Construcción modular ligera energéticamente eficiente

Esta tesis trata sobre la construcción modular ligera, dentro del contexto de la eficiencia energética y de cara a los conceptos de nZEB (near Zero Energy Building) y NZEB (Net Zero Energy Building) que se manejan en el ámbito europeo y específicamente dentro del marco regulador de la Directiva 2010/31 UE. En el contexto de la Unión Europea, el sector de la edificación representa el 40% del total del consumo energético del continente. Asumiendo la necesidad de reducir este consumo se han planteado, desde los organismos de dirección europeos, unos objetivos (objetivos 20-20-20) para hacer más eficiente el parque edificatorio. Estos objetivos, que son vinculantes en términos de legislación, comprometen a todos los estados miembros a conseguir la meta de reducción de consumo y emisiones de GEI (Gases de Efecto Invernadero) antes del año 2020. Estos conceptos de construcción modular ligera (CML) y eficiencia energética no suelen estar asociados por el hecho de que este tipo de construcción no suele estar destinada a un uso intensivo y no cuenta con unos cerramientos con niveles de aislamiento de acuerdo a las normativas locales o códigos de edificación de cada país. El objetivo de nZEB o NZEB, e incluso Energy Plus, según sea el caso, necesariamente (y así queda establecido en las normativas), dependerá no sólo de la mejora de los niveles de aislamiento de los edificios, sino también de la implementación de sistemas de generación renovables, independientemente del tipo de sistema constructivo con el que se trabaje e incluso de la tipología edificatoria. Si bien es cierto que los niveles de industrialización de la sociedad tecnológica actual han alcanzado varias de las fases del proceso constructivo - sobre todo en cuanto a elementos compositivos de los edificios- también lo es el hecho de que las cotas de desarrollo conseguidas en el ámbito de la construcción no llegan al nivel de evolución que se puede apreciar en otros campos de las ingenierías como la aeronáutica o la industria del automóvil. Aunque desde finales del siglo pasado existen modelos y proyectos testimoniales de construcción industrializada ligera (CIL) e incluso ya a principios del siglo XX, ejemplos de construcción modular ligera (CML), como la Casa Voisin, la industrialización de la construcción de edificios no ha sido una constante progresiva con un nivel de comercialización equiparable al de la construcción masiva y pesada. Los términos construcción industrializada, construcción prefabricada, construcción modular y construcción ligera, no siempre hacen referencia a lo mismo y no siempre son sinónimos entre sí. Un edificio puede ser prefabricado y no ser modular ni ligero y tal es el caso, por poner un ejemplo, de la construcción con paneles de hormigón prefabricado. Lo que sí es una constante es que en el caso de la construcción modular ligera, la prefabricación y la industrialización, casi siempre vienen implícitas en muchos ejemplos históricos y actuales. Con relación al concepto de eficiencia energética (nZEB o incluso NZEB), el mismo no suele estar ligado a la construcción modular ligera y/o ligera industrializada; más bien se le ve unido a la idea de cerramientos masivos con gran inercia térmica propios de estándares de diseño como el Passivhaus; y aunque comúnmente a la construcción ligera se le asocian otros conceptos que le restan valor (corta vida útil; función y formas limitadas, fuera de todo orden estético; limitación en los niveles de confort, etc.), los avances que se van alcanzando en materia de tecnologías para el aprovechamiento de la energía y sistemas de generación renovables, pueden conseguir revertir estas ideas y unificar el criterio de eficiencia + construcción modular ligera. Prototipos y proyectos académicos– como el concurso Solar Decathlon que se celebra desde el año 2002 promovido por el DOE (Departamento de Energía de los Estados Unidos), y que cuenta con ediciones europeas como las de los años 2010 y 2012, replantean la idea de la construcción industrializada, modular y ligera dentro del contexto de la eficiencia energética, con prototipos de viviendas de ± 60m2, propuestos por las universidades concursantes, y cuyo objetivo es alcanzar y/o desarrollar el concepto de NZEB (Net Zero Energy Building) o edificio de energía cero. Esta opción constructiva no sólo representa durabilidad, seguridad y estética, sino también, rapidez en la fabricación y montaje, además de altas prestaciones energéticas como se ha podido demostrar en las sucesivas ediciones del Solar Decathlon. Este tipo de iniciativas de desarrollo de tecnologías constructivas, no sólo apuntan a la eficiencia energética sino al concepto global de energía neta, Energía plus o cero emisiones de CO2. El nivel de emisiones por la fabricación y puesta en obra de los materiales de construcción depende, en muchos casos, no solo de la propia naturaleza del material, sino también de la cantidad de recursos utilizados para producir una unidad de medida determinada (kg, m3, m2, ml, etc). En este sentido podría utilizarse, en muchos casos, el argumento válido de que a menos peso, y a menos tamaño, menos emisiones globales de gases de efecto invernadero y menos contaminación. Para el trabajo de investigación de esta tesis se han tomado como referencias válidas para estudio, prototipos tanto de CML (Modular 3D) como de CIL (panelizado y elementos 2D), dado que para los fines de análisis de las prestaciones energéticas de los materiales de cerramiento, ambos sistemas son equiparables. Para poder llegar a la conclusión fundamental de este trabajo de tesis doctoral - que consiste en demostrar la viabilidad tecnológica/ industrial que supone la combinación de la eficiencia energética y la construcción modular ligera - se parte del estudio del estado de la técnica ( desde la selección de los materiales y los posibles procesos de industrialización en fábrica, hasta su puesta en obra, funcionamiento y uso, bajo los conceptos de consumo cero, cero emisiones de carbono y plus energético). Además -y con un estado de la técnica que identifica la situación actual- se llevan a cabo pruebas y ensayos con un prototipo a escala natural y células de ensayo, para comprobar el comportamiento de los elementos compositivos de los mismos, frente a unas condicionantes climáticas