Biologische Funktionsanalyse und Identifizierung neuer Substrate der Methyltransferase Dnmt2

Obwohl die DNA Methyltransferase 2 (Dnmt2) hoch konserviert ist und zu der am weitesten verbreiteten eukaryotischen MTase-Familie gehört, ist ihre biologische Funktion nach wie vor unklar. Nachdem lange Zeit keine DNA Methylierungsaktivität nachgewiesen werden konnte, wurde vor einigen Jahren über geringe Mengen an 5-Methylcytosin (5mC) in Retroelementen der “Dnmt2-only”-Organismen D. melanogaster, D. discoideum und E. histolytica berichtet (Kunert et al. 2003; Fisher et al. 2004; Kuhlmann et al. 2005; Phalke et al. 2009). Als kurze Zeit später robuste Methylierung der tRNAAsp durch humane Dnmt2 gezeigt wurde (Goll et al. 2006), wurde zunächst eine Dualspezifität des Enzyms vorgeschlagen (Jeltsch et al. 2006). Neuere Daten zum 5mC-Status verschiedener „Dnmt2-only“-Organismen bilden Anlass für kontroverse Diskussionen über Ausmaß und Bedeutung der DNA Methyltransferaseaktivität von Dnmt2 (Schaefer et al. 2010a; Krauss et al. 2011). Die vorliegende Arbeit konzentriert sich auf die Identifizierung neuer RNA Substrate des Dnmt2-Homologs DnmA aus D. discoideum sowie die biologische Bedeutung der tRNA-Methylierung durch Dnmt2. Wie in anderen Organismen beschrieben, fungiert auch DnmA als tRNAAsp(GUC) MTase in vitro und in vivo. Zusätzlich konnte in vitro tRNAGlu(UUC) als neues Substrat der Dnmt2-Homologe aus D. discoideum und dem Menschen identifiziert werden. In einem Kooperationsprojekt wurde außerdem auch tRNAAsp-Methylierungsaktivität für das Dnmt2-Homolog aus S. pombe (Pmt1) nachgewiesen. Crosslink-RNA-Immunopräzipitationen (RNA-CLIP) mit anschließender Next-Generation-Sequenzierung der mit DnmA assoziierten RNAs zeigen, dass DnmA mit tRNA Fragmenten interagiert, die sich vom Anticodonloop bis in den T-loop erstrecken. Neben der tRNAAsp(GUC) und tRNAGlu(UUC/CUC) sind Fragmente der tRNAGly(GCC) verstärkt angereichert. Inwiefern diese Fragmente eine biologische Funktion haben oder spezifische Degradationsprodukte darstellen, ist noch ungeklärt. Interessanterweise sind von einigen tRNAs wenige Sequenzen von antisense-Fragmenten in den RNA-CLIP Daten zu finden, die etwas kürzer, jedoch exakt komplementär zu den genannten sense-Fragmenten sind. Besonders stark sind diese Fragmente der tRNAGlu(UUC) vertreten. In einem weiteren RNA-CLIP Experiment wurden U-snRNAs, snoRNA und intergenische Sequenzen mit DnmA angereichert. Bei nachfolgenden in vitro Methylierungsstudien konnte ausschließlich die U2-snRNA als potentielles Nicht-tRNA-Substrat der hDnmt2 und DnmA identifiziert werden. Da tRNA Modifikationen im Anticodonloop die Codonerkennung beeinflussen können, wurde ein System etabliert um die Translationseffizienz eines GFP-Reportergens in Wildtyp- und dnmAKO-Zellen zu messen. In D. discoideum wird das Aspartat-Codon GAU ca. zehnmal häufiger genutzt als das GAC Codon, allerdings ist nur eine tRNAAsp(GUC) im Genom der Amöbe kodiert. Aus diesem Grund wurde zusätzlich die Frage adressiert, inwiefern die DnmA-abhängige Methylierung dieser tRNA das „Wobbling“ beeinflusst. Dazu wurde dem Reportergen jeweils eine (GAU)5- und (GAC)5-Leadersequenz vorgeschaltet. Entgegen der Annahme wurde der (GAC)5-Leader in beiden Stämmen etwas effizienter translatiert. Insgesamt zeigte der dnmAKO-Stamm eine leicht erhöhte Translationseffizienz der Reportergene. Vergleichende Analysen zur Aufnahme von Fremd-DNA zeigten signifikant reduzierte Transformationseffizienzen mit einem integrierenden Plasmid in dnmAKO-Zellen. Ein weiterer dnmAKO-Stamm zeigte diesen Effekt jedoch nicht, wobei bei derselben Mutante eine deutlich reduzierte Aufnahme eines extrachromosomalen Plasmids zu verzeichnen war. Untersuchungen zum Einfluss von DnmA auf die Regulation des Retroelements skipper ergaben keinen Zusammenhang zwischen der Generierung kleiner RNAs und der erhöhten Transkription des Retrotransposons in dnmAKO-Zellen (Kuhlmann et al. 2005). Durch Kompensationsversuche sowie Experimente mit einer weiteren dnmAKO-Mutante konnte die Mobilisierung des Retrotransposons nicht eindeutig als DnmA-Funktion eingeordnet werden. In einem weiteren Projekt wurden die Bindung des m5C-bindenden Proteins EhMLBP aus E. histolytica an DNA mittels Rasterkraftmikroskopie abgebildet (Lavi et al. 2006). Neben vermutlich unspezifischen Endbindungsereignissen konnte eine bevorzugte Bindungsstelle des Proteins an LINE DNA (long intersperesed nuclear element) identifiziert werden. Möglicherweise fällt diese mit einem von zwei A/T-reichen Bereichen der LINE DNA zusammen, von denen vermutet wird, dass diese für die Bindung von EhMLBP an DNA von Bedeutung sind. Insgesamt bestätigen die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit die tRNAAsp Methylierungsaktivität als konservierte Dnmt2-Funktion. Darüber hinaus erweitern sie das Substratspektrum der Dnmt2-Methyltransferasen im Bereich der tRNA. Außerdem wird erstmals ein potentielles Nicht-tRNA Substrat vorgeschlagen. Zusätzlich geben neu entdeckte Phänotypen Hinweise auf vielfältige zelluläre Dnmt2-Funktionen.

