Um caso multimédia na formação inicial: contributos para o conhecimento sobre o ensino exploratório da Matemática

Este artigo tem como foco o uso de casos multimédia na formação inicial de professores e procura analisar o seu contributo para o desenvolvimento do conhecimento didático de futuras professoras acerca do ensino exploratório da Matemática, bem como apreciar as suas perspetivas sobre as mais-valias do caso multimédia utilizado como recurso formativo. Analisam-se questionários e relatórios de treze alunas do Mestrado em Educação Pré-Escolar e Ensino do 1.º Ciclo da Universidade de Évora, que trabalharam sobre um caso multimédia que retrata a prática de ensino de uma professora de 1º ciclo. O caso inclui recursos diversificados, sendo os vídeos de sala de aula complementados com o plano da aula, as resoluções da tarefa pelos alunos, as reflexões da professora sobre a sua prática, um quadro de referência sobre o ensino exploratório da Matemática e artigos teóricos sobre ensino de natureza exploratória da Matemática. As alunas em formação apreciaram conhecer e explorar o caso multimédia, ressaltando a possibilidade de através dele conhecerem uma nova prática real de ensino da Matemática; sublinharam a importância de ouvirem as reflexões da professora para dotar de sentido a respetiva prática, revelando as intenções das suas ações; aprenderam também conhecimentos relevantes para pôr em prática o ensino exploratório, nomeadamente relativos ao conhecimento do processo instrucional, tanto no diz respeito à planificação, como à condução da aula.

Biblioteca de navegação autónoma baseada em campos de potencial

Trabalho de Final de Mestrado para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Informática e de Computadores

Redução da concentração de cloro combinado em águas de piscinas com aplicação de um zeólito

Tendo em conta a contaminação normal de compostos azotados existente na água de uma piscina, derivados na sua maioria do próprio banhista, é inevitável a formação de subprodutos, quando estes reagem com o cloro como desinfectante. De todos os subprodutos de desinfecção que se formam, as cloraminas, incluídas no controlo químico da água de piscina no parâmetro cloro combinado, são as mais conhecidas. Estes compostos são responsáveis por irritações oculares, das mucosas e do trato respiratório. São estes os compostos responsáveis pelo comummente designado ‘cheiro a cloro’ característico de muitas piscinas. Para além destes efeitos nefastos da sua presença na água, estes compostos possuem um poder desinfectante muito menor ao do ácido hipocloroso, a forma activa do cloro com maior capacidade desinfectante. Por todas estas razões, uma piscina com uma concentração de cloro combinado elevada não é adequada para uso. Com a premissa comprovada em diversos estudos do uso de zeólitos para diminuição de compostos amoniacais por adsorção, é objectivo deste estudo comprovar a sua viabilidade no uso da redução destes compostos nas águas de piscinas. Para tal, foram realizados estudos em contínuo, numa piscina piloto onde foram aplicados hipoclorito de sódio e amoníaco, e ensaios em descontínuo, para que fosse determinada a capacidade e o tempo necessário ao equilíbrio de adsorção para este par adsorvente/adsorvato. Nos ensaios em contínuo, a clinoptilolite adsorveu 1,652 g Cl2/kg de clinoptilolite, em aproximadamente 300 horas de funcionamento, a 23,5 ºC. Nos ensaios em descontínuo, foram estudadas diferentes concentrações iniciais de cloro combinado. Os ensaios foram realizados a 20 ºC. Para uma concentração inicial de 4,06 mg/L Cl2, obteve-se uma capacidade de adsorção de 0,28 g Cl2/kg de clinoptilolite, ao fim de 360 horas. Para uma concentração inicial de 2 mg / L Cl2, o ensaio teve uma duração de 360 horas, e não se verificou estabilização. No entanto, findo este tempo, ocorreu a adsorção de 0,28 g Cl2/kg de clinoptilolite. Para uma concentração inicial de 0,56 mg/L Cl2, obteve-se um valor inferior, de 0,027 g Cl2/kg de clinoptilolite ao fim de 168 horas.

