Validation of targeting the ventrointermediate thalamic nucleus using Q-ball calculation in deep brain stimulation for tremor

Objective: Identification of the ventrointermediate thalamic nucleus (Vim) in modern 3T high-field MRI for image-based targeting in deep brain stimulation (DBS) is still challenging. To evaluate the usefulness and reliability of analyzing the connectivity with the cerebellum using Q-ball-calculation we performed a retrospective analysis. Method: 5 patients who underwent bilateral implantation of electrodes in the Vim for treatment of Essential Tremor between 2011 and 2012 received additional preoperative Q-ball imaging. Targeting was performed according to atlas coordinates and standard MRI. Additionally we performed a retrospective identification of the Vim by analyzing the connectivity of the thalamus with the dentate nucleus. The exact position of the active stimulation contact in the postoperative CT was correlated with the Vim as it was identified by Q-ball calculation. Results: Localization of the Vim by analysis of the connectivity between thalamus and cerebellum was successful in all 5 patients on both sides. The average position of the active contacts was 14.6 mm (SD 1.24) lateral, 5.37 mm (SD 0.094 posterior and 2.21 mm (SD 0.69) cranial of MC. The cranial portion of the dentato-rubro-thalamic tract was localized an average of 3.38 mm (SD 1.57) lateral and 1.5 mm (SD 1.22) posterior of the active contact. Conclusions: Connectivity analysis by Q-ball calculation provided direct visualization of the Vim in all cases. Our preliminary results suggest, that the target determined by connectivity analysis is valid and could possibly be used in addition to or even instead of atlas based targeting. Larger prospective calculations are needed to determine the robustness of this method in providing refined information useful for neurosurgical treatment of tremor.

Penestragania apicalis (Osborn & Ball,1898),another invasive Nearctic leafhopper found in Europe

In 2010 the Nearctic leafhopper Penestragania apicalis (Osb.& Ball) was found for the first time in Europe. Altogether there are now 16 known localities in France, Switzerland, Germany and Austria indicating that the species is well established for a rather long period and more widespread in Europe and perhaps worldwide. As in North America it lives on honeylocust (Gleditsia triacanthos L.), overwinters in the egg stage and probably has one or two generations a year, with adults at least from late June until early October. It is yet unclear if it causes relevant damage to the host plant in Europe.

Juchhe! Lude is kreuzfidel! Lude danzt Polka! Dritte Gardinen-Predigt, ihrem Gatten Ludewig bei der Rückkehr vom Bezirks-Ball gehalten von Madame Bullrichen: Rasch, rasch, Ludeken, hake mich des Kleid hinten uf - ick sticke! ...

Welsch (Projektbearbeiter): Satirische Kommentierung der Rolle der Berliner Bürgerwehr in Form einer Strafpredigt der Madame Bullrich an ihren Gatten Ludewig: Aufgabe der Berliner Bürgerwehr kann es nicht sein, sich dem üblichen militärischen Drill zu unterziehen. Warnung vor offenbaren Bestrebungen, die Bürgerwehr zum Instrument der Reaktion umzufunktionieren

Unter'm Belagerungszustande: Fest-Gedicht zum demokratischen Ball des Bezirks 48 b: Und unser ist die Zukunft doch, wie Ihr auch schreit und schmähet; Ob die geschminkte Dummheit sich und die Gemeinheit blähet! ...

Welsch (Projektbearbeiter): Festgedicht anläßlich eines 'demokratischen Balls', das auch angesichts der Niederschlagung der Revolution trotzige Siegesgewißheit für die Zukunft ausdrückt

Street-Ball: The Myth of the Ghetto Basketball Star

In recent decades, countless scholars have examined the developing trend of African American dominance in United States’ professional sports. Many have hypothesized that this over-representation is caused by the presumed reliance on sports as an avenue out of poverty for the African American youths. This trend, it is believed, has a highly detrimental effect the African American community. In actuality, this argument is flawed because it works under the stereotypical assumption that the overwhelming majority of African Americans come from abject poverty. To dispel this fallacy, the author has analyzed the upbringings of each All-National Basketball League First Team player over the past thirty years. The author discovered that while the majority of the players selected were African American, only a small percentage of these athletes were raised in a poverty-stricken environment. Logically, this would not be the case if poor African Americans relied more heavily on sports than middle-class African Americans. This data proves that stereotypes, not empirical evidence, are the substance of nearly every previous study conducted on the topic.

Ball Response and Traction of Skinned Infields Amended with Calcine Clay at Varying Soil Moisture Contents

The skinned portions of baseball and softball infields vary widely with respect to soil texture, applied amendments and conditioners, and water management. No studies have been reported that quantify the effects of these varying construction and maintenance practices on the playability of the skinned portions of infields. In Connecticut, USA, skinned infield plots were constructed from five different soils (silt loam, loam, coarse sandy loam, loamy sand, loamy coarse sand) and amended with four rates of calcined clay (0, 4.9, 9.8, 19.6 kg m–2) to determine the effects on surface hardness, traction, and ball-to-surface friction (static and dynamic) at varying soil moisture contents (10, 14, and 18%). Bulk density, saturated hydraulic conductivity, and shear strength of the different soil–calcined clay rate combinations were determined. Increasing the rate of calcined clay decreased bulk density and shear strengths, and increased saturated hydraulic conductivity. Surface hardness increased more with coarse-textured soils and increasing calcined clay rate, but decreased more with fine-textured soils and increasing soil moisture. Increasing the calcined clay rate resulted in decreases in ball-to-surface static friction across all soils and decreased dynamic friction with the fine-textured soils. Increases in soil moisture increased friction in all soils. The fine-textured soils had greater traction than the sandy soils, but no consistent calcined clay or moisture effects on traction were observed. Shear strength of the soils was highly correlated with traction and friction. The results suggest that differences in skinned infield soils are quantifiable, which could lead to the development of playing surface standards.

The Old Ball Game: Organization of Nineteenth Century Professional Base Ball Clubs

The first professional base ball clubs came in two varieties: stock clubs, which paid their players fixed wages, and player cooperatives, in which players shared the proceeds after expenses. We argue that stock clubs were formed with players of known ability, while co-ops were formed with players of unknown ability. Although residual claimancy served to screen out players of inferior ability in co-ops, the process was imperfect due to the team production problem. Based on this argument, we suggest that co-ops functioned as an early minor league system where untried players could seek to prove themselves and eventually move up to wage teams. Empirical analysis of data on player performance and experience in early professional base ball provides support for the theory.