Factors influencing maternal mental health after the birth of a child with a cleft in benin and in Switzerland.

Objective: The main objective of the study is to identify practical and cultural factors influencing the mental health of mothers of children with an orofacial cleft in Benin and to compare it with a sample of Swiss mothers in the same conditions. Method: Thirty-six mothers of children with an orofacial cleft in Benin and 40 mothers of children with an orofacial cleft in Switzerland were interviewed about practical and emotional aspects concerning their child and their own lives. Then, they completed the Perinatal Postraumatic Stress Questionnaire and the Beck Depression Inventory. Results: Mothers in Benin had significantly higher posttraumatic stress and depression symptoms compared with mothers in Switzerland. Depression symptoms were higher in Beninese mothers coming from urban areas, in Beninese mothers with few or no other children, and in Beninese mothers whose child was operated on at a more advanced age. Discussion: This study stressed the importance of cultural differences in perceptions of orofacial clefts in order to provide appropriate care to patients and their families. In particular, wide campaigns of information should help parents to understand the cleft origin and the medical staff in small dispensaries to provide adequate support and care. This may diminish anxiety concerning the child's short- and long-term prognosis. Creation of a Beninese parental support group for children with clefts and their families could be another way to provide information and support where multidisciplinary care is not available.

Drugs, schizotypy and cognition: Cognitive attenuations seem more consistently associated with substance use than schizotypal symptoms

Psychosis is a debilitating disease, causing harm to the individual and society. Since early detection of the disease is associated with a more benign course, factors are warranted that enable the early detection of psychosis. In the present thesis we will be focusing on two potential risk factors, namely schizotypy and drug use. The schizotypy concept, originally developed by Meehl (1962), states that schizophrenia symptoms exist on a spectrum, with symptoms ranging from the most severe in patients with schizophrenia to the least affected individual in the general population. Along the schizophrenia spectrum cognitive impairments are commonly found, for instance reduced hemispheric asymmetry or frontal lobe functions. The second risk factor (drug use), affects similar cognitive functions as those attenuated along the schizophrenia spectrum, and drug use is elevated in schizophrenia and people scoring high on schizotypy. Therefore, we set out to investigate whether cognitive attenuations formerly allocated to schizotypal symptoms could have been influenced by elevated substance use in this population. To test this idea, we assessed various drugs (nicotine, cannabis, mephedrone, general substance dependence) and schizotypy symptoms (O-LIFE), and measured either hemispheric asymmetry of function (left hemisphere dominance for language, and right hemisphere dominance for facial processing) or functions largely relying on the frontal lobes (such as cognitive flexibility, working memory, verbal short-term memory, verbal learning and verbal fluency). Results of all studies suggest that it is mostly drugs, and not schizotypy in general that predict cognitive functioning. Therefore, cognitive attenuations subscribed to schizotypy dimensions are likely to have been affected by enhanced drug use. Future studies should extend the list of potential risk factors (e.g. depression and IQ) to acquire a comprehensive overview of the most reliable predictors of disadvantageous cognitive profiles.

Investigation of the Department Human Services' handling of allegations of child abuse concerning Shelby Duis, 2000

Investigative report produced by Iowa Citizens' Aide/Ombudsman

Pédiatrie [Current progress in pediatrics: obesity and diagnosis approach to the febrile child]

The literature shows that obesity is a public health problem concerning especially the general paediatrician. While prevention has probably more chances of success than treatment, drugs or, in case of failure, the surgical approach are reserved for extreme cases. In the domain of infectiology the different laboratory tests allow only partially to diagnose severe infections. But in the context of a potential influenza pandemic rapid virologic tests become more and more important. They allow a more precise diagnosis and a reduction of hospitalisations and of antibiotic prescriptions. A review of the north American experience with the pneumococal vaccine shows that the heptavalent vaccine will change our approach in infants with fever in whom we suspect a severe infection.

Renal failure after high-dose methotrexate in a child homozygous for MTHFR C677T polymorphism

We report the case of an 11-year-old female treated for mediastinal T-cell lymphoma who presented renal failure following the second cycle of high-dose methotrexate (HDMTX). Because of life threatening plasma methotrexate (MTX) levels, carboxypeptidase G2 (CPDG2) was administered resulting in a dramatic decrease within 1 hr. The patient recovered from renal failure and no other side effects were observed. Homozygosity for the methylentetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T polymorphism diagnosed by molecular genetic analysis was the only explanation for this toxicity.