Criação de valor - O Cash Value Added como métrica de avaliação da Performance empresarial

Mestrado em Contabilidade e Gestão das Instituições Financeiras

Legal and political regulation of higher education in Portugal: an evolutionary perspective on the current policy issues and the problem of order

The higher education system in Europe is currently under stress and the debates over its reform and future are gaining momentum. Now that, for most countries, we are in a time for change, in the overall society and the whole education system, the legal and political dimensions have gained prominence, which has not been followed by a more integrative approach of the problem of order, its reform and the issue of regulation, beyond the typical static and classical cost-benefit analyses. The two classical approaches for studying (and for designing the policy measures of) the problem of the reform of the higher education system - the cost-benefit analysis and the legal scholarship description - have to be integrated. This is the argument of our paper that the very integration of economic and legal approaches, what Warren Samuels called the legal-economic nexus, is meaningful and necessary, especially if we want to address the problem of order (as formulated by Joseph Spengler) and the overall regulation of the system. On the one hand, and without neglecting the interest and insights gained from the cost-benefit analysis, or other approaches of value for money assessment, we will focus our study on the legal, social and political aspects of the regulation of the higher education system and its reform in Portugal. On the other hand, the economic and financial problems have to be taken into account, but in a more inclusive way with regard to the indirect and other socio-economic costs not contemplated in traditional or standard assessments of policies for the tertiary education sector. In the first section of the paper, we will discuss the theoretical and conceptual underpinning of our analysis, focusing on the evolutionary approach, the role of critical institutions, the legal-economic nexus and the problem of order. All these elements are related to the institutional tradition, from Veblen and Commons to Spengler and Samuels. The second section states the problem of regulation in the higher education system and the issue of policy formulation for tackling the problem. The current situation is clearly one of crisis with the expansion of the cohorts of young students coming to an end and the recurrent scandals in private institutions. In the last decade, after a protracted period of extension or expansion of the system, i. e., the continuous growth of students, universities and other institutions are competing harder to gain students and have seen their financial situation at risk. It seems that we are entering a period of radical uncertainty, higher competition and a new configuration that is slowly building up is the growth in intensity, which means upgrading the quality of the higher learning and getting more involvement in vocational training and life-long learning. With this change, and along with other deep ones in the Portuguese society and economy, the current regulation has shown signs of maladjustment. The third section consists of our conclusions on the current issue of regulation and policy challenge. First, we underline the importance of an evolutionary approach to a process of change that is essentially dynamic. A special attention will be given to the issues related to an evolutionary construe of policy analysis and formulation. Second, the integration of law and economics, through the notion of legal economic nexus, allows us to better define the issues of regulation and the concrete problems that the universities are facing. One aspect is the instability of the political measures regarding the public administration and on which the higher education system depends financially, legally and institutionally, to say the least. A corollary is the lack of clear strategy in the policy reforms. Third, our research criticizes several studies, such as the one made by the OECD in late 2006 for the Ministry of Science, Technology and Higher Education, for being too static and neglecting fundamental aspects of regulation such as the logic of actors, groups and organizations who are major players in the system. Finally, simply changing the legal rules will not necessary per se change the behaviors that the authorities want to change. By this, we mean that it is not only remiss of the policy maker to ignore some of the critical issues of regulation, namely the continuous non-respect by academic management and administrative bodies of universities of the legal rules that were once promulgated. Changing the rules does not change the problem, especially without the necessary debates form the different relevant quarters that make up the higher education system. The issues of social interaction remain as intact. Our treatment of the matter will be organized in the following way. In the first section, the theoretical principles are developed in order to be able to study more adequately the higher education transformation with a modest evolutionary theory and a legal and economic nexus of the interactions of the system and the policy challenges. After describing, in the second section, the recent evolution and current working of the higher education in Portugal, we will analyze the legal framework and the current regulatory practices and problems in light of the theoretical framework adopted. We will end with some conclusions on the current problems of regulation and the policy measures that are discusses in recent years.

