Associations between mood, anxiety or substance use disorders and inflammatory markers after adjustment for multiple covariates in a population-based study.

Inflammation is one possible mechanism underlying the associations between mental disorders and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). However, studies on mental disorders and inflammation have yielded inconsistent results and the majority did not adjust for potential confounding factors. We examined the associations of several pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α) and high sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP) with lifetime and current mood, anxiety and substance use disorders (SUD), while adjusting for multiple covariates. The sample included 3719 subjects, randomly selected from the general population, who underwent thorough somatic and psychiatric evaluations. Psychiatric diagnoses were made with a semi-structured interview. Major depressive disorder was subtyped into "atypical", "melancholic", "combined atypical-melancholic" and "unspecified". Associations between inflammatory markers and psychiatric diagnoses were assessed using multiple linear and logistic regression models. Lifetime bipolar disorders and atypical depression were associated with increased levels of hsCRP, but not after multivariate adjustment. After multivariate adjustment, SUD remained associated with increased hsCRP levels in men (β = 0.13 (95% CI: 0.03,0.23)) but not in women. After multivariate adjustment, lifetime combined and unspecified depression were associated with decreased levels of IL-6 (β = -0.27 (-0.51,-0.02); β = -0.19 (-0.34,-0.05), respectively) and TNF-α (β = -0.16 (-0.30,-0.01); β = -0.10 (-0.19,-0.02), respectively), whereas current combined and unspecified depression were associated with decreased levels of hsCRP (β = -0.20 (-0.39,-0.02); β = -0.12 (-0.24,-0.01), respectively). Our data suggest that the significant associations between increased hsCRP levels and mood disorders are mainly attributable to the effects of comorbid disorders, medication as well as behavioral and physical CVRFs.

« Représentations de la maltraitance infantile d'un groupe d'enseignantes d'une école primaire du canton de Vaud, leur rôle dans ce domaine et leurs connaissances sur les procédures de signalement. »