Vers une conception intégrative de la dépression du sujet âgé : structure cérébrale, cognition et personnalité

Contexte : la prévalence des épisodes dépressifs majeurs parmi la population âgée générale est de 1-4%. Plusieurs études proposent la dissociation entre la dépression à début tardive (late onset depression, LOD), plus souvent associée à des déficits neuropsychologiques, des lésions cérébrales et des facteurs de risque cardio-vasculaire, et la dépression à début précoce (early onset depression, EOD) associée, elle, aux facteurs génétiques et à certains profiles de personnalité. Toutefois, aucune étude transversale ou longitudinale n'a jusqu'à maintenant mesuré et comparé de façon concomitante les profiles cognitifs, la neuro-imagerie (IRM) et les profiles de personnalité des patients âgés LOD et EOD euthymiques. Méthodes : ce travail se base sur une étude menée par différents services des Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève (HUG) et du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) qui ont collaboré afin de recruter le collectif de patients dépressifs nécessaire. La partie expérimentale est divisée en deux parties. La première, transversale, compare 30 EOD, 11 LOD et 30 sujets contrôles, puis 38 EOD à 62 sujets contrôles. Une évaluation neuropsychologique, des évaluations des lésions et volumes cérébraux à l'IRM, ainsi que des traits de personnalité ont été effectuées. La deuxième partie, longitudinale, évalue sur 2 ans 28 patients EOD à 48 sujets contrôles avec les mêmes outils. Résultats : lors de la première partie, transversale, les performances cognitives et les volumes cérébraux sont préservés chez les patients EOD, alors que les patients LOD présentent une réduction significative de la mémoire épisodique et un taux plus élevé de lésions cérébrales périventriculaires (hyperintensités de la matière blanche) en comparaison avec les patients EOD et les sujets contrôles. Au niveau des traits de personnalité, les patients EOD sont associés à un niveau élevé de Névrosisme, en particulier les facettes Anxiété (N1) et Dépression (N3) mais diminué d'Extraversion, en particulier les facettes Chaleur (E1) et Emotions positives (E6). Dans la seconde partie, longitudinale, les performances cognitives et les volumes cérébraux des patients EOD sont restés, après les 2 ans de suivi (follow-up) comparables aux sujets contrôles. Les niveaux élevés du Névrosisme et sa facette Anxiété (N1) constatés au baseline diminuèrent pour atteindre un niveau normal. Les niveaux diminués des facettes Chaleur (E1) et Emotions positives (E6) au baseline ne persistèrent pas non plus. Seule la facette Dépression (N3) est restée chez les patients EOD significativement plus élevée que chez les sujets contrôles après les 2 ans de suivi. Conclusion : nos résultats supportent la dissociation entre EOD, associée à des facteurs génétiques et psychosociaux, et LOD associée aux facteurs de risque et comorbidités cardio-vasculaires. Après rémission d'un épisode dépressif aigu, les performances cognitives ainsi que les volumes cérébraux des patients EOD restent intactes au long terme, alors que le patient LOD garde des lésions cérébrales ainsi que des atteintes au niveau de la mémoire épisodique. Au niveau de la personnalité, la facette Dépression (N3) du domaine Névrosisme, connu pour être un facteur de risque de dépression, reste une caractéristique bien présente chez le patient EOD.

Child Welfare in Iowa - Recent Developments, 1940

A paper given by Dr. Emma McCloy Layman before the Iowa Conference on Child Development and Parent Education on May 5th, 1940.

Productivities, preferences, and parental child care

We study the interplay of preferences and market productivities on parenting, and show the preferences, when identified, provide a better explanation of caring decisions than has, so far, been demonstrated in the literature. We qualify the standard finding the parental education in a key determinant of care by showing important interaction effects with marital homogamy. We find that homogamy has opposite effects on child care and couple specialization for high and low educated parents. Identification has been made possible by a unique couple-based time diary study for Denmark

Regional child care availability and fertility decisions in Spain

In this paper I explore two hypotheses: (1) Formal child care availability for children under three has a positive effect across contexts, according to the degree of adaptation of social institutions to changes in gender roles. Event history models with regional fixed effects are applied to data from the European Community Household Panel (1994-2001). The results show a significant and positive effect of regional day care availability on both, first and higher order births, while results are consistent with the second hypothesis only for second or higher order births.

