994 resultados para Antoinette, Marie (18..-19..) -- Portraits


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近年来,随着对作物重茬(连年种植)障碍原因的深入研究,植物的化感作用越来越受到国内外众多学者的重视。而作为重要调料和药用植物的生姜,其连作障碍也备受关注,系统地研究生姜化感作用将有助于理解和最终解决生姜连作障碍问题。本文通过研究生姜不同部位、不同浓度的水浸液对与其间作的两个物种(大豆和四季葱)种子的萌发及幼苗生长的影响,从而证明生姜化感作用的存在;并通过温室盆栽实验研究了生姜的自毒作用(即研究生姜不同部位、不同浓度的水浸液对其幼苗的形态、生理生化、光合作用、土壤酶、土壤微生物多样性及土壤养分的影响),从而揭示生姜退化和衰老的机制,并为生姜筛选出合适的间作物种提供科学依据,对生姜连作障碍提出科学的解决方法。主要研究结果如下: 1. 与对照相比,生姜所有部位(根茎、茎、叶)、所有浓度(10、20、40、 80 g l-1)的水浸液均抑制了大豆种子和葱籽的萌发率、幼苗生长、水分吸收和脂肪酶活性,并且其抑制程度随着水浸液浓度的增加而增强,其生姜各部位水浸液抑制效应的强弱顺序为茎>叶>根茎。这一结果表明生姜根茎、茎、叶含有能够抑制大豆种子和葱籽种子萌发和幼苗生长的水溶性化感物质。根茎是生姜的主要收获部位,而生姜的残株(主要是茎和叶)应该从大田中处理掉以减轻其抑制效应。生姜水浸液中主要化感成分包括:根茎水浸液中主要是丁香酸和伞花内脂;茎水浸液中主要是阿魏酸,且其含量最高为73.4 ug/g;叶水浸液中除了阿魏酸,其他六种物质均检测出来,但含量较高的主要有丁香酸、伞花内脂和香豆酸。 2. 生姜茎和叶不同浓度的水浸液均显著抑制了生姜幼苗的株高、每株叶片数和叶面积,其抑制程度随着水浸液浓度的增加而有所增强,而生姜幼苗每株分枝数差异不显著;同时生姜水浸液也极大程度地影响了生姜幼苗的生物量(包括地下生物量、地上生物量和总生物量,均为鲜重)。在同一浓度下,茎水浸液对生姜幼苗形态指标及生物量指标均显示出最强的抑制作用,叶水浸液次之,根茎水浸液最弱。与对照相比,低浓度的生姜根茎水浸液提高了生姜幼苗叶片内四种抗氧化酶(SOD、POD、CAT、APX)活性,高浓度的根茎水浸液抑制了四种抗氧化酶活性,而茎和叶水浸液均随着浓度的增加而抑制了四种抗氧化酶活性,三种水浸液均随着浓度的增加降低了生姜幼苗叶片内叶绿素的含量,而增加了生姜幼苗叶片的相对电导率和丙二醛含量。同时,三种水浸液均随着浓度的增加降低了生姜幼苗的光合参数(包括胞间CO2浓度、气孔导度、蒸腾速率及净光合速率)。 3. 三种生姜水浸液对所测六种土壤酶活性均产生了不同程度的影响,其中影响最大的是酸性磷酸酶和蔗糖酶,在10 g l-1 时就达到了显著水平,并且所有酶均有随着水浸液浓度增加而增大的趋势;相同部位的水浸液随着浓度的增加,细菌和真菌的数量呈增加趋势,而放线菌的数量呈减少趋势;三种生姜水浸液均随着浓度的增加降低了土壤中有机质的含量,加剧了土壤中硝态氮含量的积累,根茎水浸液对土壤有效磷、速效钾和铵态氮均显示出低浓度提高其含量而高浓度降低其含量的趋势,而茎和叶水浸液则随着浓度的增加均降低了其含量。 4. 与生姜单作相比,所有间作系统均在旺盛生长期和收获期不同程度地提高了土壤酶活性,同时也增加了土壤细菌数量及土壤微生物总数但不显著;所有间作系统在旺盛生长期和收获期均不同程度地影响了土壤真菌及放线菌数量(增加或减少),所有间作系统间的多样性指数差异不显著,除了旺盛生长期四种作物(生姜-大豆-四季葱-大蒜)的间作模式显著降低了多样性指数,其值仅为生姜单作的33.18%;生姜与大豆间作不仅提高了19.6%的生姜产量而且获得了较好的经济效益,并且,所有间作系统均显著抑制了生姜姜瘟病的发生。 5. 不同栽培模式不同程度地影响了收获期生姜的株高、分枝数、根茎产量及内在品质。其中处理2显著地促进了生姜的分枝(10.5%),同时处理2、3和4也促进了生姜的生长(株高分别增加了15.0%、11.4%和14.0%),并且这三个处理提高了生姜的产量;处理2和3能有效提高生姜块茎中维生素C(分别较单作生姜显著提高了3.29%和4.05%)、处理3显著提高了可溶性糖(8.2%)、姜辣素(4.6%)和蛋白质等有益物质的含量,降低硝酸盐有害物质的含量(处理2显著降低了14.0%),改善了姜块的外观和内在品质。并且,生姜与大豆间作具有最高的纯收入和产投比,分别较生姜单作提高了24.80%和8.8%。Recently, allelopathy has been more and more paid attentions by national and foreign scholars with profound research on reasons of crop replanted (continuous planted) obstacle. Ginger rhizome is valuable all over the world either as a spice or herbal medicine and ginger replanted obstacle is also paid attentions. Systematic research on ginger allelopathy will contribute to understanding and ultimate solving problem of ginger replanted obstacle. The effects of ginger aqueous extracts with different parts and concentrations on seed germination and early seedling growth of soybean and chive were studied in this article to testify that ginger existed allelopathy. Furthermore, ginger autotoxicity was also studied by pot experiment in greenhouse (namely research on effects of ginger aqueous extracts with different parts and concentrations on morphological indexes, physiological and biochemical indexes, photosynthesis, soil