Gamma radiation effects on microbial inactivation of two medicinal plants

The consumption of natural products has become a public health problem, since these medicinal teas are prepared using natural plants without an effective hygienic and sanitary control. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of gamma radiation, on the microbial burden of two medicinal plants: Melissa officinalis and Lippia citriodora. Dried samples of the two plants were irradiated at a Co-60 experimental equipment. The applied gamma radiation doses were 1, 3, and 5 kGy at a dose rate of 1.34 kGy/h. Non-irradiated samples followed all the experiments. Bacterial and fungal counts were assessed before and after irradiation by membrane filtration method. Challenging tests with Escherichia coli were performed in order to evaluate the disinfection efficiency of gamma radiation treatment. Characterization of M. officinalis and L. citriadora microbiota indicated an average bioburden value of 102CFU/g. The inactivation studies of the bacterial mesophilic population of both dried plants pointed out to a one log reduction of microbial load after irradiation at 5 kGy. Regarding the fungal population, the initial load of 30 CFU/g was only reduced by 0.5 log by an irradiation dose of 5 kGy. The dynamics with radiation doses of plants microbial population’s phenotypes indicated the prevalence of gram-positive rods for M. officinalis before and after irradiation, and the increase of the frequency of gram-negative rods with irradiation for L. citriadora. Among fungal population of both plants, Mucor, Neoscytalidium, Aspergillus and Alternaria were the most isolated genera. The results obtained in the challenging tests with E. coli on plants pointed out to an inactivation efficiency of 99.5% and 99.9% to a dose of 2 kGy, for M.officinalis and L. citriadora, respectively. The gamma radiation treatment can be a significant tool for the microbial control in medicinal plants.

Short-term Value for the Water Stored in Headsensitivity Power System Reservoirs

As it is well known, competitive electricity markets require new computing tools for generation companies to enhance the management of its resources. The economic value of the water stored in a power system reservoir is crucial information for enhancing the management of the reservoirs. This paper proposes a practical deterministic approach for computing the short-term economic value of the water stored in a power system reservoir, emphasizing the need to considerer water stored as a scarce resource with a short-term economic value. The paper addresses a problem concerning reservoirs with small storage capacities, i.e., the reservoirs considered as head-sensitivity. More precisely, the respective hydro plant is head-dependent and a pure linear approach is unable to capture such consideration. The paper presents a case study supported by the proposed practical deterministic approach and applied on a real multi-reservoir power system with three cascaded reservoirs, considering as input data forecasts for the electric energy price and for the natural inflow into the reservoirs over the schedule time horizon. The paper presents various water schedules due to different final stored water volume conditions on the reservoirs. Also, it presents the respective economic value of the water for the reservoirs at different stored water volume conditions.

Molecular diversity of bla genes in Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli isolates

Dissertation presented to obtain a Ph.D. degree in Biology, speciality Microbiology, by Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia

Numerical analysis of the initial conditions in fractional systems

Fractional dynamics is a growing topic in theoretical and experimental scientific research. A classical problem is the initialization required by fractional operators. While the problem is clear from the mathematical point of view, it constitutes a challenge in applied sciences. This paper addresses the problem of initialization and its effect upon dynamical system simulation when adopting numerical approximations. The results are compatible with system dynamics and clarify the formulation of adequate values for the initial conditions in numerical simulations.

A New Heuristic Providing an Effective Initial Solution for a Simulated Annealing approach to Energy Resource Scheduling in Smart Grids

An intensive use of dispersed energy resources is expected for future power systems, including distributed generation, especially based on renewable sources, and electric vehicles. The system operation methods and tool must be adapted to the increased complexity, especially the optimal resource scheduling problem. Therefore, the use of metaheuristics is required to obtain good solutions in a reasonable amount of time. This paper proposes two new heuristics, called naive electric vehicles charge and discharge allocation and generation tournament based on cost, developed to obtain an initial solution to be used in the energy resource scheduling methodology based on simulated annealing previously developed by the authors. The case study considers two scenarios with 1000 and 2000 electric vehicles connected in a distribution network. The proposed heuristics are compared with a deterministic approach and presenting a very small error concerning the objective function with a low execution time for the scenario with 2000 vehicles.