Enfermedad de Creutzfeldt-Jakob esporádica: estudio clínico, patológico y molecular de un caso

Generalidades. Las encefalopatías espongiformes transmisibles son enfermedades neurodegenerativas ocasionadas por la acumulación anormal de una variante mal plegada de la proteína priónica, lo cual induce la formación de conglomerados proteicos resistentes a la degradación. Además, son responsables de la disfunción sináptica, daño neuronal y de la sintomatología clásica acompañante. Esta proteína de membrana es codificada por el exón 2 del gen PRNP, ubicado en el brazo corto del cromosoma 20 y parece estar involucrada en la trasmisión sináptica, la transducción de señales, la actividad antioxidante de la superoxidodismutasa, neuroplasticidad y sobrevida celular. Un polimorfismo en el codón 129 se asocia con una susceptibilidad diferencial a la enfermedad Creutzfeldt-Jakob esporádica. Objetivo. Estudio clínico, patológico y molecular de un caso de una mujer de 58 años con diagnóstico de enfermedad de Creutzfeldt- Jakob esporádica. Métodos y resultados. Se presenta el caso de una mujer en quien aparece un trastorno depresivo del afecto con demencia progresiva y sintomatología general. Al final de la enfermedad, el cuadro progresó a un déficit neurológico focalizado en el área visual. La RMN mostró hiperintensidades inespecíficas córtico-subcorticales en el núcleo estriado; en el EEG se encontró pérdida de ritmos de fondo, patrón de descargas periódicas generalizadas y complejos trifásicos; en la biopsia cerebral postmorten se evidenció pérdida severa de la población neuronal en todas las capas, vacuolas en el neuropil, en el soma neuronal y en la glía. El análisis de secuencia del gen PRNP, a partir de extracción de DNA de sangre periférica, identificó homocigosis para metionina en el codón 129. La paciente fallece a los 3 meses del inicio de la sintomatología. Conclusión. Por epidemiología, curso clínico y exámenes paraclínicos se confirma el diagnóstico de enfermedad de Creutzfeldt- Jakob esporádica.La determinación del genotipo para los polimorfismos de riesgo se convierte en una herramienta útil para complementar por medios moleculares el diagnóstico y para profundizar la comprensión de la fisiopatología de la enfermedad de Creutzfeldt-Jakob, tanto para formas esporádicas como para la nueva variante.

