Instantaneous Phase Threshold for Reflector Detection in Ultrasonic Images

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm Based on Reinforcement Learning to Optimization of Broad-Band Reflector Antennas Satellite

This paper aims to provide an improved NSGA-II (Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm-version II) which incorporates a parameter-free self-tuning approach by reinforcement learning technique, called Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm Based on Reinforcement Learning (NSGA-RL). The proposed method is particularly compared with the classical NSGA-II when applied to a satellite coverage problem. Furthermore, not only the optimization results are compared with results obtained by other multiobjective optimization methods, but also guarantee the advantage of no time-spending and complex parameter tuning.

Sviluppo di un sistema di monitoraggio dello stato di deformazione di un albero da imbarcazione in materiale composito tramite Reticoli di Bragg in fibra ottica.

Attraverso svariate prove tecnologiche, pratiche ed ottiche, si è posta la base per lo sviluppo di un sistema di misurazione delle deformazioni su un albero navale in materiale composito attraverso sensori ottici. L'attività ha messo in luce diverse problematiche relative all'inglobamento delle fibre ottiche nel materiale composito e molte altre attinenti la tecnologia basata su Reticoli di Bragg fotoincisi sulla fibra ottica.

Monitoraggio strutturale (structural health monitoring) di laminati CFRP tramite reticoli di Bragg in fibra ottica

Lo studio si propone di valutare la capacità dei reticoli di Bragg in fibra ottica, di individuare e monitorare danneggiamenti presenti all'interno di laminati in composito, tramite l'analisi degli spettri riflessi dai reticoli stessi. Sono stati utilizzati due tipi diversi di stratificazione dei laminati, per valutare il diverso comportamento dei reticoli di Bragg inseriti all'interno dei laminati. Le proprietà dei materiali e degli spettri riflessi dai reticoli, sono state messe in relazione qualitativamente e quantitativamente, al fine di sviluppare un valido metodo di Structural Health Monitoring.

A new class of bragg stacks and its principle application

This work is focused on the development of high quality nanoporous 1D photonic crystals –so called Bragg stacks – made by spin-coating of approximately 25 nm large SiO2 and TiO2 nanoparticles bearing interparticle voids large enough to infiltrate reactive species. Therefore, the first part of this work describes the synthesis of well-dispersed TiO2 nanoparticles in this size range (the corresponding SiO2 nanoparticles are commercially available). In the second part, a protocol was developed to prepare nanoporous Bragg stacks of up to 12 bilayers with high quality and precision. Tailor-made Bragg stacks were prepared for different applications such as (i) a surface emitting feedback laser with a FWHM of only 6 nm and (ii) an electrochromic device with absorption reversibly switchable by an external electrical bias independently of the Bragg reflection. In the last chapter, the approach to 1D photonic crystals is transferred to 1D phononic crystals. Contrast in the modulus is achieved by spin-coating SiO2 and PMMA as high and low moduli material. This system showed a band gap of fg = 12.6 GHz with a width of Dfg/fg = 4.5 GHz.

Characterization of integrated Bragg gratings in silicon-on-insulator

Silicon-on-insulator (SOI) is rapidly emerging as a very promising material platform for integrated photonics. As it combines the potential for optoelectronic integration with the low-cost and large volume manufacturing capabilities and they are already accumulate a huge amount of applications in areas like sensing, quantum optics, optical telecommunications and metrology. One of the main limitations of current technology is that waveguide propagation losses are still much higher than in standard glass-based platform because of many reasons such as bends, surface roughness and the very strong optical confinement provided by SOI. Such high loss prevents the fabrication of efficient optical resonators and complex devices severely limiting the current potential of the SOI platform. The project in the first part deals with the simple waveguides loss problem and trying to link that with the polarization problem and the loss based on Fabry-Perot Technique. The second part of the thesis deals with the Bragg Grating characterization from again the point of view of the polarization effect which leads to a better stop-band use filters. To a better comprehension a brief review on the basics of the SOI and the integrated Bragg grating ends up with the fabrication techniques and some of its applications will be presented in both parts, until the end of both the third and the fourth chapters to some results which hopefully make its precedent explanations easier to deal with.