enzymes, soil microbial diversity and soil nutrients) to reveal mechanism of ginger degeneration and senescence, provide scientific basis for selecting appropriate intercropping species and put forward scientific resolvent for ginger replanted obstacle. The main results were as follows: 1. All aqueous extracts at all concentrations inhibited seed germination, seedling growth, water uptake and lipase activity of soybean and chive compared with the control, and the degree of inhibition increased with the incremental extracts concentration. The degree of toxicity of different ginger plant parts can be classified in order of decreasing inhibition as stem>leaf>rhizome. The results of this study suggested that rhizome, stem and leaf of ginger contained water soluble allelochemicals which could inhibit seed germination and seedling growth of soybean and chive. The rhizome is the main harvested part of ginger. The residue (mainly stems and leaves) of the ginger plant should be removed from the field so as to diminish its inhibitory effect. The main allelopathic components of three kind of aqueous extracts were as follows: Rhizome extract chiefly contained syringic acid and vmbelliferone and stem extract mainly contained frulic acid whose content was the highest (73.4 ug/g). The other six substances were detected except of frulic acid, but only contents of syringic acid, vmbelliferone and p-coumaric acid were higher. 2. Stem and leaf aqueous extracts of ginger with different concentrations significantly inhibited plant height, leaf numbers per plant and leaf area, and the degree of inhibition increased with the incremental extracts concentration. However, tiller number per plant of ginger seedling showed no significant difference. At the same time, ginger aqueous extracts also influenced biomass including under-ground biomass, above-ground biomass and total biomass (fresh weight) to a large extent. Under the same concentration, stem aqueous extract showed the mostly inhibitory effect on morphological indexes and biomass indexes of ginger seedling. Rhizome aqueous extract showed the leastly inhibitory effect and leaf aqueous extract was intervenient. Enhanced concentration of ginger aqueous extracts significantly reduced total chlorophyll content, accompanying with increases in memberane permeability (REL) and lipid peroxidation (MDA). Compared with the control, rhizome ginger aqueous extract of lower concentration (10 g l-1) increased the activities of major antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, SOD; peroxidase, POD; catalase, CAT; ascorbate peroxidase, APX) of ginger leaf tissue and higher concentration inhibited the activities of four antioxidant enzymes. However, stem and leaf aqueous extract inhibited the activities of four antioxidant enzymes with increase in concentration. Meanwhile, enhanced concentration of ginger aqueous extracts significantly reduced photo-parameters of ginger seedling (including CO2 concentration, stoma conductivity, net photosynthesis rate and transpiration rate). 