Phylogeny, function, and evolution of the cupins, a structurally conserved, functionally diverse superfamily of proteins

The cupin superfamily is a group of functionally diverse proteins that are found in all three kingdoms of life, Archaea, Eubacteria, and Eukaryota. These proteins have a characteristic signature domain comprising two histidine- containing motifs separated by an intermotif region of variable length. This domain consists of six beta strands within a conserved beta barrel structure. Most cupins, such as microbial phosphomannose isomerases (PMIs), AraC- type transcriptional regulators, and cereal oxalate oxidases (OXOs), contain only a single domain, whereas others, such as seed storage proteins and oxalate decarboxylases (OXDCs), are bi-cupins with two pairs of motifs. Although some cupins have known functions and have been characterized at the biochemical level, the majority are known only from gene cloning or sequencing projects. In this study, phylogenetic analyses were conducted on the conserved domain to investigate the evolution and structure/function relationships of cupins, with an emphasis on single- domain plant germin-like proteins (GLPs). An unrooted phylogeny of cupins from a wide spectrum of evolutionary lineages identified three main clusters, microbial PMIs, OXDCs, and plant GLPs. The sister group to the plant GLPs in the global analysis was then used to root a phylogeny of all available plant GLPs. The resulting phylogeny contained three main clades, classifying the GLPs into distinct subfamilies. It is suggested that these subfamilies correlate with functional categories, one of which contains the bifunctional barley germin that has both OXO and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. It is proposed that GLPs function primarily as SODs, enzymes that protect plants from the effects of oxidative stress. Closer inspection of the DNA sequence encoding the intermotif region in plant GLPs showed global conservation of thymine in the second codon position, a character associated with hydrophobic residues. Since many of these proteins are multimeric and enzymatically inactive in their monomeric state, this conservation of hydrophobicity is thought to be associated with the need to maintain the various monomer- monomer interactions. The type of structure-based predictive analysis presented in this paper is an important approach for understanding gene function and evolution in an era when genomes from a wide range of organisms are being sequenced at a rapid rate.

Reduced incorporation of the influenza B virus BM2 protein in virus particles decreases infectivity

BM2 is the fourth integral membrane protein encoded by the influenza B virus genome. It is synthesized late in infection and transported to the plasma membrane from where it is subsequently incorporated into progeny virus particles. It has recently been reported that BM2 has ion channel activity and may be the functional homologue of the influenza A virus M2 protein acting as an ion channel involved in viral entry. Using a reverse genetic approach it was not possible to recover virus which lacked BM2. A recombinant influenza B virus was generated in which the BM2 AUG initiation codon was mutated to GUG. This decreased the efficiency of translation of BM2 protein such that progeny virions contained only 1/8 the amount of BM2 seen in wild-type virus. The reduction in BM2 incorporation resulted in a reduction in infectivity although there was no concomitant decrease in the numbers of virions released from the infected cells. These data imply that the incorporation of sufficient BM2 protein into influenza B virions is required for infectivity of the virus particles. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

A block in virus-like particle maturation following assembly of murine leukaemia virus in insect cells