Applicazione di reticoli di Bragg "chirped" per il monitoraggio strutturale di laminati CFRP

L’uso dei materiali compositi è andato aumentando negli ultimi decenni per la loro elevata rigidezza, la resistenza specifica e il possibile risparmio, notevole in termini di peso dell’intera struttura. Tali materiali introducono però nuove problematiche riguardanti le modalità di danneggiamento e il comportamento a fatica. Mentre questi fenomeni sono relativamente ben compresi nei materiali metallici, per una struttura in composito non esistono ancora modelli in grado di predire con sufficiente affidabilità l’evoluzione del danneggiamento. Negli ultimi anni la ricerca si è focalizzata sullo sviluppo di sistemi in grado di rilevare la presenza e l’evoluzione del danno, definiti Structural Health Monitoring Systems, ovvero sistemi di monitoraggio strutturale. Il danneggiamento strutturale può così essere individuato e identificato per mezzo di sensori distribuiti integrati nella struttura stessa, aventi la possibilità di trasmettere queste informazioni a un sistema di analisi esterno permettendo di valutare lo stato di degrado della struttura in tempo reale. In questo contesto si inseriscono le attività di ricerca sulle strutture intelligenti che, inglobando al loro interno opportune tipologie di sensori e attuatori, sono in grado di monitorare l’ambiente fisico operativo, raccoglierne e interpretarne le informazioni per poi rispondere ai cambiamenti della struttura in modo appropriato attraverso gli attuatori. L’impiego di sensori e attuatori inglobati nelle strutture offre molteplici vantaggi rispetto ai sistemi di trasduzione e attuazione convenzionali. L’attività di ricerca condotta in questa tesi è rivolta all’indagine di tecniche di SHM per mezzo di sensori a fibra ottica. Essi presentano molteplici peculiarità che li rendono i candidati ideali per queste applicazioni. Esistono diversi tipi di sensori che utilizzano le fibre ottiche. Nel presente lavoro si sono utilizzati sensori di deformazione basati sui reticoli di Bragg (FBG) chirped. Questi sensori sono costituiti da un reticolo inscritto all’interno della fibra, che ha l’effetto di riflettere solo alcune lunghezze d’onda della luce incidente. Se le proprietà geometriche del reticolo cambiano per effetto di una deformazione, cambia anche la forma dello spettro riflesso. Inoltre, con il tipo di sensore usato, è possibile correlare lo spettro con la posizione di eventuali danneggiamenti interni al materiale. Gli obbiettivi di questa ricerca sono di verificare gli effetti della presenza di una fibra ottica sulle caratteristiche meccaniche di un laminato e di trovare un legame tra la risposta in frequenza del sensore FBG e lo stato tensionale e il grado di danneggiamento di un componente in composito.

Low-injection behaviour of a solar cell with a metallic grating back-reflector

Recent studies have dealt with the possibility of increasing light absorption by using the so-called electric field enhancement taking place within the grooves of metallic gratings. In order to evaluate the potential improvements derived from the absorption increase, we employ a simplified model to analyze the low-injection behaviour of a solar cell with a metallic grating back-reflector.

Optical and structural properties of InAlN/GaN Bragg reflectors examined by transmission electron microscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy

Molecular beam epitaxy growth of ten-period lattice-matched InAlN/GaN distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs) with peak reflectivity centered around 400nm is reported including optical and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) measurements [1]. Good periodicity heterostructures with crack-free surfaces were confirmed, but, also a significant residual optical absorption below the bandgap was measured. The TEM characterization ascribes the origin of this problem to polymorfism and planar defects in the GaN layers and to the existence of an In-rich layer at the InAlN/GaN interfaces. In this work, several TEM based techniques have been combined.

Método de calibración para interrogadores de redes de Bragg en fibra óptica

Se ha desarrollado un método de calibración de interrogadores de redes de Bragg en fibra óptica que compara la respuesta del equipo de prueba con un simulador de red de Bragg compuesto por un filtro sintonizable unido a un espejo de fibra óptica. La longitud de onda simulada obtenida se mide con un interferómetro de referencia calibrado en el Instituto de Óptica del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IO?CSIC). Este método de calibración ha sido aplicado para calibrar varios tipos de interrogadores de redes de Bragg: estáticos y dinámicos. La incertidumbre en la calibración absoluta de los interrogadores es de ±88 pm, y es debida principalmente a la anchura espectral del filtro que simula la red de Bragg. Sin embrago, en calibraciones relativas la incertidumbre baja a ±3 pm, dominado por la incertidumbre en la calibración del interferómetro de referencia.