Le rapport international le plus récent concernant la maltraitance infantile date de 2006 : il s'agit du Rapport mondial sur la violence contre les enfants, du Secrétaire général des Nations Unies (1). La définition retenue pour la maltraitance infantile s'inspire de celle du Rapport mondial sur la violence et la santé, de l'OMS en 2002 (2) : «La menace ou l'utilisation intentionnelle de la force physique ou du pouvoir contre un enfant par un individu ou un groupe qui entraîne ou risque fortement de causer un préjudice à la santé, à la survie, au développement ou à la dignité de l'enfant.». Il existe différentes formes de maltraitance : - la maltraitance physique (brutalités, coups, blessures, brûlures, etc.)  la maltraitance psychologique (insultes, humiliation, isolement, terroriser l'enfant, etc.) - la maltraitance sexuelle (exhibitionnisme, attouchements, relations sexuelles, etc.) - les négligences (manque d'attention et de soins) Dans la majorité des cas, plusieurs formes de maltraitances sont présentes chez un enfant victime de mauvais traitements ; elles se chevauchent (3). L'Observatoire national de l'Action Sociale Décentralisée (ODAS) a réalisé une classification des enfants à protéger, les définitions sont les suivantes (4): L'enfant maltraité est « celui qui est victime de violences physiques, d'abus sexuels, de cruauté mentale, de négligences lourdes ayant des conséquences sur son développement physique et psychologique. » L'enfant en risque est « celui qui connaît des conditions d'existence qui risquent de mettre en danger sa santé, sa sécurité, sa moralité, son éducation ou son entretien, mais qui n'est pas pour autant maltraité. » L'enfant en souffrance est « un enfant aimé et soigné mais qui souffre des conditions d'existences qui fragilisent ou menacent son développement et son épanouissement personnel. » En Suisse, peu de données sont disponibles concernant la prévalence de la maltraitance étant donné la difficulté à récolter des données. Selon l'Office Fédéral de la Statistique suisse, les résultats d'une étude de 2004 montre une diminution des châtiments corporels par rapport à une étude semblable réalisée 12 ans auparavant (5). Cependant, la maltraitance infantile est un problème de santé publique du fait de la gravité de ses conséquences sur la santé physique, mentale et sociale de l'individu et de son retentissement sur la communauté ainsi que de sa fréquence estimée dans la population suisse. Elle a des effets néfastes sur la santé de l'enfant par mortalité directe ou morbidité directe ou indirecte et représente également un facteur de risque pour la santé physique et mentale, le développement et les perspectives de réalisation personnelle du jeune adulte et de l'adulte (6). On sait aujourd'hui que le nombre de cas de maltraitance signalés en Suisse est en augmentation. Ceci démontre que la maltraitance est un phénomène courant. Cependant, les professionnels ne pensent pas MF / Travail de master en médecine / 2011-2012 3 que le phénomène de la maltraitance infantile soit en augmentation, mais que les cas de maltraitance sont mieux repérés, que les professionnels s'occupant d'enfants sont plus sensibles à cette problématique et qu'il y a donc davantage de signalements (7). La prévention de la maltraitance est nécessaire et possible. Des interventions ont établi leur efficacité et il a été démontré que plus l'intervention est précoce, plus elle a de chances de réussite (2). C'est la raison pour laquelle il est important de repérer les cas de maltraitance précocement afin de pouvoir intervenir, aider les familles et garantir la protection de l'enfant. Des mesures de prévention ont été mises en place au niveau international, comme au niveau fédéral, pour assurer la reconnaissance et la prise en charge de l'enfant victime de maltraitance. Au niveau international, la Convention internationale des droits de l'enfant a été adoptée par l'Assemblée Générale en 1989 (8). Elle reconnaît l'enfant comme personne indépendante ayant des droits propres. Cette convention est divisée en quatre parties comportant : les principes directeurs (la non-discrimination, viser les meilleurs intérêts pour l'enfant, le droit de vivre, de survivre et de se développer, le droit de participation), les droits de survie et de développement (le droit à avoir les ressources, les compétences et les contributions nécessaires pour pouvoir survivre et pouvoir profiter d'un développement complet), les droits de protection (de toutes les formes de maltraitance envers les enfants, négligences, exploitation et cruauté), les droits de participation (la liberté d'expression de leurs opinions, de parler de sujets qui concernent leur vie sociale, économique, religieuse, culturelle ou politique et d'être écouté, la liberté d'information et la liberté d'association). Les stratégies de prévention de la maltraitance infantile visent à réduire les causes sous- jacentes et les facteurs de risque, tout en renforçant les facteurs de protection, de façon à prévenir de nouveaux cas (9). Elles comprennent : les stratégies sociétales et communautaires (mise en place de réformes juridiques et des droits de la personne humaine, instauration des politiques sociales et économiques favorables, correction des normes sociales et culturelles, réduction des inégalités économiques, réduction du facteur de risque environnemental, formation des professionnels), les stratégies relationnelles (formation parentale et des adultes s'occupant d'enfants), les stratégies individuelles (apprendre aux enfants à reconnaître et à éviter les situations de violence potentielle). En plus des mesures structurelles mises en place par les états (scolarisation obligatoire, dispositif légal, service de protection des enfants et des jeunes, services de santé spécialisés, etc.), des associations de lutte contre la maltraitance infantile existent et jouent également un rôle important dans la prévention. Par exemple, la Fondation Suisse pour la Protection de l'Enfant s'emploie à analyser les causes de la violence envers les MF / Travail de master en médecine / 2011-2012 4 enfants et à les combattre, à protéger les enfants contre la violence physique, psychologique, sexuelle et structurelle ainsi que contre la négligence par le biais d'un travail de prévention ciblé à l'échelle nationale. Elle vise également à apprendre aux enfants comment se protéger eux-mêmes et demander de l'aide, à sensibiliser les adultes qui les entourent au fait que les enfants ont une personnalité propre et qu'ils ont le droit d'être protégés et encouragés et à demander au niveau politique que l'on mette en place des structures adaptées aux enfants (10).