Incapacidade auto-reportada e retorno à actividade profissional em utentes com dor crónica lombar

RESUMO: O absentismo à actividade profissional devido à condição de Dor Lombar apresenta-se como um problema de saúde pública com elevados custos económicos nas sociedades ocidentais. É estimado que cerca de 20% a 47% dos utentes com Dor Lombar não retornam à sua actividade profissional no período de 3 meses, sendo responsáveis por 75% a 90% de todos os custos e baixas médicas associadas à condição. Objectivo: O objectivo deste estudo foi analisar a capacidade de retorno à actividade profissional em utentes com Dor Crónica Lombar (DCL), que procuraram a Fisioterapia em situação de agudização dos seus sintomas, e averiguar a sua relação com os níveis de Incapacidade auto-reportados. Secundariamente pretendemos avaliar a influência das Crenças de medo-evitamento, nos níveis de Incapacidade auto-reportados. Metodologia: Foi efectuado um estudo correlacional prospectivo no qual se observou uma amostra de 56 utentes com DCL que tivessem apresentado novos episódios de agudização dos seus sintomas. Após 3 meses de follow-up (n=42) foi avaliado o “regresso ao trabalho em boas condições” e a sua relação com os níveis de Incapacidade iniciais, bem como o contributo das Crenças de medo-evitamento para essa Incapacidade funcional. Resultados: Foi verificada uma correlação negativa entre os níveis de Incapacidade funcional e o Sucesso no “regresso ao trabalho em boas condições” (ρ = -0.369; p =0.016), sendo que os scores mais elevados da Incapacidade correspondem à Falha nesse regresso. Verificámos também uma correlação positiva entre a existência das Crenças de medo-evitamento relativas ao Trabalho e a Incapacidade (r =0.511; p =0,001), apresentando estas Crenças um valor preditivo (β= 0.533; p =0.001) na Incapacidade auto-reportada. Conclusões: A capacidade de retorno à actividade profissional nos utentes com DCL, após um novo episódio de agudização dos seus sintomas, está relacionada com níveis de Incapacidade funcional. Os factores psicossociais, nomeadamente as Crenças de medo-evitamento relativas ao Trabalho apresentam um valor preditivo para essa Incapacidade auto-reportada.------------------------------ABSTRACT:Work-absenteeism due to the condition of Low Back Pain (LBP) presents itself as a public health problem with high economic costs in Western societies. It is estimated that 20% to 47% of patients with LBP not returned to their work-activity in period of 3 months, accounting for 75% to 90% of all medical costs and sickness compensation associated. Objective: The aim of the present study was to assess the ability to return to work on patients with chronic LBP, who searched for physical therapy in a situation of worsening of their symptoms, and examine their relationship with levels of self-reported disability. Secondly we intend to evaluate the influence of fear-avoidance beliefs to the levels of self-reported disability. Methods: We conducted a prospective cross-sectional study in which we observed 56 patients chronic LBP with new episodes of exacerbation of their symptoms. After a 3 months follow-up (n = 42) we evaluated the “return to work in good health” and its relationship with initial levels of disability and the contribution of fear-avoidance beliefs for that disability. Results: There was a negative correlation between levels of disability and “return to work in good health” success (ρ = -0.369, p = 0.016), with the highest scores correspond to the failure in the work-return. We also found a positive correlation between the existence of fear-avoidance beliefs for work and disability (r = 0.511; p = 0.001), with a predictive value of these fear-avoidance beliefs (β = 0.533; p = 0.001) in self-reported disability. Conclusions: The ability to return to work in chronic LBP patients, after a new episode of exacerbation of symptoms is related to the levels of functional disability. Psychosocial factors, including fear-avoidance beliefs for work showed a predictive value for the self-reported disability.

