Influence of dental materials used for sealing caries lesions on laser fluorescence measurements

The aim of this study was to determine the influence of thickness and aging on the intrinsic fluorescence of sealing materials and their ability to block fluorescence from the underlying surface as assessed using a laser fluorescence device. Cavities of 0.5 mm and 1 mm depth were drilled into acrylic boards which were placed over two surfaces with different fluorescence properties: a low-fluorescence surface, to assess the intrinsic fluorescence of the sealing materials, and a high-fluorescence surface, to assess the fluorescence-blocking ability of the sealing materials. Ten cavities of each depth were filled with different sealing materials: Adper Scotchbond Multi-Purpose, Adper Single Bond 2, FluroShield, Conseal f and UltraSeal XT Plus. Fluorescence was measured with a DIAGNOdent pen at five different time points: empty cavity, after polymerization, and 1 day, 1 week and 1 month after filling. The individual values after polymerization, as well as the area under the curve for the different periods were submitted to ANOVA and the Tukey test (p < 0.05). At 0.5 mm, Scotchbond, FluroShield and UltraSeal showed insignificant changes in intrinsic fluorescence with aging and lower fluorescence after polymerization than Single Bond and Conseal. At 1 mm, Scotchbond and FluroShield showed the lowest intrinsic fluorescence, but only Scotchbond showed no chagnes in fluorescence with aging. At both depths, Scotchbond blocked significantly less fluorescence. All sealing materials blocked more fluorescence when applied to a depth of 1 mm. At 0.5 mm, fissure sealants blocked more fluorescence than adhesives, and did not show significant changes with aging. Scotchbond had the least affect on the fluorescence from the underlying surface and would probably have the least affect on the monitoring of sealed dental caries by laser fluorescence.

Prevalencia de caries en niños de 6 a 12 años atendidos en la Clínica Odontológica de la Universidad Católica Santo Toribio de Mogrovejo de Chiclayo durante el 2013

Tesis de segunda especialidad

Assessing caries status according to the CAST instrument and WHO criterion in epidemiological studies

ABSTRACT: Background: The Caries Assessment Spectrum and Treatment (CAST) is a new epidemiological instrument for detection and treatment of dental caries. Worldwide, the WHO criterion constitutes the epidemiological tool most commonly used for caries detection. The objective of the present study is to determine the levels of similarity and difference between the CAST instrument and WHO criterion on the basis of caries prevalence, dmf/DMF counts, examination time and reporting of results. Methods: An epidemiological survey was carried out in Brazil among 6-11-year-old schoolchildren. Time of examinations was recorded. dmft, dmfs, DMFT and DMFS counts and dental caries prevalence were obtained according to the WHO criterion and the CAST instrument, as well the correlation coefficient between the two instruments. Results: Four hundred nineteen children were examined. dmft and dmfs counts were 1.92 and 5.31 (CAST), 1.99 and 5.34 (WHO) with correlation coefficients (r) of 0.95 and 0.93, respectively. DMFT and DMFS counts were 0.20 and 0.33 (CAST), 0.19 and 0.30 (WHO), with r = 0.78 and r=0.72, respectively. Kappa coefficient values for intra-examiner consistency were CAST = 0.91-0.92; WHO = 0.95-0.96 and those for inter-examiner consistency were CAST = 0.90-0.96; WHO = 0.94-1.00. Mean time spent on applying CAST and WHO were 66.3 and 64.7 sec, respectively p = 0.26. The prevalence of dental caries using CAST (codes 2, 5-8) and the WHO criterion for the primary dentition were 63.0% and 65.9%, respectively, and for the permanent dentition they were 12.7% and 12.8%, respectively. Conclusions: The CAST instrument provided similar prevalence of dental caries values and dmf/DMF counts as the WHO criterion in this age group. Time spent on examining children was identical for both caries assessment methods. Presentation of results from use of the CAST instrument, in comparison to WHO criterion, allowed a more detailed reporting of stages of dental caries, which will be useful for oral health planners.