Expression of the murine leukaemia virus (MLV) major Gag antigen p65(Gag) using the baculovirus expression system leads to efficient assembly and release of virus-like particles (VLP) representative of immature MLV. Expression of P180(Gag-Pol), facilitated normally in mammalian cells by readthrough of the p65(Gag) termination codon, also occurs efficiently in insect cells to provide a source of the MLV protease and a pattern of p65(Gag) processing similar to that observed in mammalian cells. VLP release from P180(Gag-Pol) expressing cells however remains essentially immature with disproportionate levels of the uncleaved p65(Gag) precursor when compared to the intracellular Gag profile. Changing the p65(Gag) termination codon altered the level of p65(Gag) and p180(Gag-Pol) within expressing cells but did not alter the pattern of released VLP, which remained immature. Coexpression of p65(Gag) with a fixed readthrough p180(Gag-Pol) also led to only immature VLP release despite high intracellular protease levels. Our data suggest a mechanism that preferentially selects uncleaved p65(Gag) for the assembly of MLV in this heterologous expression system and implies that, in addition to their relative levels, active sorting of the correct p65(Gag) and p180(Gag-Pol) ratios may occur in producer cells. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

HAWAIIAN SKIRT: an F-box gene that regulates organ fusion and growth in arabidopsis

A fast neutron-mutagenized population of Arabidopsis ( Arabidopsis thaliana) Columbia-0 wild-type plants was screened for floral phenotypes and a novel mutant, termed hawaiian skirt ( hws), was identified that failed to shed its reproductive organs. The mutation is the consequence of a 28 bp deletion that introduces a premature amber termination codon into the open reading frame of a putative F-box protein ( At3g61590). The most striking anatomical characteristic of hws plants is seen in flowers where individual sepals are fused along the lower part of their margins. Crossing of the abscission marker, Pro(PGAZAT):beta-glucuronidase, into the mutant reveals that while floral organs are retained it is not the consequence of a failure of abscission zone cells to differentiate. Anatomical analysis indicates that the fusion of sepal margins precludes shedding even though abscission, albeit delayed, does occur. Spatial and temporal characterization, using Pro(HWS):beta-glucuronidase or Pro(HWS):green fluorescent protein fusions, has identified HWS expression to be restricted to the stele and lateral root cap, cotyledonary margins, tip of the stigma, pollen, abscission zones, and developing seeds. Comparative phenotypic analyses performed on the hws mutant, Columbia-0 wild type, and Pro(35S):HWS ectopically expressing lines has revealed that loss of HWS results in greater growth of both aerial and below-ground organs while overexpressing the gene brings about a converse effect. These observations are consistent with HWS playing an important role in regulating plant growth and development.

The Glu298Asp single nucleotide polymorphism in the endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene differentially effects the vascular response to acute consumption of fruit and vegetable puree-based drinks

Scope Diets low in fruits and vegetables (FV) are responsible for 2.7 million deaths from cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and certain cancers annually. Many FV and their juices contain flavonoids, some of which increase endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity. A single nucleotide polymorphism in the eNOS gene, where thymine (T) replaces guanine (G) at position 894 predicting substitution of glutamate for aspartate at codon 298 (Glu298Asp), has been associated with increased CVD risk due to effects on nitric oxide synthesis and subsequently vascular reactivity. Individuals can be homozygous for guanine (GG), thymine (TT) or heterozygous (GT). Methods and results We investigated the effects of acute ingestion of a FV-puree-based-drink (FVPD) on vasodilation and antioxidant status in subjects retrospectively genotyped for this polymorphism. Healthy volunteers (n = 24; 11 GG, 11 GT, 2 TT) aged 30–70 were recruited to a randomized, controlled, crossover, acute study. We showed that acute consumption of 400 mL FVPD differentially affected individuals depending on their genotype. There was a significant genotype interaction for endothelium-dependent vasodilation measured by laser Doppler imaging with iontophoresis (P < 0.05) and ex vivo low-density lipoproteins (LDL) oxidation (P = 0.002). GG subjects had increased endothelium-dependent vasodilation 180 min (P = 0.028) and reduced ex vivo LDL oxidation (P = 0.013) after 60 min after FVPD compared with control, no differences were observed in GT subjects. Conclusion eNOS Glu298Asp genotype differentially affects vasodilation and ex vivo LDL oxidation after consumption of FV in the form of a puree-based drink.