3. Rhizome, stem and leaf ginger aqueous extract showed different effect on six soil enzyme activities, and acid phosphatase and invertase showed significant effect when aqueous extract concentration got 10 g l-1. Furthermore, six soil enzyme activities increased with increase in aqueous extract concentration. Bcterial and fungi number tended to increase while antinomyces tented to decrease with the increase in aqueous extract concentration of identical part. Ginger aqueous extracts reduced soil organic matter content with increased concentration, accompanying with NO3-—N accumulation in soil. Rhizome aqueous extract showed the same tendency for available P, available K and NH4+—N, namely lower concentration increased their contents in soil and higher concentration reduced their contents. While stem and leaf aqueous extracts reduced their contents with the increamental concentration. 4. All intercropping systems increased soil enzyme activities to different extent both at VGS and at HS compared to solo ginger. All intercropping systems increased the colony numbers of soil bacteria and total of soil microbe but not significantly either at VGS or at HS. All intercropping systems increased the colony numbers of soil fungi and actinomytes to a different extent (increase or decrease) both at VGS and at HS. For DI, difference between all cultivation patterns and S-G was not significant either at VGS or at HS except that G-S-C-G whose value was only 33.18% of S-G at VGS significantly decreased. G-S not only increased ginger yield by 19.6% but also obtained better economic benefit. Furthermore, all intercropping systems significantly inhibited occurrence of bacterial wilt of ginger. 5. Different cultivated pattern influenced plant height, tiller numbers, rhizome yields and intrinsic quality of ginger. Treatment 2 significantly facilitated tiller occurring (10.5%). Treatment 2, 3 and 4 promoted ginger growth (plant height respectively increased 15.0%、11.4% and 14.0%) and enhanced rhizome yields. Treatment 2 and 3 effectively increased vitamin C content (significantly increased 3.29% and 4.05% compared to solo ginger). Treatment 3 significantly increased contents of beneficial substances such as soluble sugar (8.2%), gingerols (4.6%) and protein. Treatment 2 significantly decreased contents of deleterious substance namely nitrate (14.0%) and improved appearance and intrinsic quality of ginger rhizome. Furthermore, treatment 2 (ginger/soybean intercropping) could obtain better economic benefit and showed the highest net income and ratio of benefit and cost whose values respectively increased by 24.80% and 8.8% compared to solo ginger.

