O uso e manejo dos recursos naturais na Amazônia Brasileira : A organizaçao social e produtiva do PDS Nova Bonal

El artículo analiza la organización social y la utilización de los recursos naturales por las familias beneficiadas por el programa de reforma agraria en la Amazonía brasileña, considerando aspectos de las prácticas recolectoras y del manejo comunitario de la floresta. El objeto de análisis es el Proyecto de Desarrollo Sustentable (PDS) Nova Bonal, ubicado en la provincia de Acre. La organización del territorio y de la producción en el PDS Nova Bonal al articular orientaciones direccionadas tanto para el atendimiento de las prácticas de agricultura convencional cuanto agro-recolectoras, tiene diferencias de otros asentamientos rurales creados por el gobierno brasileño. El trabajo analiza las posibilidades de esa modalidad de proyecto proporcionar el desarrollo socioeconómico de las familias beneficiadas y, al mismo tiempo, mejores condiciones de sustentabilidad en el uso de los recursos naturales. También son analizados los aspectos legales y formales que direccionan este modelo de proyecto de reforma agraria en el uso y manejo de los recursos naturales en la Amazonia.

As iniciativas e experiências em agroecologia como estratégia de desenvolvimento local em um assentamento de reforma agrária

This paper searches to understand which disputes and conflicts are around the consolidation of agroecology as one of the alternatives and initiatives of local development in a land reform settlement. Thus, this paper, which consists of one of the results presented in the author´s dissertation, aims to identify the disputes and conflicts that occur among local initiatives related to agroecology. Santa Rosa settlement is located in one of the densest areas in relation to rural settlements in Rio Grande do Sul (RS) State. The research sources used to collect data and references to this paper were obtained in: researched bibliography in the writing of the author's dissertation; academic articles; and perceptions from the author's experiences in some land reform settlements. In this research it was considered that initiatives and actions in agroecology in the studied settlement can be strategic to make the social relations potential to the occurrence of experiences in local development different from those that occur alongside agribusiness.

O uso e manejo dos recursos naturais na Amazônia Brasileira : A organizaçao social e produtiva do PDS Nova Bonal

El artículo analiza la organización social y la utilización de los recursos naturales por las familias beneficiadas por el programa de reforma agraria en la Amazonía brasileña, considerando aspectos de las prácticas recolectoras y del manejo comunitario de la floresta. El objeto de análisis es el Proyecto de Desarrollo Sustentable (PDS) Nova Bonal, ubicado en la provincia de Acre. La organización del territorio y de la producción en el PDS Nova Bonal al articular orientaciones direccionadas tanto para el atendimiento de las prácticas de agricultura convencional cuanto agro-recolectoras, tiene diferencias de otros asentamientos rurales creados por el gobierno brasileño. El trabajo analiza las posibilidades de esa modalidad de proyecto proporcionar el desarrollo socioeconómico de las familias beneficiadas y, al mismo tiempo, mejores condiciones de sustentabilidad en el uso de los recursos naturales. También son analizados los aspectos legales y formales que direccionan este modelo de proyecto de reforma agraria en el uso y manejo de los recursos naturales en la Amazonia.

A estela de MESA: uma introdução à arqueologia e à literatura de Moab

Essa dissertação faz uma introdução aos aspectos arqueológicos e literários de Moab, temática carente de publicações em língua portuguesa. Trata, primeiramente, dos fatos relacionados à descoberta da inscrição de Mesa na segunda metade do século 19, das disputas diplomáticas que ocasionaram a destruição da inscrição, bem como das obras científicas que, durante as décadas seguintes, abordaram o assunto. Na seqüência, apresenta as principais características geográficas e arqueológicas de Moab, durante as Idades do Bronze Recente, do Ferro Antigo e do Ferro Recente, dando especial atenção aos assentamentos humanos, mas também às grandes construções e às esculturas, consideradas recursos culturais necessários ao estado moabita, patrimonial e segmentário, que fazia uso de metáforas domésticas para referendar sua hegemonia; além do mais, apresenta o lugar de Moab no mundo assírio, e sua importância como rota comercial. A tradução da estela de Mesa, os comentários filológicos e a análise da sua forma e do seu gênero literário, apontam para um texto elaborado a partir de ferramentas literárias claras, utilizado para marcar o poder da monarquia moabita. Tais aspectos arqueológicos e literários sustentam que o desenvolvimento de Moab ocorreu após o fim da dominação do Israel omrida, além de sugerirem um novo olhar sobre a Bíblia Hebraica.(AU)