determinadas. Este tipo de resultados se contrastan con los obtenidos mediante simulaciones informáticas basadas en los mismos parámetros y realizadas en su mayoría mediante métodos simplificados de cálculos, validados por los organismos competentes en materia de eficiencia energética en la edificación en España y de acuerdo a la normativa vigente. ABSTRACT This thesis discusses lightweight modular construction within the context of energy efficiency in nZEB (near Zero Energy Building) and NZEB (Net Zero Energy Building) both used in Europe and, specifically, within the limits of the regulatory framework of the EU Directive 2010/31. In the European Union the building sector represents 40% of the total energy consumption of the continent. Due to the need to reduce this consumption, European decision-making institutions have proposed aims (20-20-20 aims) to render building equipment more efficient. These aims are bound by law and oblige all member States to endeavour to reduce consumption and GEI emissions before the year 2020. Lightweight modular construction concepts and energy efficiency are not generally associated because this type of building is not normally meant for intensive use and does not have closures with insulation levels which fit the local regulations or building codes of each country. The objective of nZEB or NZEB and even Energy Plus, depending on each case, will necessarily be associated (as established in the guidelines) not only with the improvement of insulation levels in buildings, but also with the implementation of renewable systems of generation, independent of the type of building system used and of the building typology. Although it is true that the levels of industrialisation in the technological society today have reached several of the building process phases - particularly in the composite elements of buildings - it is also true that the quotas of development achieved in the area of construction have not reached the evolutionary levelfound in other fields of engineering, such as aeronautics or the automobile industry. Although there have been models and testimonial projects of lightweight industrialised building since the end of last century, even going back as far as the beginning of the XX century with examples of lightweight modular construction such as the Voisin House, industrialisation in the building industry has not been constant nor is its comercialisation comparable to massive and heavy construction. The terms industrialised building, prefabricated building, modular building and lightweight building, do not always refer to the same thing and they are not always synonymous. A building can be prefabricated yet not be modular or lightweight. To give an example, this is the case of building with prefabricated concrete panels. What is constant is that, in the case of lightweight modular construction, prefabrication and industrialisation are almost always implicit in many historical and contemporary examples. Energy efficiency (nZEB or even NZEB) is not normally linked to lightweight modular construction and/or industrialised lightweight; rather, it is united to the idea of massive closureswith high thermal inertia typical of design standards such as the Passive House; and although other concepts that subtract value from it are generally associated with lightweight building (short useful life, limited forms and function, inappropriate toany aesthetic pattern; limitation in comfort levels, etc.), the advances being achieved in technology for benefitting from energy and renewable systems of generation may well reverse these ideas and unify the criteria of efficiency + lightweight modular construction. Academic prototypes and projects - such as the Solar Decathlon competition organised by the US Department of Energy and celebrated since 2002, with its corresponding European events such as those held in 2010 and 2012, place a different slant on the idea of industrialised, modular and lightweight building within the context of energy efficiency, with prototypes of homes measuring approximately 60m2, proposed by university competitors, whose aim is to reach and/or develop the NZEB concept, or the zero energy building. This building option does not only signify durability, security and aesthetics, but also fast manufacture and assembly. It also has high energy benefits, as has been demonstrated in successive events of the Solar Decathlon. This type of initiative for the development of building technologies, does not only aim at energy efficiency, but also at the global concept of net energy, Energy Plus and zero CO2 emissions. The level of emissions in the manufacture and introduction of building materials in many cases depends not only on the inherent nature of the material, but also on the quantity of resources used to produce a specific unit of measurement (kg, m3, m2, ml, etc.). Thus in many cases itcould be validly arguedthat with less weight and smaller size, there will be fewer global emissions of greenhouse effect gases and less contamination. For the research carried out in this thesis prototypes such as the CML (3D Module) and CIL (panelled and elements) have been used as valid study references, becauseboth systems are comparablefor the purpose of analysing the energy benefits of closure materials. So as to reach a basic conclusion in this doctoral thesis - that sets out to demonstrate the technological/industrial viability of the combination of energy efficiency and lightweight modular construction - the departure point is the study of the state of the technique (from the selection of materials and the possible processes of industrialisation in manufacture, to their use on site, functioning and use, respecting the concepts of zero consumption, zero emissions of carbon and Energy Plus). Moreover, with the state of the technique identifying the current situation, tests and practices have been carried out with a natural scale prototype and test cells so as to verify the behaviour of the composite elements of these in certain climatic conditions. These types of result are contrasted with those obtained through computer simulation based on the same parameters and done, principally, using simplified methods of calculation, validated by institutions competent in energy efficiency in Spanish building and in line with the rules in force.