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大丽花经兰州重离子加速器提供的80MeV/u12C6+离子束辐照后产生矮化突变体,用随机扩增多态性(Random Amplified Polymorphic,RAPD)DNA技术对野生型和突变体进行检测分析。结果表明,在所用的25条引物中,1.80×108/cm2剂量辐照后有18条引物扩增出现多态性片断,扩增条带多态率19.57%;1.08×108/cm2剂量辐照后仅有6条引物扩增出现多态性片断,扩增条带多态率5.76%。用Jaccard公式对扩增产物进行统计分析,结果表明,两种剂量C6+辐照后与对照相似性系数分别为0.65和0.92。高剂量辐射后DNA易发生突变,在品种改良和诱变育种中相对较高剂量的选择可能更为有效。

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简要介绍了多参数数据获取系统中采用触发模式字单元的重要性,其工作原理和使用方法,列表型数据读出的方法和意义。

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在福建三明对临近的、土壤肥力相近的33年生福建柏与杉木人工纯林生长特性进行比较分析,结果表明:密度、平均胸径、平均高、林分蓄积量福建柏人工林分别为975株/hm2,21.6cm,21.37m,420.7m3/hm2;而杉木则分别为1117株/hm2,23.3cm,21.89m,488.7m3/hm2.33年生福建柏人工林的生产力低于杉木.福建柏在幼林阶段生长慢,但在成林阶段连年生长量超过杉木.福建柏10年生前树高、胸径、单株材积的总生长量均显著小于杉木,10年生后连年生长量逐渐增加,树高、胸径和材积连年生长量分别在15,18,19年生时超过杉木,33年生时树高、胸径和材积连年生长量分别是杉木的1.20,1.35和1.50倍.

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通过遥感影像、地貌沉积、历史文献与地图等相关资料分析集成研究,将后套平原分为西部冲积扇平原,东部是泛滥冲积平原,并详细探讨了近2000年来本区黄河河道的演变。公元前2世纪时,后套西部平原南(上)冲积扇停止发育,北(下)冲积扇河道发育,黄河主河道的位置与现代不同,它偏于泛滥平原北部的阴山山前东流;公元6世纪后套平原西部北冲积扇上黄河河道向东移,在东部泛滥平原上黄河明显地分为南北两汊,而黄河主流仍位于河套平原北部山前;18世纪早期至末期,黄河主河道从河套平原的北部山前南移至平原南部;19世纪中叶‘北河’淤塞,

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翼手类(Order Chiroptera)是现生哺乳动物中唯一真正具有空中飞翔能力的动物;同时,它也是哺乳动物中为数不多的具有回声定位功能的几个分类类群之一。现存的翼手目动物约有1100种,占整个哺乳动物种类的20%以上,是哺乳动物中仅次于啮齿目的第二大目。尽管对于翼手目系统发育已经进行了大量的形态学和分子系统学等方面研究,但是翼手目中主要类群的系统发育关系尚存在着许多争议。进化过程中发生的染色体重排在揭示物种的系统发育关系中起到非常重要的作用。种间染色体涂色可以准确、快速、直观地鉴定物种进化过程中发生的大规模染色体重排,已成为在全基因组水平上比较研究哺乳动物核型多样性及其起源和演化的首选方法。利用染色体涂色可以构建不同物种间的比较染色体图谱,通过分析进化过程中保守的染色体片段在不同类群物种核型中的分布和排列方式,可以推导各类群可能的祖先核型,并重建伴随物种形成所发生的基因组变化历史,包括染色体重排的类型、速率和核型演化的趋势。但是,目前关于翼手目染色体涂色研究还很少,至今仍不能为翼手目各级分类水平上的系统发育关系研究提供系统完整的细胞遗传学证据。本研究利用大鼠耳蝠染色体特异涂色探针,通过种间染色体涂色,首次构建了狐蝠科、菊头蝠科、蹄蝠科和蝙蝠科代表物种间的比较染色体同源图谱,并且将它们与之前发表的用人的染色体探针构建的比较染色体图谱进行整合。通过分析这些物种之间保守染色体片段的分布,推测翼手目动物在核型进化过程中所发生的染色体重排的类型和数量,以期为研究翼手目的系统发育关系提供细胞遗传学证据。研究结果表明: 1. 翼手目动物的大多数染色体臂具有高度保守性,罗伯逊易位是其核型进化的主要机制。此外,倒位也是翼手目染色体进化过程中常见的染色体重排方式。 2. 小蝙蝠亚目的菊头蝠科和蹄蝠科与大蝙蝠亚目的狐蝠科亲缘关系更为接近,而与小蝙蝠亚目其它科的亲缘关系较远。 3. 菊头蝠科和蹄蝠科应该各自作为独立的科,但这两个科拥有一个共同的细胞遗传学衍生特征,这一特征在翼手目其它科中并未发现,表明它们之间有非常紧密的系统发育关系。 4. 菊头蝠科的祖先核型可能并不是前人所推测的全由端着丝粒染色体构成的2n=62的核型;很有可能是包含有双臂染色体的,2n低于62的核型。 5. 三叶小蹄蝠比中蹄蝠保留更多的祖先染色体特征,其核型蹄蝠科中较为原始的核型。 6. 着丝粒融合是蝙蝠科物种核型演化的主要机制。蝙蝠科的祖先核型并不是类似于2n=44鼠耳蝠的核型,而可能更类似于棕蝠的2n=50核型,由全端着丝粒染色体构成。 7. 除着丝粒融合外,异染色质的扩增也是蝙蝠科扁颅蝠属和山蝠属的染色体进化方式之一。 8. 绒山蝠与三种亚洲的伏翼共有两个同源染色体片段联合(MMY 8+11和9+13),提示蝙蝠科的山蝠属和伏翼属有非常紧密的亲缘关系。 9. MMY 9 + 23和MMY 18+19 这两个保守的同源染色体片段联合是蝙蝠科扁颅蝠属的细胞遗传学鉴定特征。 通过翼手目这些动物的染色体涂色研究,我们不但在全基因组的水平上揭示了翼手目几个主要类群代表动物的核型系统发育关系,而且所构建的比较染色体图谱将有助于基因组的序列信息从已测序物种(人)向序列信息较少的翼手目物种转移,这些研究结果也可以为翼手目的分类、物种鉴定、系统发育关系和生物医学研究(如SARS病毒)等提供基础性资料。