Numerical analysis of the initial conditions in fractional systems

Fractional dynamics is a growing topic in theoretical and experimental scientific research. A classical problem is the initialization required by fractional operators. While the problem is clear from the mathematical point of view, it constitutes a challenge in applied sciences. This paper addresses the problem of initialization and its effect upon dynamical system simulation when adopting numerical approximations. The results are compatible with system dynamics and clarify the formulation of adequate values for the initial conditions in numerical simulations.

Prognostic Value of a New Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing Parameter in Chronic Heart Failure: Oxygen Uptake Efficiency at Peak Exercise - Comparison with Oxygen Uptake Efficiency Slope

INTRODUCTION: A growing body of evidence shows the prognostic value of oxygen uptake efficiency slope (OUES), a cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) parameter derived from the logarithmic relationship between O(2) consumption (VO(2)) and minute ventilation (VE) in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF). OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prognostic value of a new CPET parameter - peak oxygen uptake efficiency (POUE) - and to compare it with OUES in patients with CHF. METHODS: We prospectively studied 206 consecutive patients with stable CHF due to dilated cardiomyopathy - 153 male, aged 53.3±13.0 years, 35.4% of ischemic etiology, left ventricular ejection fraction 27.7±8.0%, 81.1% in sinus rhythm, 97.1% receiving ACE-Is or ARBs, 78.2% beta-blockers and 60.2% spironolactone - who performed a first maximal symptom-limited treadmill CPET, using the modified Bruce protocol. In 33% of patients an cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) or cardiac resynchronization therapy device (CRT-D) was implanted during follow-up. Peak VO(2), percentage of predicted peak VO(2), VE/VCO(2) slope, OUES and POUE were analyzed. OUES was calculated using the formula VO(2) (l/min) = OUES (log(10)VE) + b. POUE was calculated as pVO(2) (l/min) / log(10)peakVE (l/min). Correlation coefficients between the studied parameters were obtained. The prognosis of each variable adjusted for age was evaluated through Cox proportional hazard models and R2 percent (R2%) and V index (V6) were used as measures of the predictive accuracy of events of each of these variables. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves from logistic regression models were used to determine the cut-offs for OUES and POUE. RESULTS: pVO(2): 20.5±5.9; percentage of predicted peak VO(2): 68.6±18.2; VE/VCO(2) slope: 30.6±8.3; OUES: 1.85±0.61; POUE: 0.88±0.27. During a mean follow-up of 33.1±14.8 months, 45 (21.8%) patients died, 10 (4.9%) underwent urgent heart transplantation and in three patients (1.5%) a left ventricular assist device was implanted. All variables proved to be independent predictors of this combined event; however, VE/VCO2 slope was most strongly associated with events (HR 11.14). In this population, POUE was associated with a higher risk of events than OUES (HR 9.61 vs. 7.01), and was also a better predictor of events (R2: 28.91 vs. 22.37). CONCLUSION: POUE was more strongly associated with death, urgent heart transplantation and implantation of a left ventricular assist device and proved to be a better predictor of events than OUES. These results suggest that this new parameter can increase the prognostic value of CPET in patients with CHF.

The characteristic time of glucose diffusion measured for muscle tissue at optical clearing

The study of agent diffusion in biological tissues is very important to understand and characterize the optical clearing effects and mechanisms involved: tissue dehydration and refractive index matching. From measurements made to study the optical clearing, it is obvious that light scattering is reduced and that the optical properties of the tissue are controlled in the process. On the other hand, optical measurements do not allow direct determination of the diffusion properties of the agent in the tissue and some calculations are necessary to estimate those properties. This fact is imposed by the occurrence of two fluxes at optical clearing: water typically directed out of and agent directed into the tissue. When the water content in the immersion solution is approximately the same as the free water content of the tissue, a balance is established for water and the agent flux dominates. To prove this concept experimentally, we have measured the collimated transmittance of skeletal muscle samples under treatment with aqueous solutions containing different concentrations of glucose. After estimating the mean diffusion time values for each of the treatments we have represented those values as a function of glucose concentration in solution. Such a representation presents a maximum diffusion time for a water content in solution equal to the tissue free water content. Such a maximum represents the real diffusion time of glucose in the muscle and with this value we could calculate the corresponding diffusion coefficient.