Nuevo concepto de elementos estructurales horizontales de vidrio : placa autoportante y pretensada en forma de pi

En los últimos años, podemos darnos cuenta de la importancia que tienen las nuevas aplicaciones de vidrio especialmente en edificios turísticos donde el vértigo juega un papel importante en la visita. Sin embargo los sistemas constructivos no tienen un especial interés porque el vidrio laminado está siempre soportado por otro elemento de acero o incluso vidrio en forma de retícula. En la presente tesis voy a desarrollar una nueva solución de elemento autoportante de vidrio de gran tamaño haciendo seguro el uso del elemento para andar en el aire. El sueño de muchos arquitectos ha sido diseñar un edificio completamente transparente y a mí me gustaría contribuir a este sueño empezando a estudiar un forjado de vidrio como elemento estructural horizontal y para ello debemos cumplir requerimientos de seguridad. Uno de los objetivos es lograr un elemento lo más transparente y esbelto posible para el uso de pasarelas en vestíbulos de edificios. Las referencias construidas son bien conocidas, pero por otro lado Universidades europeas estudian continua estudiando el comportamiento del vidrio con diferentes láminas, adhesivos, apilados, insertos, sistemas de laminado, pretensado, pandeo lateral, seguridad post-rotura y muchos más aspectos necesarios. La metodología llevada a cabo en esta tesis ha sido primeramente diseñar un elemento industrial prefabricado horizontal de vidrio teniendo en cuenta todos los conceptos aprendidos en el estado del arte y la investigación para poder predimensionar el elemento. El siguiente paso será verificar el modelo por medio de cálculo analítico, simulación de elementos finitos y ensayos físicos. Para realizar los ensayos hay un paso intermedio teniendo que cambiar la hipótesis de carga uniforme a carga puntal para realizar el ensayo de flexión a 4 puntos normalizado y además cambiar a escala 1:2 para adaptarse al espacio de ensayo y ser viable económicamente. Finalmente compararé los resultados de tensión y deformación obtenidos por los tres métodos para extraer conclusiones. Sin embargo el problema de la seguridad no ha concluido, tendré que demostrar que el sistema es seguro después de que se produzca la rotura y para ello sólo dispongo de los ensayos como medio de demostración. El diseño es el resultado de la evolución de una viga tipo “I”; cuando es pretensada para obtener más resistencia, aparece el problema de pandeo lateral y éste es solucionado con una viga con sección en “T” cuya unión es resuelta con un cajeado longitudinal en la parte inferior del elemento horizontal. Las alas de éste crecen para recoger las cargas superficiales creando a su vez un punto débil en la unión que a su vez se soluciona duplicando la sección “TT” y haciendo trabajar dicho tablero de forma tan óptima como una viga continua. Dicha sección en vidrio como un único elemento pretensado es algo inédito. Además he diseñado unas escuadras metálicas en los extremos de los nervios como apoyo y placa de pretensión, así como una hendidura curva en el centro de los nervios para alojar los tirantes de acero de modo que al pretensar el tirante la placa corrija al menos la deformación por peso propio. Realizados los cambios geométricos de escala y las simplificaciones en el laminado y el adhesivo se programan la extracción de resultados desde 3 estadios diferentes: Sin pretensión y con pretensión de 750 Kg y de 1000Kg en cada nervio. Por cada estadio y por cada uno de los métodos, cálculo, simulación y ensayos, se extraen los datos de deformación y tensión en el punto medio de un nervio con el objetivo de hacer una comparación de resultados para obtener unas conclusiones, siempre en el campo de la elasticidad. Posteriormente incrementaré la carga hasta el momento de la rotura de la placa y después hasta el colapso teniendo en cuenta el tiempo y demostrando una rotura segura. El vidrio no tendrá un comportamiento plástico pero habrá sido controlado su comportamiento frágil manteniendo una carga y una deformación aceptable. ABSTRACT Over the past few years