A estela de MESA: uma introdução à arqueologia e à literatura de Moab

Essa dissertação faz uma introdução aos aspectos arqueológicos e literários de Moab, temática carente de publicações em língua portuguesa. Trata, primeiramente, dos fatos relacionados à descoberta da inscrição de Mesa na segunda metade do século 19, das disputas diplomáticas que ocasionaram a destruição da inscrição, bem como das obras científicas que, durante as décadas seguintes, abordaram o assunto. Na seqüência, apresenta as principais características geográficas e arqueológicas de Moab, durante as Idades do Bronze Recente, do Ferro Antigo e do Ferro Recente, dando especial atenção aos assentamentos humanos, mas também às grandes construções e às esculturas, consideradas recursos culturais necessários ao estado moabita, patrimonial e segmentário, que fazia uso de metáforas domésticas para referendar sua hegemonia; além do mais, apresenta o lugar de Moab no mundo assírio, e sua importância como rota comercial. A tradução da estela de Mesa, os comentários filológicos e a análise da sua forma e do seu gênero literário, apontam para um texto elaborado a partir de ferramentas literárias claras, utilizado para marcar o poder da monarquia moabita. Tais aspectos arqueológicos e literários sustentam que o desenvolvimento de Moab ocorreu após o fim da dominação do Israel omrida, além de sugerirem um novo olhar sobre a Bíblia Hebraica.(AU)

A estela de MESA: uma introdução à arqueologia e à literatura de Moab

Essa dissertação faz uma introdução aos aspectos arqueológicos e literários de Moab, temática carente de publicações em língua portuguesa. Trata, primeiramente, dos fatos relacionados à descoberta da inscrição de Mesa na segunda metade do século 19, das disputas diplomáticas que ocasionaram a destruição da inscrição, bem como das obras científicas que, durante as décadas seguintes, abordaram o assunto. Na seqüência, apresenta as principais características geográficas e arqueológicas de Moab, durante as Idades do Bronze Recente, do Ferro Antigo e do Ferro Recente, dando especial atenção aos assentamentos humanos, mas também às grandes construções e às esculturas, consideradas recursos culturais necessários ao estado moabita, patrimonial e segmentário, que fazia uso de metáforas domésticas para referendar sua hegemonia; além do mais, apresenta o lugar de Moab no mundo assírio, e sua importância como rota comercial. A tradução da estela de Mesa, os comentários filológicos e a análise da sua forma e do seu gênero literário, apontam para um texto elaborado a partir de ferramentas literárias claras, utilizado para marcar o poder da monarquia moabita. Tais aspectos arqueológicos e literários sustentam que o desenvolvimento de Moab ocorreu após o fim da dominação do Israel omrida, além de sugerirem um novo olhar sobre a Bíblia Hebraica.(AU)

Sustentabilidade do cultivo de melão no assentamento São Romão em Mossoró/RN

Agriculture is one of the most discussed topics currently in the conceptual field of sustainability. The debates are increasingly recurrent and put in question the model adopted from post-war, so-called green revolution, for its potential of degradation of natural resources. This type of Agriculture put Brazil at the top of the global agribusiness, where stands out in various sectors such as grain, meat, sugar and horticulture. Discussions are focused on aspects related to the use of agrochemicals, monoculture, conversion of native forest in extensive agricultural areas, among other points taken as deleterious to environmental balance. On the other hand, there is a model, called by family farming, which for many researchers, has attributes closer to the understanding of sustainable agriculture. In the state of Rio Grande do Norte, the agricultural potential lies mainly on horticulture, where stands the agropolo AcuMossoró, as one of the greatest tropical fruit producing regions of Brazil, being melon, the major fruit produced. The cultivation of this vegetable was developed in the region in the late 1980s, from the investment of large agricultural enterprises, whose cultivation techniques were grounded by the green revolution. Currently, the melon cultivation is also developed in agroecosystems whose management is characterized by family participation, including small farmers of rural settlements created by Instituto Nacional de Colonização e Reforma Agrária (INCRA). In view of the inclusion of family farming in a field that recently was dominated by large agribusiness companies, some questions arise about the maintenance of attributes that characterise this type of family agriculture management. This research aimed to assess the sustainability of family agroecosystems in São Romão settlement in Mossoró-RN, cultivated with melon. The study was conducted by the Framework for Evaluation of Natural Resources Management Systems Incorporating Sustainability Indicators (MESMIS), in ten agroecosystems of the mentioned settlement. The data were obtained from semi-structured interviews and field observations, so that the answers, considerations and comments made by settlers, were widely used to cycle through the six steps of the MESMIS evaluation. As a result of the work, were determined seven critical points affecting sustainability, being: water resources, soils, reliance on external inputs, biodiversity, quality of life, family income and community organizing, from which was derived twenty-three indicators that sought to reflect the actual state of sustainability of the agroecosystems