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Four isomers of steroidal saponins were differentiated using multiple-stage tandem mass spectrometry combined with electrospray ionization (ESI-MSn). With the addition of lithium salt, the [M+Li](+) ions of saponins were observed in the ESI spectra. MSn spectra of these [M+Li](+) ions provided detailed structural information and allowed differentiation of the four isomeric saponins. The cross-ring cleavage ions from the saccharide chains of the saponins could be used as diagnostic ions for information concerning the linkage of the sugar moieties of the saponins. The masses of the X, A, Y and C type fragment ions formed from [M+Li](+) ions of the isomeric saponins provided information defining the methyl group locations.

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按照DeGennes[1] 提出的标度概念 ,柔性高分子溶液可以划分为稀溶液 ,亚浓溶液和浓溶液 3个区域 ,它们之间分别以接触浓度c 和交叠浓度c 为分界线 .钱人元等[2 ] 根据聚苯乙烯溶液激基荧光强度浓度依赖性的实验结果 ,提出稀溶液区还应细分为极稀溶液和稀溶液两个区域 ,它的分界浓度称为动态接触浓度cs.中性高分子溶液存在这一分界浓度 ,已经得到体积排除色谱[3 ] 、高分子溶液的物理凝胶化[4] 、以及动态光散射[5] 等研究结果的证实 .本文作者之一 (程 )从中性高分子在溶液中由于范德华分子间吸引力的存在容易自缔合而形成团族的概念出发 ,导出了溶液粘度与cs 之间的理论关系[6,7] .聚电解质由于在溶液中可以离解为聚离子和对离子的特性 ,关于它的溶液浓度区域的划分问题 ,已经引发了一些理论的[8~ 11] 和许多实验的研究 ,其中包括光散射[12~ 14 ] 、小角X射线散射[15] 、小角中子散射[16] 、准弹性中子散射[17] 、溶液电导[18] 和溶液粘度[19]等 .这些研究中的绝大多数 ,仍然将溶液划分为稀溶液 ,亚浓溶液和浓溶液 3个区域.