we have realized the importance of the new technologies regarding the application of glass in new buildings, especially those touristic places were the views and the heights are the reason of the visit. However, the construction systems of these glass platforms are not usually as interesting, because the laminated glass is always held by another steel substructure or even a grid-formed glass element. Throughout this thesis I am going to develop a new solution of a self-bearing element with big dimensions made out of glass, ensuring a safe solution to use as an element to walk on the air. The dream of many architects has been to create a building completely transparent, and I would like to contribute to this idea by making a glass slab as a horizontal structural element, for which we have to meet the security requirements. One of the goals is to achieve an element as transparent and slim as possible for the use in walkways of building lobbies. The glass buildings references are well known, but on the other hand the European Universities study the behaviour of the glass with different interlayers, adhesives, laminating systems, stacking, prestressed, buckling, safety, breakage and post-breakage capacity; and many other necessary aspects. The methodology followed in this thesis has been to first create a horizontal industrial prefabricated horizontal element of glass, taking into account all the concepts learned in the state of art and the investigation to be able to predimension this element. The next step will be to verify this model with an analytic calculus, a finite element modelling simulation and physical tests. To fulfil these tests there is an intermediate step, having to change the load hypothesis from a punctual one to make the test with a four points normalized deflexion, and also the scale of the sample was changed to 1:2 to adapt to the space of the test and make it economically possible. Finally, the results of tension and deformation obtained from the three methods have been compared to make the conclusions. However, the problem with safety has not concluded yet, for I will have to demonstrate that this system is safe even after its breakage, for which I can only use physical tests as a way of demonstration. The design is the result of the evolution of a typical “I” beam, which when it is prestressed to achieve more resistance, the effect of buckling overcomes, and this is solved with a “T” shaped beam, where the union is solved with a longitudinal groove on the inferior part of the horizontal element. The boards of this beam grow to cover the superficial loads, creating at the same time a weak point, which is solved by duplicating the section “TT” and therefore making this board work as optimal as a continuous beam. This glass section as a single prestressed element is unique. After the final design of the “π” glass plate was obtained and the composition of the laminated glass and interlayers has been predimensioned, the last connection elements must be contemplated. I have also designed a square steel shoe at the end of the beams, which will be the base and the prestressed board, as well as a curved slot in the centre of the nerves to accommodate the steel braces so that when this brace prestresses the board, at least the deformation due to its self-weight will be amended. Once I made the geometric changes of the scale and the simplifications on the laminating and the adhesive, the extraction on results overcomes from three different stages: without any pretension, with a pretension of 750 kg and with a pretension of 1000 kg on each rib. For each stage and for each one of the methods, calculus, simulation and tests, the deformation datum were extracted to obtain the conclusions, always in the field of the elasticity. Afterwards, I will increase the load until the moment of breakage of this board, and then until the collapse of the element, taking into account the time spent and demonstrating a safe breakage. The glass will not have a plastic behaviour, but its brittle behaviour has been controlled, keeping an acceptable load and deflection.

