TWO UNUSUAL NEW GENERA OF PARAMPHISTOMIDAE (TREMATODA, DIGENEA) FROM FRESHWATER FISH OF THE BRAZILIAN AMAZON

Two new genera and species of Paramphistomidae (Tremadota, Digenea) are described from freshwater fish of the Brazilian Amazon. Anavilhanatrema robustagen. et sp. nov. is characterized as having a cylindrical body with an anterior expansion, small suckers, a small cirrus sac, large lobate testes, a lobate ovary, long ceca and extensive vitellaria. Pacudistoma turgidagen. et sp. nov., on the other hand, is distinguished by having a stout, cylindrical body, a large oral sucker with internal diverticula, a large genital sucker, smaller lobate testes, a spherical ovary, long ceca and relatively extensive vitellaria. Both species appear to be host specific with A. robustafound in Pristobrycon striolatus(STEINDACHNER) while P. turgidaoccurus in Hyleus pacu(SCHOMBURCK).

Ergasilus turucuyussp. n. (COPEPODA: ERGASILIDAE) DAS BRÂNQUIAS DE Acestrorhynchus falcatus(BLOCH, 1794) E A. falcirostris(CUVIER, 1819) (CHARACIFORMES: CHARACIDAE) DA AMAZÔNIA BRASILEIRA

Ergasilus turucuyussp. n. (Copepoda, Poecilostomatoida, Ergasilidae) é proposta. Os espécimens foram coletados dos filamentos branquiais de Acestrorhynchus falcatuse A. falcirostrisdo Rio Pacaás Novos, Estado de Rondônia, Brasil. A nova espécie tem uma seta forte, pectinada e falciforme no primeiro exopodito, indicando uma relação com outras cinco espécies amazônicas. Esta espécie difere das outras na ornamentação das pernas, antenas, somitos abdominais e pela maior largura do cefalossomo.

Morfologia dos estágios de Náuplios e Copepodito i de Perulernaea gamitanae thatcher & paredes, 1985 (Crustacea: Cyclopoida: Lernaeidae), parasita do Tambaqui Colossoma macropomum (cuvier, 1818), (Osteichthyes: Characidae), cultivados em laboratório(1)

Os estágios de náuplios e copepodito I de Perulernaea gamitanae Thatcher & Paredes, 1985 foram estudados a partir de cultura de ovos obtidos de fêmeas adultas, parasitas de tambaqui, Colossoma macropomum (Cuvier, 1818) (Osteichthyes: Characidae), provenientes de tanques de cultivo em Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil. As larvas foram mantidas no laboratório à temperatura de 28ºC. O desenvolvimento de P. gamitanae de náuplio I até náuplio VI durou cinco dias e cada estágio era precedido de uma muda. As principais diferenças entre cada estágio foram o aparecimento de setas no segmento terminal da antênula, acréscimo no número de setas furcais, variação no comprimento e na forma do corpo. No sexto dia eclodiu o primeiro estágio de copepodito, que sobreviveu sete dias sem sofrer muda. Descrições morfológicas pormenorizadas e ilustrações foram feitas para todos os estágios de náuplios c para o primeiro estágio de copepodito.

Effect of variables on the thickness of an edible coating applied on frozen fish establishment of the concept of safe dipping time

Glazing is a technique used to retard fish deterioration during storage. This work focuses on the study of distinct variables (fish temperature, coating temperature, dipping time) that affect the thickness of edible coatings (water glazing and 1.5% chitosan) applied on frozen fish. Samples of frozen Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) at -15, -20, and -25 °C were either glazed with water at 0.5, 1.5 or 2.5 °C or coated with 1.5% chitosan solution at 2.5, 5 or 8 °C, by dipping during 10 to 60 s. For both water and chitosan coatings, lowering the salmon and coating solution temperatures resulted in an increase of coating thickness. At the same conditions, higher thickness values were obtained when using chitosan (max. thickness of 1.41±0.05 mm) compared to water (max. thickness of 0.84±0.03 mm). Freezing temperature and crystallization heat were found to be lower for 1.5% chitosan solution than for water, thus favoring phase change. Salmon temperature profiles allowed determining, for different dipping conditions, whether the salmon temperature was within food safety standards to prevent the growth of pathogenic microorganisms. The concept of safe dipping time is proposed to define how long a frozen product can be dipped into a solution without the temperature raising to a point where it can constitute a hazard.