Evolutionary dynamics of Staphylococcus aureus during progression from carriage to disease

Whole-genome sequencing offers new insights into the evolution of bacterial pathogens and the etiology of bacterial disease. Staph- ylococcus aureus is a major cause of bacteria-associated mortality and invasive disease and is carried asymptomatically by 27% of adults. Eighty percent of bacteremias match the carried strain. How- ever, the role of evolutionary change in the pathogen during the progression from carriage to disease is incompletely understood. Here we use high-throughput genome sequencing to discover the genetic changes that accompany the transition from nasal carriage to fatal bloodstream infection in an individual colonized with meth- icillin-sensitive S. aureus. We found a single, cohesive population exhibiting a repertoire of 30 single-nucleotide polymorphisms and four insertion/deletion variants. Mutations accumulated at a steady rate over a 13-mo period, except for a cluster of mutations preceding the transition to disease. Although bloodstream bacteria differed by just eight mutations from the original nasally carried bacteria, half of those mutations caused truncation of proteins, including a prema- ture stop codon in an AraC-family transcriptional regulator that has been implicated in pathogenicity. Comparison with evolution in two asymptomatic carriers supported the conclusion that clusters of pro- tein-truncating mutations are highly unusual. Our results demon- strate that bacterial diversity in vivo is limited but nonetheless detectable by whole-genome sequencing, enabling the study of evolutionary dynamics within the host. Regulatory or structural changes that occur during carriage may be functionally important for pathogenesis; therefore identifying those changes is a crucial step in understanding the biological causes of invasive bacterial disease.

Contingency locus in ctsR of Listeria monocytogenes Scott A: a strategy for occurrence of abundant piezotolerant isolates within clonal populations

In a recent study we demonstrated that a high-hydrostatic-pressure-tolerant isolate of Listeria monocytogenes lacks a codon in the class 3 heat shock regulator gene ctsR. This mutation in the region that encodes four consecutive glycines was directly responsible for the observed piezotolerance, increased stress resistance, and reduced virulence. The aim of the present study was to determine whether mutations in ctsR are frequently associated with piezotolerance in L. monocytogenes. Wild-type cultures of L. monocytogenes were therefore exposed to 350 MPa for 20 min, and the piezotolerance of individual surviving isolates was assessed. This rendered 33 isolates with a stable piezotolerant phenotype from a total of 84 survivors. Stable piezotolerant mutants were estimated to be present in the initial wild-type population at frequencies of >10�5. Subsequent sequencing of the ctsR gene of all stable piezotolerant isolates revealed that two-thirds of the strains (i.e., n � 21) had mutations in this gene. The majority of the mutations (16 of 21 strains) consisted of a triplet deletion in the glycine-encoding region of ctsR, identical to what was found in our previous study. Interestingly, 2 of 21 mutants contained a codon insertion in this repeat region. The remaining three stable piezotolerant strains showed a 19-bp insertion in the glycine repeat region, a 16-bp insertion downstream of the glycine repeat area (both leading to frameshifts and a truncated ctsR), and an in-frame 114-bp deletion encoding a drastically shortened carboxy terminus of CtsR. In four instances it was not possible to generate a PCR product. A piezotolerant phenotype could not be linked to mutations in ctsR in 8 of 33 isolates, indicating that other thus-far-unknown mechanisms also lead to stable piezotolerance. The present study highlights the importance of ctsR in piezotolerance and stress tolerance of L. monocytogenes, and it demonstrates that short-sequence repeat regions contribute significantly to the occurrence of a piezotolerant and stress-tolerant subpopulation within L. monocytogenes cultures, thus playing an important role in survival.