Postcard: Buildings of Lincoln University

https://bluetigercommons.lincolnu.edu/postcards/1005/thumbnail.jpg

Forensic analysis of buildings affected by mining subsidence based on Differential Interferometry (Part III)

This work presents a forensic analysis of buildings affected by mining subsidence, which is based on deformation data obtained by Differential Interferometry (DInSAR). The proposed test site is La Union village (Murcia, SE Spain) where subsidence was triggered in an industrial area due to the collapse of abandoned underground mining labours occurred in 1998. In the first part of this work the study area was introduced, describing the spatial and temporal evolution of ground subsidence, through the elaboration of a cracks map on the buildings located within the affected area. In the second part, the evolution of the most significant cracks found in the most damaged buildings was monitored using biaxial extensometric units and inclinometers. This article describes the work performed in the third part, where DInSAR processing of satellite radar data, available between 1998 and 2008, has permitted to determine the spatial and temporal evolution of the deformation of all the buildings of the study area in a period when no continuous in situ instrumental data is available. Additionally, the comparison of these results with the forensic data gathered in the 2005–2008 period, reveal that there is a coincidence between damaged buildings, buildings where extensometers register significant movements of cracks, and buildings deformation estimated from radar data. As a result, it has been demonstrated that the integration of DInSAR data into forensic analysis methodologies contributes to improve significantly the assessment of the damages of buildings affected by mining subsidence.

A methodology for evacuation route planning inside buildings using geospatial technology

Evacuation route planning is a fundamental task for building engineering projects. Safety regulations are established so that all occupants are driven on time out of a building to a secure place when faced with an emergency situation. As an example, Spanish building code requires the planning of evacuation routes on large and, usually, public buildings. Engineers often plan these routes on single building projects, repeatedly assigning clusters of rooms to each emergency exit in a trial-and-error process. But problems may arise for a building complex where distribution and use changes make visual analysis cumbersome and sometimes unfeasible. This problem could be solved by using well-known spatial analysis techniques, implemented as a specialized software able to partially emulate engineer reasoning. In this paper we propose and test an easily reproducible methodology that makes use of free and open source software components for solving a case study. We ran a complete test on a building floor at the University of Alicante (Spain). This institution offers a web service (WFS) that allows retrieval of 2D geometries from any building within its campus. We demonstrate how geospatial technologies and computational geometry algorithms can be used for automating the creation and optimization of evacuation routes. In our case study, the engineers’ task is to verify that the load capacity of each emergency exit does not exceed the standards specified by Spain’s current regulations. Using Dijkstra’s algorithm, we obtain the shortest paths from every room to the most appropriate emergency exit. Once these paths are calculated, engineers can run simulations and validate, based on path statistics, different cluster configurations. Techniques and tools applied in this research would be helpful in the design and risk management phases of any complex building project.

Radon gas. Environmental concentration measures and remediation actions in exposed buildings

The main contribution to the radiological impact from natural radiation received by general population is due to the emission of radon (222Rn). The objective of this project is the study of radon gas as a radioactive element in our buildings (existing and future constructions) to avoid its influence in interior rooms. The proposed methodology reflects different aspects of natural radioactivity in buildings, their sources, their control criteria and regulatory framework; aspects related to the presence of radon in our constructions, entryways, measurement methodology for indoor environmental concentration are studied; other protection solutions and remediation measures in both existing buildings and new construction projects are analyzed. In conclusion, the paper presents previous evaluation tools, the analysis of existing concentration and the choice of the most appropriate mitigation / remediation measures depending on each case, through the establishment of different architectural proposals to plan actions against radon where necessary.

Infrared termography application in energy audits of buildings

The main objectives of this research are (i) to determine the correct use of infrared thermography in the energy analysis of buildings and to verify its application in conducting energy audits thereof; (ii) to conduct a proposal for a standard methodology (with its corresponding final report) for energy audit of buildings based on currently applicable regulations, specifying the parts of the audit process where the authors propose to include thermal inspections by using infrared thermography.

Current Problems Involving the Dismantle of Asbestos- Cement Sheets in Buildings. The Case of Central Market in Alicante

The project and the works described in this article mainly deal with the removal of the current asbestos-cement covering of the roof of the Central Market in Alicante and its replacement with zinc diamond-shaped scales, similar to the originals which were implemented in 1921 when the building was put into service. These upgrades were necessary to avoid the causes (and consequences) of rainwater infiltration, as described in an earlier report in 2006, also drafted by the author of this article. The article illustrates the difficulties involving the practical application of Spanish Code RD 396/2006 (minimum safety and health requirements for work with risk of exposure to asbestos) in a complex case such as this, especially with regard to aspects such as economic (increasing costs), technical (increased difficulty of implementation), and the total duration of the work (total increase in duration due to interference with other trades).