Characterization of the commercial fish production landed at Manaus, Amazonas State, Brazil

The present work aims to update a series of information about the regional fishing production, by presenting and characterizing the contribution of the different sub-systems of the Amazon basin to the catch landed at the main fishing market of Manaus, Brazil, from 1994 to 1996. Collectors specifically hired for this function registered key information on the fisheries. Thirty nine types or groups of fish were found in the fishing production landed. Jaraqui (Semaprochilodus spp.), curimatã (Prochilodus nigricans), pacu (Myleinae), matrinchã (Brycon cephalus), sardine (Triportheus spp.), aracu (Anostomidae) and tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) were the most important items during three consecutive years. In 1994 these items summed up 91.6% of the total production; in 1995 and 1996 these values were, respectively, 85.3% and 86.4% of the total production. Tambaqui landed decreased remarkably during the period 1976-1996. There was a strong seasonal component in the production of the main species; jaraqui and matrinchã were mostly landed between April and June, while curimatã, pacu, and sardine were mostly landed during the dry season. Other important items showed a strong inter-annual variation in their production. The fishing production landed came mostly from the sub-system of the Purus River (around 30% of the total production). The subsystem of the Medium-Solimões contributed with an average of 15% and the sub-systems of the Madeira, Lower-Solimões, Upper-Amazon and Juruá, together contributed with 11.5% of the total production landed. Finally, the remaining sub-systems contributed with only 7.6% of the production.

Presence of oOrganophosphate Insecticides in fish of the Amazon River

Trace levels of three organophosphate insecticides (OPI) were detected in eight fish species from the region of Santarém, State of Pará, Brazil. Individual concentrations of OPI in fish ranged from less than the detection limit to 2,1 ppb. Mean concentrations of chlorpyrifos, malathion, and methyl-parathion were 0,3 ± 0,3, 0,1 ± 0,1, and 0,3 ± 0,3 ppb, respectively. Pellona flavipinnis, the largest and fattest piscivorous species analyzed, was the most contaminated. Since an inhabitant of this Amazonian region consumes 220 g of fish per day on average, ingested doses of chlorpyrifos, malathion, and methyl-parathion may reach up to 308, 220, and 462 ng·d-1, respectively. Compared to acceptable daily intakes (ADI), quantities of OPI absorbed via fish consumption on a daily basis are far below deleterious levels. We estimated that even considering the highest OPI contents detected, the average daily fish consumption of anadult of 60 kg would have to increase by ca. 1 950, 5 450, and 2 600 times to reach ADI of chlorpyrifos, malathion, and methyl-parathion, respectively. Neither fish diet nor fish lipid content enabled us to completely explain the interspecific differences observed.

A fauna de parasitas do tambaqui, Colossoma macropomum (Cuvier, 1818) (Characiformes: Characidae) do médio rio Solimões, Estado do Amazonas (AM) e do baixo rio Amazonas, Estado do Pará (PA), e seu potencial como indicadores biológicos

Foram examinados brânquias, fossas nasais e intestinos de tambaquis (Colossoma macropomum) capturados em duas localidades na Amazônia, próximas aos municípios de Tefé/Coari, no médio rio Solimões, Estado do Amazonas e de Santarém no baixo rio Amazonas, Estado do Pará. Nove espécies de parasitas foram encontradas: três da classe Monogenoidea; Anacanthorus spathulatus, Linguadactyloides brinkmanni e Notozothecium sp.; uma de Trematoda da família Paramphistomidae; uma do filo Acanthocephala, Neoechinorhynchus buttnerae, duas do filo Nematoda, Spirocamallanus sp. e Procamallanus sp. e duas da subclasse Copepoda, Gamidactylus jaraquensis e Perulernaea gamitanae. Foram registradas pela primeira vez parasitando o tambaqui, o monogenético Notozothecium sp., espécimens imaturos da família Paramphistomidae, larvas do nematóide Procamallanus sp. e o copépodo Gamidactylus jaraquensis. Os paranfistomídeos e Procamallanus sp. foram encontrados apenas nos hospedeiros da região de Tefé/Coari. Foi observada pouca variabilidade na composição da parasitofauna do tambaqui, entre os dois locais estudados. As espécies Anacanthorus spathulatus, Notozothecium sp., Neoechinorhynchus buttnerae e Perulernaea gamitanae, apresentaram bom potencial como indicadores biológicos para o tambaqui.