Segurança alimentar e nutricional dos agricultores familiares da associação dos produtores e produtoras orgânicas de Ceará Mirim/RN

The proposition of this research is supported by the definition of Food Safety and Nutrition (FSN), established by the II FSN National Conference. Taking this concept as reference, the research instrument aimed to analyze strategies and actions related to FSN, developed by members of Ceará Mirim Organic Producers Association, located in Rio Grande do Norte state (Brazil), from aspects related to family feeding, as well as means of access, quantity and food culture. It was aimed to answer the following questions: Do the families benefited from Ceará Mirim Organic Producers Association have strategies that assure their FSN? If so, do these strategies originate from public policies or own actions? Do these strategies focus on family revenue? In expenses with food and proper feeding? How do these strategies articulate together and which social networks do they form? In this research, there were also approached questionings which comprise market opening through the declaration of the products as Organization of Social Control (OSC), aggregate value and participation in agroecological fairs, aiming to identify and characterize if these strategies contribute for Food Safety and Nutrition of these families. The data here analyzed were obtained from semi-structured interviews, conducted in the production sites of each farmer, and have a qualitative approach. 21 questionnaires were applied to the family farmers, in seven projects of agrarian reform settlements (Carlos Marighella, Nova Esperança II, Aliança, Marcoalhado I, Santa Águeda, Santa Luzia and União). From this study, it was concluded that most of FSN strategies result from a series of distinct public policies, which potentiate the existing strategies and create new ones, such as in the case of organic production, which is the main motivation, even for the organization of the studied group. These strategies brought improvements in feeding and caused changes in eating habits, especially in the diversification of production for own consumption. This, on the other hand, is assuring greater food autonomy and increasing marketing channels, through fairs or institutional markets. It was also verified that reciprocity relations increased after the organic production, and they are indispensable to assure food in difficult times, also contributing to incentive organic production itself, through supplies exchange.

Planejamento e déficit habitacional: estudo de caso a partir do cadúnico com beneficiários do programa bolsa família na zona norte de Natal

This research aims to analyze the housing conditions and socioeconomic of beneficiaries of the Bolsa Família Program – PBF of the North side of Natal city. For that, it is necessary a survey of this region's origins and how its expansion has occurred in the context of local urban development, considering demographic evolution, in particular, from the construction of housing complex and formal and informal allotments. From the field research, consisting of a pilot in loco with some households, it became possible to start the analysis of housing conditions that culminated with a detailed study of the Single Register form of the federal Government (CadÚnico), in relation to 100% (one hundred percent) of the beneficiaries of the Bolsa Familia program (PBF) of Natal city, with qualitative and quantitative information. From this general survey, a cut was done, contemplating only beneficiaries residing in the north of the city. To better understand this reality, the survey found the Brazilian housing deficit, considering its origins, historical contexts and concepts used by the following institutions: João Pinheiro Foundation (FJP), Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), Applied Economics Research Institute (IPEA), and Local Plan Housing of Social Interested (PLHIS) and the United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (UN-HABITAT). Furthermore, were compared the various concepts of city and its respective evolution, considering the importance of planning as an instrument of public policy necessary to governmental actions and permanent policy of State. As a result, there are a detach about the deficit and housing conditions in the city of Natal, mainly North Zone, pointing out the importance of using the Unified Register of the federal government as an effective tool to measure the living conditions of Brazilian municipalities.