How buildings visualise client and architect: The problem that today’s user is typically not the client

An article presented at the last ICAT- conference stated at the end that buildings at all times tend to picture the people who had them erected. This paper aims to show the correctness of that statement. To this end, it will examine a number of typical residential buildings dating from the beginning of the seventeenth century up to today, investigate who had the buildings erected, and relate that to the performance of the buildings. This relation analysis will mainly use the scale but also the degree of diversity in function and appearance as factors. Furthermore, using economic data and data on the buildings to identify patterns, it will investigate how size of the property and relative size of the capital interest behind the building has developed. Since the authors live in Copenhagen and Copenhagen is very typical in its historical development, buildings and environments in and around the centre of Copenhagen are used as examples.

How to measure healthiness in buildings: Experiences in teaching with BIM tools

Introducing teaching about healthy solutions in buildings and BIM has been a challenge for the University of Alicante. Teaching attached to very tighten study plans conditioned the types of methods that could be used in the past. The worldwide situation of crisis that especially reached Spain and the bursting of the housing bubble generated a lack of employment that reached universities where careers related to construction, Architecture and Architectural Technologist, suffered a huge reduction in the number of students enrolled. In the case of the University of Alicante, students’ enrolment for Architectural Technology reached an 80% reduction. The necessity of a reaction against this situation made the teachers be innovative and use the new Bologna adapted study plans to develop new teaching experiences introducing new concepts: people wellbeing in buildings and BIM. Working with healthy solutions in buildings provided new approaches for building design and construction as an alternative to sustainability. For many years sustainability was the concept that applied to housing gave buildings an added value and the possibility of having viability in a very complex scenario. But after lots of experiences, the approved methodologies for obtaining sustainable housing were ambiguous and at the end, investors, designers, constructors and purchasers cannot find real and validated criteria for obtaining an effective sustainable house. It was the moment to work with new ideas and concepts and start facing buildings from the users’ point of view. At the same time the development of new tools, BIM, has opened a wide range of opportunities, innovative and suggestive, that allows simulation and evaluation of many building factors. This paper describes the research in teaching developed by the University of Alicante to adapt the current study plans, introducing work with healthy solutions in buildings and the use of BIM, with the aim of attracting students by improving their future employability. Pilot experiences have been carried out in different subjects based on the work with projects and case studies under an international frame with the cooperation of different European partner universities. The use of BIM tools, introduced in 2014, solved the problems that appeared in some subjects, mainly building construction, and helped with the evaluation of some healthy concepts that presented difficulties until this moment as knowledge acquired by the students was hard to be evaluated. The introduction of BIM tools: Vasari, FormIt, Revit and Light Control among others, allowed the study of precise healthy concepts and provided the students a real understand of how these different parameters can condition a healthy architectural space. The analysis of the results showed a clear acceptance by the students and gave teachers the possibility of opening new research lines. At the same time, working with BIM tools to obtain healthy solutions in building has been a good option to improve students’ employability as building market in Spain is increasing the number of specialists in BIM with a wider knowledge.

Buildings records, bound volume, 1811-1838

This bound volume, likely assembled by the Corporation in the 1850s, contains documents related to Harvard buildings which have been pasted onto the pages. The volume consists of correspondence and memoranda pertaining to the construction of Holworthy Hall, 1811-1812; contracts and correspondence relating to the construction of University Hall, 1813-1814; and correspondence regarding repairs to Massachusetts Hall overseen by Loammi Baldwin in 1812. Additional records pertaining to the construction of Gore Hall, 1834-1838; and the repairs to the Medical College on Mason Street in Boston, 1824 are also located in this volume.

Plan of College buildings and lot from Mr. Bulfinch, [ca. 1814]

Known as the Bulfinch view, this proposed site plan of the College grounds by Charles Bulfinch depicts University Hall at the center of the drawing surrounded by Massachusetts, Harvard, Hollis, Stoughton, and Holworthy Halls. Several unlabeled buildings are displayed in the plan.