Impact of hypomineralized teeth and sociobehavioral aspects on caries development: a prospective cohort study

Aim: This prospective cohort study was to evaluate the independent and mutual effects of socioeconomic, oral health behaviors and individual clinical factors, including enamel hypomineralization, as possible risk factors for increase in caries experience in second primary molar (SPM) over a period of 2-years. Methods: Children (n=216) aged 4-6 years were examined for hypomineralized second primary molar (HSPM) and dental caries in school settings and were recalled every 6 months. The caregivers filled out a semi-structured questionnaire about their socio-demographic and oral health-related behaviors. Data analysis was performed using a hierarchical model with three levels. Multiple analyses were performed at each level and variables with p<0.20 were tested by stepwise multiple Generalized Estimating Equation. Results: At final examination, 33.3% of the children had developed new caries lesions in SPM. The model showed that the number of years of mother’s schooling and the caregiver´s perception about their children’s caries experience played a protective role in the incidence of dental caries. Children who had white spot lesions were more likely to develop new carious lesions in SPM. Children with HSPM showed no higher incidence of caries in their SPM than those without HSPM. Conclusions: Clinical, socioeconomic and behavioral factors impacted on caries development in primary second molars. However, further studies are required to better understand the role of HSPM in caries development in other age groups.

Impact of dental caries on quality of life of adolescents according to access to oral health services: a cross sectional study

Aim: This study presents the prevalence of dental caries and its relation to the quality of life of adolescents according to the access to dental health services. Methods: Two hundred and fifty-six adolescents between 15 and 19 years of age participated in the study; they were all enrolled in public schools in a countryside municipality of the São Paulo State. Data related to dental caries were evaluated by the DMFT Index, and OHIP-14 was used for evaluating the quality of life. Mann Whitney and Spearmann correlation tests were also used (p<0.05). Results: A DMFT of 3.09 (±3.30) was found with a higher prevalence among the adolescents who used public dental services (3.43±3.34) compared with those who used private services (2.94±3.28). A statistically significant relationship between the decay component of DMFT with physical pain (0.020), physical disability (0.002) and quality of life (0.017) was verified. Conclusions: A low prevalence of dental caries was observed, and it was higher in adolescents who used public oral health services rather than private ones, evidencing the low influence of oral health on the quality of life of the participants.

Does social vulnerability for caries predict caries status of children in sub-urban Nigeria?

It is important to identify groups of people vulnerable to a disease condition. Aim: To determine the association between social vulnerability to caries and caries status of children in Ile-Ife, Nigeria. Methods: A composite vulnerability index for caries was developed using data generated for 992 children. Wilks’ Lambda test to verify relationship between vulnerability and its variables. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to determine if the social vulnerability for caries index was a good predictor for caries status. Results: The social vulnerability to caries index could not predict caries status. The study found that sex, age and number of siblings were the significant predictors of caries status in the study population. Females (AOR: 1.63; 95%CI: 1.08 – 2.46; p=0.02) and children with more than two siblings had higher odds of having caries (AOR: 2.61; 95%CI: 1.61 – 4.24; p<0.001) while children below 5 years had lower odds of having caries (AOR: 0.62; 95%CI: 0.39 – 1.00; p=0.05) Conclusions: The social vulnerability index for caries could not predict the caries status of children in the study population. Sensitive tools to identify children with caries in the study population should be developed.

Evaluación de la eficacia de la remoción de caries en dientes temporales utilizando dos métodos químico-mecánicos.