Gato-do-mato-pequeno (Leopardus tigrinus) na Caatinga: ocupação e padrão de atividade de um felídeo ameaçado e pouco conhecido na floresta tropical seca do nordeste do Brasil

While the carnivores are considered regulators and structuring of natural communities are also extremely threatened by human activities. Endangered little-spotted-cat (Leopardus tigrinus) is one of the lesser known species from the Neotropical cats. In this work we investigate the occupancy and the activity pattern of L. tigrinus in Caatinga of Rio Grande do Norte testing: 1) how environmental and anthropogenic factors influence their occupation and 2) how biotic and abiotic factors influence their activity pattern. For this we raised occurrence data of species in 10 priority areas for conservation. We built hierarchical models of occupancy based on maximum likelihood to represent biological hypotheses which were ranked using the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC). According to the results the feline occupancy is more likely away from rural settlements and in areas with a higher proportion of woody vegetation. The opportunistic killing of L. tigrinus and in retaliation for poultry predation close to residential areas can explain this result; as well as more complex vegetation structure can better serve as refuge and ensure more food. Analyzing the records of the species through circular statistics we conclude that the activity pattern is mostly nocturnal, although considerable crepuscular and a small diurnal activity. L. tigrinus activity was directly affected by the availability of small terrestrial mammals, which are essentially nocturnal. In addition, the temperatures recorded in the environment directly and indirectly affect the activity of the little-spotted-cat, as also influence the activity of their potential prey. Generally, the cats were more active when possible prey were active, and this happened at night when lower temperatures are recorded. Moreover, the different lunar phases did not affect the activity pattern. The results improve the understanding of an endangered feline inhabiting the Caatinga biome, and thus can help develop conservation and management strategies, as well as in planning future research in this semi-arid ecosystem.

A assistência técnica nos habitats do MST e o papel do arquiteto e urbanista

This dissertation is about Architect and town planner inserts in the technical support of the Rural establishment and of the possibilities of changes in their habitat. It also looks for its participation through the production of those spaces with or without its performance through two references cases, in Rio Grande do Norte , one called settlement Eldorado de Carajás and another one called Maria da Paz. At first the process represents the model that was adopted systematically by Incra until the middle of the year 2000 with the sub-contracting of their construction work through small companies. These standardized projects which are executed without registration in the system CONFEA/CREA without demand of professional authorship and of technical responsibility of the work. But the process taken place at Maria da Paz s area was configured as one of the first initiatives that stopped with those practices. Consolidated through a partnership among UFRN MST and INCRA/RN, the Architect s technical support and town planner brought new technician-scientific organization and execution of the soil parcels and its habitat. The participation of UFRN was done through a group of studies in land reform and Habitat (GERAH) being this author and coordinator of the methodological proposal, based on the regressive-progressive method and in the inclusion of the conflict as responsible of the ruptures and transductions both done by Henry Léfèbvre and in the research action approached by Carlos Brandão. Therefore it included the process of social learning and collective production of new knowledge and attitudes in relation to the environment in the process called as attended self management in spite of the transformations happened with this new agent s participation. The people re-located to the new areas that got involved in the process and finished their constructions reelaborating the daily practice of the collective effort passed to the self management without technical support. Years later the implantation of those two experiences our research verified that there is a positive image concerning the Architect and town planner, related, most of all to the conception of the activities, orientation and execution of constructions projects and of acceptance of those professionals to the processes of implementation of the Habitats of the Rural establishments. This dissertation analyses this form of performance, from and beyond these images trying to find the professional, specificities or methodological in such a way to demonstrate the importance of its insertion in the formulation and attendance of the more of 100.000 habitats of Rural establishments of the land reform of the country that correspond to most of the housing social interest in the country side

Comunidades tradicionais em áreas protegidas: convergências e lacunas da Política Urbana e Ambiental na Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Estadual Ponta do Tubarão/RN

This work presents a reflection on possibilities and boundaries of consolidation and expansion of human settlements characterized as traditional communities that are located within protected areas, using as study reference the State Sustainable Development Reserve Ponta do Tubarão, at Rio Grande do Norte state. The main topics highlight the conflict between the right to housing and the prevalence of fundamental rights of traditional populations, opposed to the diffuse right to environment, according to the regulatory framework of the Brazilian Urban and Environmental Policies. At the same time that these settlements, historically built, are substantiated by the principles of recognition of rights to traditional populations, they are in a condition of complexity to the resolution of conflicts in its urban dimension and lead to an impairment of natural sites. This work questions how the instruments of land use and occupation are defined and relate to environmental planning, especially considering that the settlements are located in Permanent Preservation Areas (APP). It aims to further the discussion of the urban dimension in settlements, characterizing its formation and growth process, to identify the gaps and convergences between the Urban and Environmental Policy, under the foundations of a socio-environmental approach. The results spotlights the conflicts between occupation and natural areas, inferring that the definition of Urban Policies instruments and its integration with Environmental Policies instruments account for essential and priority actions to the achievement to the rights to a sustainable city, as determined in the Cities Statute and environmental protection goals, defined for the Conservation Units