Explaining parental dedication to child care in Spain

The quality of the time dedicated to child care has potential positive effects on children’s life chances. However, the determinants of parental time allocation to child care remain largely unexplored, particularly in context undergoing rapid family change such as Spain. We assess two alternative explanations for differences between parents in the amount of time spent with children. The first, based in the relative resources hypothesis, links variation in time spent with children to the relative attributes (occupation, education or income) of one partner to the other. The second, derived from the social status hypothesis, suggests that variation in time spent with children is attributable to the relative social position of the pair (i.e. higher status couples spend more time with children regardless of within-couple difference).To investigate theses questions, we use a sample of adults (18-50) from the Spanish Time Use Survey (STUS) 2002-2003 (n=7,438). Limiting the analysis to adults who are married or in consensual unions, the STUS allows to assess both the quantity and quality of parental time spent with children. We find little support for the “relative resources hypothesis”. Instead, consistent with the “social status hypothesis”, we find that time spent on child care is attributable to the social position of the couple, regardless of between-parent differences in income of education.

Hyperactivity and attention problems in a Swiss sample of school-aged children: effects of school achievement, child gender, and informants.

OBJECTIVE: The sensitivity and tolerance regarding ADHD symptoms obviously differ from one culture to another and according to the informants (parents, teachers, or children). This stimulates the comparison of data across informants and countries. METHOD: Parents and teachers of more than 1,000 school-aged Swiss children (5 to 17 years old) fill in Conners's questionnaires on ADHD. Children who are older than 10 years old also fill in a self-report questionnaire. Results are compared to data from a North American sample. RESULTS: Swiss parents and teachers tend to report more ADHD symptoms than American parents and teachers as far as the oldest groups of children are concerned. Interactions are evidenced between school achievement, child gender, and informants. A relatively low rate of agreement between informants is found. CONCLUSION: These results strengthen the importance to take into account all informants in the pediatric and the child psychiatry clinic, as well as in the epidemiological studies.

Home visitors and child health in England: advances and challenges

There is increasing interest in the early years as a focus for reducing health inequalities as well as one that is important for the children themselves. This paper describes the introduction in England of Sure Start Local Programmes, which included home visiting within a community development approach, and an intensive home visiting programme, the Nurse-Family partnership, for disadvantaged teenage mothers. It reflects on changes and challenges in service provision to mothers and their pre-school children in England, explaining that a long tradition of home visiting was, paradoxically, reduced as attention focused on the newer initiatives. This is now being addressed, with attention to a range of evidence based programmes and a specific focus on heath visitor provision.

Early-onset acquired epileptic aphasia (Landau-Kleffner syndrome, LKS) and regressive autistic disorders with epileptic EEG abnormalities: the continuing debate.

Early-onset acquired epileptic aphasia (Landau-Kleffner syndrome) may present as a developmental language disturbance and the affected child may also exhibit autistic features. Landau-Kleffner is now seen as the rare and severe end of a spectrum of cognitive-behavioural symptoms that can be seen in idiopathic (genetic) focal epilepsies of childhood, the benign end being the more frequent typical rolandic epilepsy. Several recent studies show that many children with rolandic epilepsy have minor developmental cognitive and behavioural problems and that some undergo a deterioration (usually temporary) in these domains, the so-called "atypical" forms of the syndrome. The severity and type of deterioration correlate with the site and spread of the epileptic spikes recorded on the electroencephalogram within the perisylvian region, and continuous spike-waves during sleep (CSWS) frequently occur during this period of the epileptic disorder. Some of these children have more severe preexisting communicative and language developmental disorders. If early stagnation or regression occurs in these domains, it presumably reflects epileptic activity in networks outside the perisylvian area, i.e. those involved in social cognition and emotions. Longitudinal studies will be necessary to find out if and how much the bioelectrical abnormalities play a causal role in these subgroup of children with both various degrees of language and autistic regression and features of idiopathic focal epilepsy. One has to remember that it took nearly 40 years to fully acknowledge the epileptic origin of aphasia in Landau-Kleffner syndrome and the milder acquired cognitive problems in rolandic epilepsies.