La Odontología Pediátrica Contemporánea al igual que la Odontología de Mínima Intervención, comprende la máxima conservación de tejido dental subyacente con la finalidad de evitar la invasión a tejidos pulpares que derivan en tratamientos radicales tales como pulpotomías y pulpectomías; las técnicas de operatoria dental actuales comprenden en tratar el complejo dentino-pulpar lo más conservadoramente posible, con la finalidad de prevenir la extensión. Una de las propuestas del concepto de Mínima Intervención consiste en el uso de agentes químicos para la remoción de tejido cariado, auxiliado por instrumentos manuales que permitan remover solo la dentina infectada, sin necesidad de piezas rotatorias, reduciendo tiempos operatorios y costos. Objetivo: Evaluar cuál es el método más eficaz para eliminar la caries dental entre métodos químico-mecánicos para así establecer un protocolo de atención no invasivo para pacientes pediátricos y poder llevarlo a cabo en las campañas de brigadas Odontológicas, para que un mayor número de población sea beneficiada con éstas. Materiales y Métodos: Se evaluaron 10 piezas posteriores deciduas, extraídas de niños de 6 a 8 años que cumplían con los criterios de inclusión de la Maestría en Ciencias Odontológicas en el área de Odontopediatría de la UANL, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México. Las piezas a evaluar fueron seccionadas y tratadas con Carisolv y Papacárie, ambos productos de remoción químico mecánicos, mientras se medía el tiempo de trabajo y la calidad de dentina remanente tras la remoción de caries para posteriormente describir los hallazgos observados.

Prevalencia de caries en niños de 6 a 12 años de edad en relación con su índice de masa corporal

La caries dental es una enfermedad infecto-contagiosa que produce una desmineralización de la superficie del diente y que es causada por bacterias que se adhieren a la superficie dentaria. Es un proceso localizado que causa el reblandecimiento del tejido duro del diente y según estadísticas está presente en el 90% de la población. La etiología es multifactorial y uno de los factores más importantes relacionado con la caries es la dieta. Otro factor importante a estudiar es la obesidad infantil ya que en México es un problema de salud pública, debido a su alto porcentaje en la población. La obesidad es una enfermedad crónica de origen multifactorial prevenible, que se caracteriza por acumulación excesiva de grasa o hipertrofia general del tejido adiposo en el cuerpo. El sobrepeso y la obesidad son el quinto factor principal de riesgo de defunción humana en el mundo. Cada año fallecen por lo menos 2,8 millones de personas adultas como consecuencia del sobrepeso o la obesidad. Los pacientes con obesidad deben recibir un tratamiento integral para evitar que pueda surgir a futuro una enfermedad sistémica o problemas bucales. En el presente estudio se determinó si el estado nutricio es un determinante sobre el índice de caries, debido al aumento en la ingesta de alimentos ricos en carbohidratos y si la obesidad es un factor predisponente de caries. Se realizó un estudio comparativo y observacional en 166 niños de entre 6 a 12 años de edad de Ciudad Miguel Alemán, Tamaulipas. Se tomaron datos de los niños, se midieron y pesaron con una báscula calibrada, y mediante exploración clínica se revisó y registró la cantidad de dientes cariados, extraídos y obturados de los pacientes, encontrándose que no hay una relación entre la obesidad y la caries aunque se comprobó que la población tenían un alto índice de la misma.

Utilidad del fluoruro diamínico de plata en el diagnóstico precoz de la desmineralización del esmalte/caries incipiente en los primeros molares permanentes

El estudio se aplicó en niños escolares de 9-12 años de la parroquia urbano marginal de Narancay. La intervención se efectuó en dos meses y mediante las tres técnicas se evaluaron 120 molares con un total de 359 superficies examinadas. Resultados: el resultado global de la valoración de los diferentes índices de salud bucal presenta resultados positivos para calificarla como población de alto riesgo. El FDP detectó más lesiones de desmineralización del esmalte/caries incipientes que el examen clínico (311/359 vs. 168/359) p< 0.0001. El examen radiográfico detectó el menor número de lesiones incipientes (23/359 vs. 311/359) p< 0.00001. El FDP diagnostica más lesiones de desmineralización del esmalte y crisis incipiente que el examen clínico y radiográfico conjuntamente (311/359 vs. 191/359) p< 0.001 OR 5,70 (95% I C: 3,88 - 8,38). En cuanto a los costos, el diagnóstico clínico más Rx, por cada niño es de $4 y el diagnóstico clínico más FDP es de $1,50. Conclusiones: la localidad de Narancar de la parroquia Baños tiene una infraestructura sanitaria insuficiente, con baja escolaridad y con altos índices de enfermedad bucal. El diagnóstico dental de la población infantil que tanto los índices de CPOD-ceod, higiene buco dental, placa dental y los momentos de ingesta de azúcar, reflejan que el grupo de estudio tienen elevados factores de riesgo e indicadores de enfermedad buco denal

