AU)

Recolonization of mortars by endolithic organisms on the walls of San Roque church in Campeche (Mexico): A case of tertiary bioreceptivity

San Roque church (Campeche, Mexico) was built at the end of the 17th century with a micritic limestone and lime mortar in baroque style. In 2005 the church exhibited heavy biodeterioration associated with the development of extensive dark green phototrophic-based biofilms. Several cyanobacteria belonging to the order Chroococcales and lichenized fungi (Toninia nordlandica, Lobaria quercizans, Lecanora subcarnea, Cystocoleus ebeneus) were predominant in the dark biofilm samples, as revealed by DNA-based molecular techniques. In 2009, a cleaning and restoration intervention was adopted; however, after few months, microbial recolonization started to be noticeable on the painted church walls, representing an early phototrophic-based recolonization. According to molecular analysis, scanning electron microscopy observations and digital image analysis of cross sections, new phototrophic-based colonization, composed of cyanobacteria and bryophytes, developed mainly beneath the restored mortars. The intrinsic properties of the mortars, the tropical climate of Campeche and the absence of a biocide treatment in the restoration protocol influenced the recolonization of the church façades and enhanced the overall rate of deterioration in a short-term period.