Bifocal reflector antenna system for radar imaging at 300 GHz

A 300 GHz radar imaging system is presented, including descriptions of the radar sensor and antenna subsystems. The antenna consists of a Bifocal Ellipsoidal Gregorian Reflector whose beam is scanned by a combination of the rotation and vertical tilting of a flat small secondary mirror. A prototype is being mounted and its characterization will be presented.

Packaging and testing of fiber Bragg gratings for use as strain sensor for rock specimens

This paper reports a packaging and calibration procedure for surface mounting of fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors to measure strain in rocks. The packaging of FBG sensors is performed with glass fiber and polyester resin, and then subjected to tensile loads in order to obtain strength and deformability parameters, necessaries to assess the mechanical performance of the sensor packaging. For a specific package, an optimal curing condition has been found, showing good repeatability and adaptability for non-planar surfaces, such as occurs in rock engineering. The successfully packaged sensors and electrical strain gages were attached to standard rock specimens of gabbro. Longitudinal and transversal strains under compression loads were measured with both techniques, showing that response of FBG sensors is linear and reliable. An analytical model is used to characterize the influences of rock substrate and FBG packaging in strain transmission. As a result, we obtained a sensor packaging for non-planar and complex natural material under acceptable sensitivity suitable for very small strains as occurs in hard rocks.

Development and Testing of a Fiber Bragg Grating Strain Sensor for Uniaxial Compression of Rock Specimens

Los sensores de fibra óptica son una tecnología que ha madurado en los últimos años, sin embargo, se requiere un mayor desarrollo de aplicaciones para materiales naturales como las rocas, que por ser agregados complejos pueden contener partículas minerales y fracturas de tamaño mucho mayor que las galgas eléctricas usadas tradicionalmente para medir deformaciones en las pruebas de laboratorio, ocasionando que los resultados obtenidos puedan ser no representativos. En este trabajo fueron diseñados, fabricados y probados sensores de deformación de gran área y forma curvada, usando redes de Bragg en fibra óptica (FBG) con el objetivo de obtener registros representativos en rocas que contienen minerales y estructuras de diversas composiciones, tamaños y direcciones. Se presenta el proceso de elaboración del transductor, su caracterización mecánica, su calibración y su evaluación en pruebas de compresión uniaxial en muestras de roca. Para verificar la eficiencia en la transmisión de la deformación de la roca al sensor una vez pegado, también fue realizado el análisis de la transferencia incluyendo los efectos del adhesivo, de la muestra y del transductor. Los resultados experimentales indican que el sensor desarrollado permite registro y transferencia de la deformación fiables, avance necesario para uso en rocas y otros materiales heterogénos, señalando una interesante perspectiva para aplicaciones sobre superficies irregulares, pues permite aumentar a voluntad el tamaño y forma del área de registro, posibilita también obtener mayor fiabilidad de resultados en muestras de pequeño tamaño y sugiere su conveniencia en obras, en las cuales los sistemas eléctricos tradicionales tienen limitaciones. ABSTRACT Optical fiber sensors are a technology that has matured in recent years, however, further development for rock applications is needed. Rocks contain mineral particles and features larger than electrical strain gauges traditionally used in laboratory tests, causing the results to be unrepresentative. In this work were designed, manufactured, and tested large area and curved shape strain gages, using fiber Bragg gratings in optical fiber (FBG) in order to obtain representative measurement on surface rocks samples containing minerals and structures of different compositions, sizes and directions. This reports presents the processes of manufacturing, mechanical characterization, calibration and evaluation under uniaxial compression tests on rock samples. To verify the efficiency of rock deformation transmitted to attached sensor, it was also performed the analysis of the strain transfer including the effects of the bonding, the sample and the transducer. The experimental results indicate that the developed sensor enables reliable measurements of the strain and its transmission from rock to sensor, appropriate for use in heterogeneous materials, pointing an interesting perspective for applications on irregular surfaces, allowing increasing at will the size and shape of the measurement area. This research suggests suitability of the optical strain gauge for real scale, where traditional electrical systems have demonstrated some limitations.