Produção de Biodiesel em reator de ultrassons

A contínua subida dos preços dos combustíveis fósseis tradicionais aliada à crescente pressão por parte de várias instituições mundiais para uma política “verde” no que diz respeito aos combustíveis, levam a um aumento da procura dos biocombustíveis e é neste contexto que surge o biodiesel como um dos principais intervenientes. O biodiesel pode ser definido como um derivado éster monoalquílico de ácidos gordos de cadeia longa proveniente de fontes renováveis como óleos vegetais ou gorduras animais e que apresenta características semelhantes ao diesel de petróleo, podendo ser utilizado sem qualquer problema em motores de ignição por compressão. Este trabalho apresenta como principal objetivo o estudo da aplicação da tecnologia de ultrassons na produção de biodiesel. Foi utilizado neste trabalho como matéria-prima um óleo doméstico usado. Este óleo foi previamente filtrado sendo depois analisado o seu índice de acidez para avaliar o seu teor em ácidos gordos livres. O valor obtido para o índice de acidez do óleo foi de 1,91 mg KOH/g, um valor relativamente baixo permitindo a sua utilização sem ser necessário um tratamento inicial via esterificação para diminuir a acidez do mesmo. Foram realizados três ensaios de reação independentes, o primeiro recorrendo ao método tradicional de produção de biodiesel através de transesterificação e recorrendo a agitação mecânica e aquecimento, o segundo utilizando uma sonda de ultrassons com a potência de 500 W e um terceiro ensaio de reação utilizando uma sonda de ultrassons de 2000 W. Em todas as reações foi utilizada uma proporção de 1:5 de óleo usado e metanol e 0,5 % (em relação á massa de óleo utilizada) de catalisador metilato de sódio. Todas as alíquotas recolhidas durante os ensaios foram analisadas através de cromatografia gasosa de modo a determinar o conteúdo em ésteres presente em cada uma delas. A reação convencional teve uma duração total de 150 minutos e decorreu a uma temperatura de 65ºC e a agitação constante de 500 rpm. Ao longo da reação foram retiradas alíquotas de cerca de 25 ml, que foram tratadas de imediato e posteriormente analisadas de modo a estudar-se o comportamento da reação ao longo do tempo. A percentagem de ésteres metílicos no biodiesel obtida ao fim de 90 minutos foi de 81,3%. Em seguida realizou-se uma reação utilizando uma sonda de ultrassons de 500 W de potência mergulhada num recipiente reacional devidamente isolado com uma rolha de cortiça de modo a minimizar as perdas de metanol por evaporação. O tempo total de reação foi de 90 minutos e foram-se retirando alíquotas de cerca de 25 ml para acompanhar o desenrolar da reação, tendo-se obtido uma percentagem de ésteres metílicos de 85,9% ao fim dos 90 minutos. Foi realizada por fim um terceiro ensaio de reação utilizando uma sonda de 2000 W com uma duração total de 90 minutos, tendo-se obtido resultados pouco satisfatórios (77,7%), provavelmente devido a algum problema operacional relacionado com a sonda de ultrassons utilizada ou devido a uma geometria do reator pouco eficiente. Os produtos resultantes da reação convencional e da reação utilizando a sonda de ultrassons de 500 W, assim como o óleo utilizado como matéria-prima foram caracterizados em termos de índice de acidez, densidade a 15ºC e viscosidade a 40ºC.