Do acesso clássico à comercialização: especificidades do mercado imobiliário informal na área especial de interesse social de Mãe Luiza, Natal/ RN.

This study presents research regarding affordable housing and their effects on the spatial reconfiguration of Natal/ RN, aiming to identify the specificities of the informality of urban land. This study aims to understand how informal housing market operates housing provision for the population located in popular informal settlements, through buying and selling market and rental market of residential properties irregular / illegal. This understanding will be through the neighborhood of Mãe Luisa, Special Area of Social Interest (SASI), located between neighborhoods with a population of high purchasing power and inserted into the tourist shaft of seaside of town. The characterization of informal housing market in Mãe Luiza, from buyers, sellers and renters, will help to understand how these informal transactions operate on SASI and housing provision for public policy development and implementation of housing programs and land regularization for low-income population, adequate to dynamic and reality of housing of informal areas

Educação ambiental no contexto da extensão rural pública: a execução do programa de assessoria técnica, social e ambiental no núcleo operacional São Gabriel (RS)

O histórico de desigualdade no uso e posse das terras agricultáveis impulsionou o surgimento de políticas públicas de reforma agrária no Brasil. A principal dessas políticas, é a criação de assentamentos de reforma agrária, nos quais os assentados, além de receber um lote de terra para seu uso, são beneficiários de outras políticas públicas, entre estas, uma específica de Extensão Rural, o Programa de Assessoria Técnica, Social e Ambiental (ATES). Este programa traz em sua definição a incorporação do campo social da Educação Ambiental, colocando esta como uma atribuição dos técnicos contratados. No presente estudo, buscou-se esclarecer qual a forma que a Educação Ambiental vem sendo trabalhada no âmbito do programa de ATES, utilizando como referência as classificações descritas por Sauvé (2005) e Layrargues (2012), correntes e macrotendências, respectivamente. Para responder a essa questão, foram entrevistados membros da equipe técnica de ATES do Núcleo Operacional (NO) São Gabriel. As entrevistas foram analisadas através da metodologia intitulada Análise Textual Discursiva (ATD). As principais temáticas trabalhadas nesse sentido são o lixo doméstico, o lixo agrícola, a produção sustentável e outros assuntos que, de uma forma ou outra, estão relacionados à constituição de um ambiente. Observouse que as ações desenvolvidas pelos técnicos de ATES enquadram-se nas correntes conservacionista/recursista, biorregionalista, naturalista/recursista e naturalista, bem como apresentam aproximações, por razões diversas, com as três macrotendências existentes segundo Layrargues (2012). Também foi constatada a insatisfação dos técnicos com a forma insuficiente que a Educação Ambiental está colocada no Programa de ATES. Constatou-se também a existência de diferentes concepções sobre a categoria ambiente, as quais estão relacionadas com os fatores “histórico de vida” e “função desempenhada no âmbito do Programa”.

Efectos fiscales de los asentamientos hidroeléctricos: el caso de la cuenca de los Ríos Negro y Nare en Colombia

Con la presencia de asentamientos hidroeléctricos en su territorio, los municipios del oriente y nordeste antioqueño han visto afectada su estructura tributaria y territorial, a pesar de la reglamentación compen­satoria del sector eléctrico. Este artículo, analiza los efectos tributarios generados por la compensación del impuesto predial. Para lograrlo se revisan los montos recibidos por los municipios de las empresas generadoras y se realiza una indagación empírica del impuesto bajo los escenarios con y sin asenta­mientos hidroeléctricos. De esta forma se determina el diferencial tributario. Se concluye que, además de la insuficiencia de las transferencias para compensar la pérdida del capital natural de las cuencas hidroeléctricas, la expansión del sector eléctrico genera regresividad tributaria, por causa de privilegios y exenciones concebidos por las Leyes.