A alimentação de juvenis de matrinxã, Brycon amazonicum (Pisces, Characidae), em áreas inundadas da Ilha de Marchantaria, Amazonas, Brasil

Estudou-se a dieta de 44 exemplares de juvenis de Brycon amazonicum (de 15 a 50mm de C.P), em áreas inundadas da Ilha de Marchantaria, no rio Solimões. Os peixes foram capturados com rede-de-mão com 30cm de diâmetro e cabo de 2 metros de comprimento. As análises foram baseadas em Freqüência de Ocorrência (%) e no número de presas. A dieta foi analisada pelo tamanho (C.P. (mm)) e por data de captura usando uma ANOVA com dois fatores. A data de captura explicou a oscilação no número de presas ingeridas pelos juvenis. A análise qualitativa mostrou poucas mudanças na dieta nesta fase de desenvolvimento. Verificou-se que B. amazonicum apresenta amplo espectro alimentar e que regula o número de presas na dieta de acordo com a disponibilidade dessas presas no ambiente.

Alimentação e ecomorfologia de duas espécies de piranhas (Characiformes: Characidae) do lago de Viana, estado do Maranhão, Brasil

Serrasalmus aff. brandtii e Pygocentrus nattereri são duas espécies de piranhas comuns no Lago de Viana, um lago formado a partir das inundações do Rio Pindaré, tributário da margem esquerda do Rio Mearim. Uma amostra composta por 249 exemplares destas espécies foi estudada a fim de identificar a composição da dieta e as estratégias alimentares empregadas pelas duas. Os peixes foram coletados trimestralmente durante um ano, entre março de 1998 e março de 1999, usando redes de emalhar e tarrafas. A composição qualitativa da dieta foi analisada com uso do método de freqüência de ocorrência. As estratégias alimentares empregadas pelas espécies foram inferidas através do método gráfico de Costello (1990), modificado por Amundsen et al. (1996). Os resultados indicaram que peixes foi o item encontrado com maior freqüência nos estômagos de ambas as espécies, seguido de matéria vegetal, com maior participação na dieta de P. nattereri. Os recursos peixes e vegetais tenderam a apresentar relações inversas quando comparados com as diferentes classes de comprimento. A análise gráfica da dieta de P. nattereri e S. aff. brandtii sugere que a maioria dos indivíduos utiliza vários recursos simultaneamente. Uma análise multivariada de índices ecomorfológicos indicou que as espécies são segregadas com relação à habilidade natatória, posição ocupada na coluna d'água e tamanho relativo das presas.

A eficácia do mentol como anestésico para tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum, Characiformes: Characidae)

Os anestésicos são importantes na piscicultura para reduzir o estresse e a mortalidade no manejo. Este trabalho tem como objetivo determinar a eficácia do mentol para tambaqui durante o manejo. Na primeira série de testes, foi examinado o efeito da concentração de anestésico sobre indução à anestesia e o estresse de tambaqui. Na segunda série de testes, foi avaliada a recuperação dos peixes após a exposição a uma concentração de 150 mg/L de mentol por diferentes tempos. Na terceira série, foi avaliada se a melhor concentração encontrada para juvenil (150 mg/L) também era adequada para peixes maiores. A melhor concentração para uma anestesia cirúrgica foi 150 mg/L, pois o tempo de indução é rápido, porém a recuperação é significativamente mais demorada do que para as menores concentrações testadas. Para uma anestesia, com finalidade de biometria, a melhor concentração foi 100 mg/L. Nesta concentração o tempo de indução à anestesia é prolongado, porém o tempo de recuperação está dentro da faixa considerada adequada. O tempo de recuperação do tambaqui quando exposto a 150 mg/L é significativamente igual para 10, 20 e 30 minutos de anestesia. Os resultados obtidos mostram que o mentol é um anestésico eficiente para o tambaqui.

