Aceleración de corrientes eólicas de reducida velocidad para la generación eléctrica doméstica

En los últimos años, los sistemas que utilizan como fuente recursos renovables se han posicionado como una interesante alternativa para la producción de energía. Entre las fuentes disponibles, la energía eólica viene configurándose como una de las fuentes de energía renovable con mayor crecimiento en los últimos años. En este trabajo se propone el aprovechamiento de las corrientes eólicas circulantes sobre la superficie terrestre para la producción de electricidad con el fin de abastecer buena parte de la demanda en viviendas aisladas, pequeñas instalaciones agropecuarias, equipamiento de servicio ubicado en lugares remotos, etc. Por lo general estas brisas tienen una baja densidad energética, por ello proponemos una interfaz mecánica que concentre las masas de aire, acelerando su circulación y alcanzando importantes incrementos en la velocidad de impulsión. La primera parte se centra en la elaboración de un procedimiento de caracterización a partir de la metodología científica con el cual modelar una estructura concentradora de flujo eólico válida para un aerogenerador de eje vertical. Este método trata el diseño de un elemento acelerador capaz de optimizar el aprovechamiento de estas brisas con independencia de la dirección de éstas. Su diseño viene dado por la resolución de un conjunto de objetivos fundamentales, dotando al sistema de unas prestaciones particulares en relación a su arquitectura y operatividad. Estos objetivos son los siguientes: - Operatividad ante cualquier dirección eólica adoptada - Incremento del rendimiento potencial de la turbina de eje vertical - Minimizar el desarrollo de efectos turbulentos alrededor del sistema integrado - Capacidad resolutiva ante la presencia de fuertes vientos - Estabilidad estructural - Compatibilidad ante instalaciones propias del volumen arquitectónico - Control global del rendimiento del sistema. La segunda parte aborda el modelado del prototipo y el análisis de su comportamiento mediante simulaciones en el ámbito de la fluidodinámica computacional. El resultado es un prototipo caracterizado por una arquitectura capaz de sectorizar la entrada de viento en diferentes tramos inyectando el flujo eólico estratégicamente. La incorporación de la interfaz sobre el rotor aumenta la superficie de captación eólica, facilitando su entrada a través de las diferentes aberturas y llevando a cabo su concentración según avanza por los tramo de circulación. Una vez finalizado dicho avance, el flujo es inyectado en un rango angular de nido por la elevada fuerza de sustentación capaz de generarse gracias a la incidencia del flujo eólico, aprovechando las particularidades que ofrece la rotación de este tipo de rotores. El resultado de la inyección sectorizada es el desarrollo de una circulación interior vorticial que incide permanentemente en el rango de sustentación característico del perfil aerodinámico que define la geometría de la pala de rotación. Ello provoca que se alcance un funcionamiento nominal a velocidades reducidas. En este proceso se incluyen las acciones necesarias para dar una respuesta eficiente a cualquier tipo e solicitación eólica. En presencia de velocidades de relativa importancia, la interfaz concentradora adapta su arquitectura con el fin de regular la entrada de flujo, retrasando la activación de los dispositivos reguladores propios de la turbina eólica. En presencia de vientos importantes, la interfaz dispone de los mecanismos necesarios para proceder al cierre de las aberturas procediendo a la parada del rotor. La validación de los prototipos elaborados se ha llevado a cabo mediante simulación computacional CFD. Los resultados confirman la consecución de un funcionamiento nominal a velocidades más reducidas, una mayor superficie de captación y periodo de tiempo de funcionamiento efectivo en comparación a las turbinas convencionales. Para el caso práctico modelado los resultados mejoran en más de 2.5 veces la potencia generada y multiplican por cuatro la fuerza ejercida sobre las palas de la turbina. La elaboración de un método preciso para el diseño de este tipo de estructuras concentradoras posibilita que se pueda alcanzar un diseño en función a las necesidades del usuario, o las condiciones eólicas de un emplazamiento dado. A ello hay que unir su compatibilidad de uso y montaje con sistemas de captación solar, conformando un sistema híbrido capaz de aprovechar tanto la energía solar como eólica para el abastecimiento autónomo. Esta característica incrementa el ratio de zonas geográficas donde se puede llevar a cabo su implantación. Las últimas páginas están reservadas a esbozar las líneas futuras de desarrollo y evolución, tanto en términos de e ciencia productiva como en su incorporación a nuevos volúmenes arquitectónicos y estructuras civiles en general.