Colonización oral por Candida y su relación con la presencia de caries y/o enfermedad periodontal crónica en población adulta del País Vasco

250 p.

Risk indicators associated with root caries in independently living older adults

Objective: To determine the risk indicators associated with root caries experience in a cohort of independently living older adults in Ireland. Methods: The data reported in the present study were obtained from a prospective longitudinal study conducted in a cohort of independently living older adults (n = 334). Each subject underwent an oral examination, performed by a single calibrated examiner, to determine the root caries index and other clinical variables. Questionnaires were used to collect data on oral hygiene habits, diet, smoking and alcohol habits and education level. A regression analysis with the outcome variable of root caries experience (no/yes) was conducted. Results: A total of 334 older dentate adults with a mean age of 69.1 years were examined. 53.3% had at least one filled or decayed root surface. The median root caries index was 3.13 (IQR 0.00, 13.92). The results from the multivariate regression analysis indicated that individuals with poor plaque control (OR 9.59, 95% CI 3.84–24.00), xerostomia (OR 18.49, 95% CI 2.00–172.80), two or more teeth with coronal decay (OR 4.50, 95% CI 2.02–10.02) and 37 or more exposed root surfaces (OR 5.48, 95% CI 2.49–12.01) were more likely to have been affected by root caries. Conclusions: The prevalence of root caries was high in this cohort. This study suggests a correlation between root caries and the variables poor plaque control, xerostomia, coronal decay (≥2 teeth affected) and exposed root surfaces (≥37). The significance of these risk indicators and the resulting prediction model should be further evaluated in a prospective study of root caries incidence. Clinical significance Identification of risk indicators for root caries in independently living older adults would facilitate dental practitioners to identify those who would benefit most from interventions aimed at prevention.

Mutans Streptococci and Lactobacilli Colonization in Predentate Children from the Neonatal Period to Seven Months of Age

Background/Aims: The aim of this study was to investigate the colonization of mutans streptococci (MS) and lactobacilli (LB) in predentate children from the neonatal period to 7 months. Methods: A total of 957 mother-and-child pairs were recruited from birth and followed up at 7 months. The 283 children who did not have erupted teeth at the second visit were included in the study. Oral mucosal swabs were taken, and the presence of MS and LB was determined using a commercial microbiological culture kit. Results: At mean ages of 34 days and 7 months, 9 and 11% of the infants, respectively, showed the presence of MS. In contrast, LB presence increased from 24 to 47% (p < 0.0001). MS presence in the neonatal period was associated with maternal MS counts of >105 CFU/ml (p = 0.05), while LB presence was associated with natural birth (p = 0.03) and maternal LB presence (p = 0.02). At 7 months, MS presence was associated with maternal MS counts (p = 0.02) and LB counts of >105 CFU/ml (p = 0.007). Additional predictors of MS presence at 7 months were a child’s MS counts of >105 CFU/ml at the neonatal visit (p = 0.019) and nighttime bottle feeding (p = 0.024). LB presence at 7 months was associated with maternal LB (p < 0.001) and MS presence (p = 0.02). Conclusions: MS and LB can be detected by culture in the oral cavity as early as 34 days after birth. Their infection rates increase to 11 and 47%, respectively, by the time the children reach the end of the predentate stage of oral development.