APTIC : a social network to improve the quality of life of members of patients' associations

Peer-reviewed

A new low-latitude Late Paleocene-Early Eocene radiolarian biozonation based on Unitary Associations: Applications for accreted terranes.

The late Paleocene - early Eocene sequences of DSDP Leg 10 Sites 86, 94, 95, and 96, Leg 43 Site 384 and ODP Leg 171B Hole 1051A have been re-sampled and re-examined for radiolarians. A new late Paleocene to early Eocene low-latitude radiolarian zonation suited for the correlation of accreted terranes is established by using the Unitary Association (UA) method. This method has the property of attributing equal weight to each species occurrence, which has the advantage of not being dependant on a limited set of key datums. Twenty-two UAs have been erected and correlated to the existing age models (given by nannofossils, planktonic foraminifera and radiolarians) for each site. The 22 UAs have been united into seven Unitary Associations Zones (UA Zones) (JP10-JE4) to increase lateral traceability. Herein we present the resulting composite range chart and correlation between the studied cores. The position of the UA Zones in the Paleogene timescale of.Berggren et al. (1995) have been estimated using a general consensus correlation with calcareous microfossil groups and the existing radiolarian zonation. Reproducible radiolarian events identified in the present work are bound to directly tied and compiled absolute ages given by Nigrini et al. (2006) and Sanfilippo and Nigrini (1998a). The RP zones (Sanfilippo and Nigrini 1998a) and the UA Zones are consistent. Unitary Associations permit to distinguish supplementary zonal subdivisions within RP7 and RP6. Topotypes from DSDP Leg 10 have been illustrated using mainly SEM imaging to facilitate the identification of re-crystallized forms.

Associations between online pornography and sexual behavior among adolescents: myth or reality?

This study aimed to compare the sexual behavior of adolescents who were or were not exposed to online pornography, to assess to what extent the willingness of exposure changed these possible associations, and to determine the profiles of youths who were exposed to online pornography. Data were drawn from the 2002 Swiss Multicenter Adolescent Survey on Health, a self-administered cross-sectional, paper and pencil questionnaire. From the 7529 adolescents aged 16-20 years, 6054 (3283 males) used the Internet during the previous month and were eligible for our study. Males were divided into three groups (wanted exposure, 29.2%; unwanted exposure, 46.7%; no exposure, 24.1%) whereas females were divided into two groups (exposure, 35.9%; no exposure, 64.1%). The principal outcome measures were demographic characteristics, Internet use parameters and risky sexual behaviors. Risky sexual behaviors were not associated with online pornography exposure in any of the groups, except that males who were exposed (deliberately or not) had higher odds of not having used a condom at last intercourse. Bi/homosexual orientation and Internet use parameters were not associated either. Additionally, males in the wanted exposure group were more likely to be sensation-seekers. On the other hand, exposed girls were more likely to be students, higher sensation-seekers, early maturers, and to have a highly educated father. We conclude that pornography exposure is not associated with risky sexual behaviors and that the willingness of exposure does not seem to have an impact on risky sexual behaviors among adolescents.

Genetic associations in the detection of QTLs for wheat spike-related traits

The objective of this work was to assess the genetic diversity and population structure of wheat genotypes, to detect significant and stable genetic associations, as well as to evaluate the efficiency of statistical models to identify chromosome regions responsible for the expression of spike-related traits. Eight important spike characteristics were measured during five growing seasons in Serbia. A set of 30 microsatellite markers positioned near important agronomic loci was used to evaluate genetic diversity, resulting in a total of 349 alleles. The marker-trait associations were analyzed using the general linear and mixed linear models. The results obtained for number of allelic variants per locus (11.5), average polymorphic information content value (0.68), and average gene diversity (0.722) showed that the exceptional level of polymorphism in the genotypes is the main requirement for association studies. The population structure estimated by model-based clustering distributed the genotypes into six subpopulations according to log probability of data. Significant and stable associations were detected on chromosomes 1B, 2A, 2B, 2D, and 6D, which explained from 4.7 to 40.7% of total phenotypic variations. The general linear model identified a significantly larger number of marker-trait associations (192) than the mixed linear model (76). The mixed linear model identified nine markers associated to six traits.