The CtsR regulator of Listeria monocytogenes contains a variant glycine repeat region that affects piezotolerance, stress resistance, motility and virulence

A spontaneous high hydrostatic pressure (HHP)-tolerant mutant of Listeria monocytogenes ScottA, named AK01, was isolated previously. This mutant was immotile and showed increased resistance to heat, acid and H2O2 compared with the wild type (wt) (Karatzas, K.A.G. and Bennik, M.H.J. 2002 Appl Environ Microbiol 68: 3183–3189). In this study, we conclusively linked the increased HHP and stress tolerance of strain AK01 to a single codon deletion in ctsR (class three stress gene repressor) in a region encoding a highly conserved glycine repeat. CtsR negatively regulates the expression of the clp genes, including clpP, clpE and the clpC operon (encompassing ctsR itself), which belong to the class III heat shock genes. Allelic replacement of the ctsR gene in the wt background with the mutant ctsR gene, designated ctsRΔGly, rendered mutants with phenotypes and protein expression profiles identical to those of strain AK01. The expression levels of CtsR, ClpC and ClpP proteins were significantly higher in ctsRΔGly mutants than in the wt strain, indicative of the CtsRΔGly protein being inactive. Further evidence that the CtsRΔGly protein lacks its repressor function came from the finding that the Clp proteins in the mutant were not further induced upon heat shock, and that HHP tolerance of a ctsR deletion strain was as high as that of a ctsRΔGly mutant. The high HHP tolerance possibly results from the increased expression of the clp genes in the absence of (active) CtsR repressor. Importantly, the strains expressing CtsRΔGly show significantly attenuated virulence compared with the wt strain; however, no indication of disregulation of PrfA in the mutant strains was found. Our data highlight an important regulatory role of the glycine-rich region of CtsR in stress resistance and virulence.

Prevalence of mutations within the quinolone resistance-determining region of gyrA, gyrB, parC, and parE and association with antibiotic resistance in quinolone-resistant Salmonella enterica

Salmonella enterica isolates (n = 182) were examined for mutations in the quinolone resistance-determining region of gyrA, gyrB, parC, and parE. The frequency, location, and type of GyrA substitution varied with the serovar. Mutations were found in parC that encoded Thr57-Ser, Thr66-Ile, and Ser80-Arg substitutions. Mutations in the gyrB quinolone resistance-determining region were located at codon Tyr420-Cys or Arg437-Len. Novel mutations were also found in parE encoding Glu453-Gly, His461-Tyr, Ala498-Thr, Val512-Gly, and Ser518-Cys. Although it is counterintuitive, isolates with a mutation in both gyrA and parC were more susceptible to ciprofloxacin than were isolates with a mutation in gyrA alone.

Genome-wide association mapping to candidate polymorphism resolution in the unsequenced barley genome

Although commonplace in human disease genetics, genome-wide association (GWA) studies have only relatively recently been applied to plants. Using 32 phenotypes in the inbreeding crop barley, we report GWA mapping of 15 morphological traits across ∼500 cultivars genotyped with 1,536 SNPs. In contrast to the majority of human GWA studies, we observe high levels of linkage disequilibrium within and between chromosomes. Despite this, GWA analysis readily detected common alleles of high penetrance. To investigate the potential of combining GWA mapping with comparative analysis to resolve traits to candidate polymorphism level in unsequenced genomes, we fine-mapped a selected phenotype (anthocyanin pigmentation) within a 140-kb interval containing three genes. Of these, resequencing the putative anthocyanin pathway gene HvbHLH1 identified a deletion resulting in a premature stop codon upstream of the basic helix-loop-helix domain, which was diagnostic for lack of anthocyanin in our association and biparental mapping populations. The methodology described here is transferable to species with limited genomic resources, providing a paradigm for reducing the threshold of map-based cloning in unsequenced crops.

Proposal for a unified nomenclature for target site mutations associated with resistance to fungicides

Evolved resistance to fungicides is a major problem limiting our ability to control agricultural, medical and veterinary pathogens and is frequently associated with substitutions in the amino acid sequence of the target protein. The convention for describing amino-acid substitutions is to cite the wild type amino acid, the codon number and the new amino acid, using the one letter amino acid code. It has frequently been observed that orthologous amino acid mutations have been selected in different species by fungicides from the same mode of action class, but the amino acids have different numbers. These differences in numbering arise from the different lengths of the proteins in each species. The purpose of the current paper is to propose a system for unifying the labelling of amino acids in fungicide target proteins. To do this we have produced alignments between fungicide target proteins of relevant species fitted to a well-studied “archetype” species. Orthologous amino acids in all species are then assigned numerical “labels” based on the position of the amino acid in the archetype protein.