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本文简述了激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱(NALDI-TOF-MS)技术及其应用,同时介绍了MALDI-TOF-MS的构造、原理及特点。

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农业中稀土微肥和养殖业中稀土饲料添加剂的普及,使稀土元素大量进入生物循环。从分子水平深入研究稀土元素的生物效应及其作用机理,包括稀土在生物体内的分布、积累、代谢动力学过程及远期毒性等,迫切需要建立生物样品特别是血液样品的快速、灵敏、准确的稀土元素分析方法。电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP- MS)已成为痕量稀土测定的首选方法。

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文献型数据库的建设涉及到文献收集、编制、词表、标引和检索。但具有哪些条件的文献数据库属于高水平的文献库?怎样才能建成高水平、高权威性的数据库?这是一个非常值得探讨的问题。一、文献源及文献收集建成高权威性的文献数据库,首要条件是尽量把某专业领域的文献收集全,最好能把95%以上的文献收入库中,使该专业文献库具有很高的文献覆

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本文研究了Au(Ⅲ)-KSCN-罗丹明B-阿拉伯树胶水相显色体系和光度特性。缔合物的λ_(max)为595nm,表现摩尔吸光系数ε=1.23×10~5L mol~(-1).cm~(-1).Au(Ⅲ)浓度在0.0~8.0μg/25mL时服从比耳定律。所制定的测金光度法,结合巯基棉分离技术,已试用于金精矿的分析,获得了较好结果

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趋磁细菌是一类革兰氏阴性的原核生物,广泛分布于淡水和海水环境中的有氧-无氧过渡区。本文研究了青岛汇泉湾沿岸一个海水养殖池塘中两个不同亚区内趋磁细菌的多样性。一个是常年水深在0.5 ~ 3 m,类似潮下带区域;另一个是在落大潮的时候沉积物能暴露在空气中,类似潮间带区域。 在该池塘类似潮下带区域的沉积物中发现了大量海洋趋磁细菌,最大丰度可达105 cells/cm3。透射电镜观察发现该菌菌体形态多样,有球形或卵球形、长短杆状、弧状和螺旋状,其中球形或卵球形趋磁细菌占绝对优势。电镜观察还发现该菌磁小体的排列方式呈多样化,大多数呈链状排列,有单链、双链及多链,还有的呈环状或者成簇排列。磁小体的形态也多种多样,有正方体、棱柱体、立方八面体、子弹头状、片状和齿状。用RFLP方法分析了70个克隆,测序得到10条不同序列。经16S rDNA系统发育分析,发现9个属于α-变形菌亚纲,1个属于γ-变形菌亚纲,共有8个不同的属,优势种属于未培养的海洋趋磁球菌。所有克隆与最接近的海洋趋磁球菌的相似性并不高(76.4% ~ 89.4%),表明该区域的趋磁细菌为新发现的微生物资源。 而在该池塘类似潮间带区域的沉积物中发现了单一种群结构的趋磁细菌。透射电镜观察显示菌体形态为球形至卵球形,大小为1.8 ~ 2.3 × 2.0 ~ 2.8 μm,细胞侧生两簇鞭毛,极性趋磁运动,每个细胞内都含有两条磁小体链。统计结果显示,两条磁小体链上的磁小体数目60%都相差1个。单个菌体中磁小体数目从7到31个不等,平均为18个,其中包含19个磁小体的菌体占多数。磁小体的形状多为长方体,平均长度和宽度分别为101 + 24 nm和83 + 21 nm,形态因子约为0.83 + 0.09,为单磁畴晶体。能谱显示磁小体的成分为Fe3O4。磁滞回线的测量得到单个磁小体的磁距为2.6 × 10-13 emu。用RFLP方法分析了98个克隆,测序得到3条不同序列,而三条序列之间的相似性都在98%以上,可认为是同一个种,FISH也证实了该处趋磁细菌为单一种群。经16S rDNA系统发育分析显示,该处趋磁细菌隶属于α-变形菌亚纲中的一个新属。初步结果显示了趋磁细菌对潮间带环境的适应性。 本文还采用半固体培养基培养了一株海洋趋磁螺菌,电镜下观察,菌体大小约为3 × 0.8 μm,体内包含一条磁小体链,磁小体形态不规则,大小分布不均。目前,纯化工作正在进行。