Challenging the "inoffensiveness" of regular cannabis use by its associations with other current risky substance use--a census of 20-year-old Swiss men.

3,537 men enrolling in 2007 for mandatory army recruitment procedures were assessed for the co-occurrence of risky licit substance use among risky cannabis users. Risky cannabis use was defined as at least twice weekly; risky alcohol use as 6+ drinks more than once/monthly, or more than 20 drinks per week; and risky tobacco use as daily smoking. Ninety-five percent of all risky cannabis users reported other risky use. They began using cannabis earlier than did non-risky users, but age of onset was unrelated to other risky substance use. A pressing public health issue among cannabis users stems from risky licit substance use warranting preventive efforts within this age group.

Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Associations between Body Mass Index and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Adolescents in a Country of the African Region.

We assessed the association between several cardiometabolic risk factors (CRFs) (blood pressure, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, uric acid, and glucose) in 390 young adults aged 19-20 years in Seychelles (Indian Ocean, Africa) and body mass index (BMI) measured either at the same time (cross-sectional analysis) or at the age of 12-15 years (longitudinal analysis). BMI tracked markedly between age of 12-15 and age of 19-20. BMI was strongly associated with all considered CRFs in both cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses, with some exceptions. Comparing overweight participants with those having a BMI below the age-specific median, the odds ratios for high blood pressure were 5.4/4.7 (male/female) cross-sectionally and 2.5/3.9 longitudinally (P < 0.05). Significant associations were also found for most other CRFs, with some exceptions. In linear regression analysis including both BMI at age of 12-15 and BMI at age of 19-20, only BMI at age of 19-20 remained significantly associated with most CRFs. We conclude that CRFs are predicted strongly by either current or past BMI levels in adolescents and young adults in this population. The observation that only current BMI remained associated with CRFs when including past and current levels together suggests that weight control at a later age may be effective in reducing CRFs in overweight children irrespective of past weight status.

Frequencies of candidate genes and associations with carcass and meat traits in Nellore and crossbred cattle

Abstract: The objective of this work was to estimate allelic frequencies of the polymorphisms IGF2/MboII (G > T) of the insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) gene, DQ499531.1:g.134A > T of the pro-melanin-concentrating hormone (PMCH) gene, and DQ667048.1:g.3290G > T of the RARrelated orphan receptor C (RORC) gene in beef cattle of different genetic groups, and to evaluate the associations between these polymorphisms and traits related to carcass composition and meat quality. Data on carcass and meat quality of 499 animals was used: of 313 Nellore (Bos indicus) and of 186 Nellore crossed with different taurine (Bos taurus) breeds. For the IGF2/MboII polymorphism, the frequencies found for the G allele were 0.231 and 0.631 for Nellore and crossed breeds, respectively. For the DQ499531.1:g.134A > T polymorphism, the allelic frequencies of A were 0.850 for Nellore and 0.905 for crossed breeds. For the DQ667048.1:g.3290G > T polymorphism, the allelic frequencies of G were 0.797 and 0.460 for Nellore and crossed breeds, respectively. The evaluated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are not significantly associated with carcass and meat traits (rib eye area, back fat thickness, shear force, total lipids, and myofibrillar fragmentation index), suggesting little utility of the analyzed polymorphisms of the IGF2, PMHC, and RORC genes as selection markers in the studied cattle populations.

Trois jeunes dentistes anglaises attachées à l'armée anglaise d'occupation en Allemagne : [photographie de presse] / [Agence Rol]

Référence bibliographique : Rol, 58993