Novel mutation in the adiponectin (ADIPOQ) gene is associated with hypoadiponectinaemia in Japanese-Brazilians

P>Objective Adiponectin is an important mediator of insulin sensitivity, encoded by the ADIPOQ gene. Here we describe two Japanese-Brazilian families with hypoadiponectinaemia due to a novel mutation in ADIPOQ. Design and patients In this study, we examined the entire translated regions of adiponectin in Japanese-Brazilians, a population with one of the highest prevalence rates of diabetes worldwide. We screened 200 patients with type 2 diabetes (DM) and 240 age-matched subjects with normal glucose tolerance. Results A novel heterozygous T deletion at position 186 in exon 2 of ADIPOQ, causing a frameshift at codon 62 and leading to a premature termination at codon 168 (p.Gly63ValfsX106), was found in two individuals with diabetes. This mutation was not found in 240 nondiabetic control subjects. In addition, we screened the mutation in an expanded set of 100 nondiabetic subjects from the general Brazilian population, but we found no mutations. In addition, six family members of the probands were identified as mutation-carriers. Individuals who were mutation-carriers had markedly low plasma adiponectin concentrations compared with those without the mutation [DM: 0 center dot 65 (0 center dot 59-1 center dot 34) mu g/ml vs. 5 center dot 30 (3 center dot 10-8 center dot 55) mu g/ml, P < 0 center dot 0001; normal glucose tolerance: 0 center dot 95 (0 center dot 76-1 center dot 48) mu g/ml vs. 8 center dot 50 (5 center dot 52-14 center dot 55) mu g/ml, P = 0 center dot 003]. All individuals carrying the p.Gly63ValfsX106 mutation and older than 30 years were found to be diabetic. Conclusions We describe for the first time a frameshift mutation in exon 2 of the ADIPOQ gene, which modulates adiponectin levels and may contribute to the genetic risk of late-onset diabetes in Japanese-Brazilians.

Clinical evaluation and COL2A1 gene analysis in 21 Brazilian families with Stickler syndrome: Identification of novel mutations, further genotype/phenotype correlation, and its implications for the diagnosis

We present clinical and molecular evaluation from a large cohort of patients with Stickler syndrome: 78 individuals from 21 unrelated Brazilian families. The patients were selected in a Hospital with a craniofacial dysmorphology assistance service and clinical diagnosis was based on the presence of cleft palate associated to facial and ocular anomalies of Stickler syndrome. Analysis of COL2A1 gene revealed 9 novel and 4 previously described pathogenic mutations. Except for the mutation c.556G>T (p.Gly186X), all the others were located in the triple helical domain. We did not find genotype/phenotype correlation in relation to type and position of the mutation in the triple helical domain. However, a significantly higher proportion of myopia in patients with mutations located in this domain was observed in relation to those with the mutation in the non-tripe helical domain (c.556G>T; P < 0.04). A trend towards a higher prevalence of glaucoma, although not statistically significant, was observed in the presence of the mutation c.556G>T. It is possible. that this mutation alters the splicing of the mRNA instead of only creating a premature stop codon and therefore it can lead to protein products of different ocular effects. One novel DNA variation (c.1266+7G>C) occurs near a splice site and it was observed to co-segregate with the phenotype in one of the two families with this DNA variation. As in silico analysis predicted that the c.1266+7G>C DNA variation can affect the efficiency of the splicing, we still cannot rule it out as non-pathogenic. Our study also showed that ascertainment through cleft palate associated to other craniofacial signs can be very efficient for identification of Stickler syndrome patients. Still, high frequency of familial cases and high frequency of underdevelopment of distal lateral tibial epiphyses observed in our patients suggested that the inclusion of this information can improve the clinical diagnosis of Stickler syndrome. (C) 2008 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.