Physiological stress responses in the warm-water fish matrinxã (Brycon amazonicus ) subjected to a sudden cold shock

The present work evaluated several aspects of the generalized stress response [endocrine (cortisol), metabolic (glucose), hematologic (hematocrit and hemoglobin) and cellular (HSP70)] in the Amazonian warm-water fish matrinxã (Brycon amazonicus ) subjected to an acute cold shock. This species farming has been done in South America, and growth and feed conversion rates have been interesting. However, in subtropical areas of Brazil, where the water temperature can rapidly change, high rates of matrinxã mortality have been associated with abrupt decrease in the water temperature. Thus, we subjected matrinxã to a sudden cold shock by transferring the fish directly to tanks in which the water temperature was 10ºC below the initial conditions (cold shock from 28ºC to 18ºC). After 1h the fish were returned to the original tanks (28ºC). The handling associated with tank transfer was also imposed on control groups (not exposed to cold shock). While exposure to cold shock did not alter the measured physiological conditions within 1h, fish returned to the ambient condition (water at 28º C) significantly increased plasma cortisol and glucose levels. Exposure to cold shock and return to the warm water did not affect HSP70 levels. The increased plasma cortisol and glucose levels after returning the fish to warm water suggest that matrinxã requires cortisol and glucose for adaptation to increased temperature.

Tolerance to temperature, pH, ammonia and nitrite in cardinal tetra, Paracheirodon axelrodi, an amazonian ornamental fish

Poor water quality condition has been pointed out as one of the major causes for the high mortality of ornamental fishes exported from the state of Amazonas, Brazil. The purpose of the current study was to define water quality standards for cardinal tetra (Paracheirodon axelrodi), by establishing the lower and higher for lethal temperature (LT50), lethal concentration (LC50) for total ammonia and nitrite and LC50 for acid and alkaline pH. According to the findings, cardinal tetra is rather tolerant to high temperature (33.3 ºC), to a wide pH range (acid pH=2.9 and alkaline pH=8.8) and to high total ammonia concentration (23.7 mg/L). However, temperatures below 19.6 ºC and nitrite concentrations above 1.1 mg/L NO2- may compromise fish survival especially during long shipment abroad.

Solving large 0–1 multidimensional knapsack problems by a new simplified binary artificial fish swarm algorithm

The artificial fish swarm algorithm has recently been emerged in continuous global optimization. It uses points of a population in space to identify the position of fish in the school. Many real-world optimization problems are described by 0-1 multidimensional knapsack problems that are NP-hard. In the last decades several exact as well as heuristic methods have been proposed for solving these problems. In this paper, a new simpli ed binary version of the artificial fish swarm algorithm is presented, where a point/ fish is represented by a binary string of 0/1 bits. Trial points are created by using crossover and mutation in the different fi sh behavior that are randomly selected by using two user de ned probability values. In order to make the points feasible the presented algorithm uses a random heuristic drop item procedure followed by an add item procedure aiming to increase the profit throughout the adding of more items in the knapsack. A cyclic reinitialization of 50% of the population, and a simple local search that allows the progress of a small percentage of points towards optimality and after that refines the best point in the population greatly improve the quality of the solutions. The presented method is tested on a set of benchmark instances and a comparison with other methods available in literature is shown. The comparison shows that the proposed method can be an alternative method for solving these problems.

Notes on necrophagous flies (Diptera: Calyptratae) associated to fish carrion in Colombian Amazon

In recent years, there has been an increasing number of studies on carrion fly communities due to their medical importance and as a consequence of the large number of studies on forensic entomology. Surprisingly few studies have adressed with the asynantropic flies of the Amazon, and none were done in Colombia. A faunistic study of asynantropic flies of the families Calliphoridae, Sarcophagidae, Muscidae and Fannidae in three different landscapes of the Colombian Amazon is presented, trapping effectiveness is assessed, and the first record of Mesembrinella batesi (Aldrich, 1922) and Fannia femoralis (Stein, 1897) from Colombia is reported.

Cooking process evaluation on mercury content in fish

This study evaluated different cooking processes (roasted, cooked and fried) on total mercury (Hg) content in fish species most consumed by Manaus residents and surrounding communities, Amazon region. The results obtained for total Hg in natura and after the three types of preparation (roasted, cooked and fried) for 12 fish species showed a significant Hg concentration variation. In the present study the cooked and frying processes resulted in higher Hg losses for Pacu, Pescada, Jaraqui, Curimatã, Surubin and Aruanã fish species, most of them presenting detritivorous and carnivorous feeding habits. The higher Hg losses in the roasting process occurred for Sardinha, Aracu, Tucunaré, Pirapitinga, Branquinha and Tambaqui fish species, most of them being omnivorous and herbivorous fish species. Some micronutrients (Ca, Fe, K, Na, Se and Zn) in fish species in natura were also determined in order to perform a nutritional evaluation regarding these micronutrients.