Propriedades bioativas dos polissacarídeos sulfatados da alga comestível Gracilaria birdiae

Red marine algae of the genus Gracilaria synthesize sulfated polysaccharides (PS) bioactive. But many of these PS were not properly assessed, as is the case of PS synthesized by edible seaweed Gracilaria birdiae. Previous studies showed that sulfated galactans this alga has anti-inflammatory effect. In this work, a galactan (GB) of G. birdiae was obtained and evaluated by different tests. GB showed anticoagulant activity in APTT assay. GB showed no toxicity to normal cells (3T3), but inhibited the survival of cells of adenocarcinoma of the cervix (HeLa) and human pancreatic cancer (Panc-1) 80% (1.5 mg / ml). GB was not able to hijack the OH radical or the superoxide radical. However, showed activity electron donor in two different tests and presented iron chelator activity (70% and 1.0 mg / ml) and Copper (70% at 0.5 mg / ml). The presence of a higher GB promotes formation of crystals of calcium oxalate dihydrate small size, which is less aggressive, because GB is able to interact with and stabilize the crystal that form. Furthermore, GB (2.0 mg / mL) was not cytotoxic to human renal cells (HEK-293). The data lead us to propose that GB has a great potential for the treatment of urolithiasis

Elaboração de pós de ferrita de cobalto, CoFe2O4, nanoestruturados e hierarquizados: influência da morfologia sobre a detecção e oxidação catalítica de gases poluentes

This thesis is part of research on new materials for catalysis and gas sensors more active, sensitive, selective. The aim of this thesis was to develop and characterize cobalt ferrite in different morphologies, in order to study their influence on the electrical response and the catalytic activity, and to hierarchize these grains for greater diffusivity of gas in the material. The powders were produced via hydrothermal and solvothermal, and were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (electron diffraction, highresolution simulations), and energy dispersive spectroscopy. The catalytic and electrical properties were tested in the presence of CO and NO2 gases, the latter in different concentrations (1-100 ppm) and at different temperatures (room temperature to 350 ° C). Nanooctahedra with an average size of 20 nm were obtained by hydrothermal route. It has been determined that the shape of the grains is mainly linked to the nature of the precipitating agent and the presence of OH ions in the reaction medium. By solvothermal method CoFe2O4 spherical powders were prepared with grain size of 8 and 20 nm. CoFe2O4 powders exhibit a strong response to small amounts of NO2 (10 ppm to 200 ° C). The nanooctahedra have greater sensitivity than the spherical grains of the same size, and have smaller response time and shorter recovery times. These results were confirmed by modeling the kinetics of response and recovery of the sensor. Initial tests of catalytic activity in the oxidation of CO between temperatures of 100 °C and 350 °C show that the size effect is predominant in relation the effect of the form with respect to the conversion of the reaction. The morphology of the grains influence the rate of reaction. A higher reaction rate is obtained in the presence of nanooctahedra. In order to improve the detection and catalytic properties of the material, we have developed a methodology for hierarchizing grains which involves the use of carbonbased templates.

Novos protocolos teóricos utilizados nos estudos das ligações hidrogênio-hidrogênio, na estabilidade do tetraedrano, seus derivados e das reações de diels-alder e na quantificação da afinidade de fármacos

This thesis was performed in four chapters, at the theoretical level, focused mainly on electronic density. In the first chapter, we have applied an undergraduate minicourse of Diels-Alder reaction in Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte. By using computational chemistry tools students could build the knowledge by themselves and they could associate important aspects of physical-chemistry with Organic Chemistry. In the second chapter, we studied a new type of chemical bond between a pair of identical or similar hydrogen atoms that are close to electrical neutrality, known as hydrogen-hydrogen (H-H) bond. In this study performed with complexed alkanes, provides new and important information about their stability involving this type of interaction. We show that the H-H bond playing a secondary role in the stability of branched alkanes in comparison with linear or less branched isomers. In the third chapter, we study the electronic structure and the stability of tetrahedrane, substituted tetrahedranes and silicon and germanium parents, it was evaluated the substituent effect on the carbon cage in the tetrahedrane derivatives and the results indicate that stronger electron withdrawing groups (EWG) makes the tetrahedrane cage slightly unstable while slight EWG causes a greater instability in the tetrahedrane cage. We showed that the sigma aromaticity EWG and electron donating groups (EDG) results in decrease and increase, respectively, of NICS and D3BIA aromaticity indices. In addition, another factor can be utilized to explain the stability of tetra-tert-butyltetrahedrane as well as HH bond. GVB and ADMP were also used to explain the stability effect of the substituents bonded to the carbon of the tetrahedrane cage. In the fourth chapter, we performed a theoretical investigation of the inhibitory effect of the drug abiraterone (ABE), used in the prostate cancer treatment as CYP17 inhibitor, comparing the interaction energies and electron density of the ABE with the natural substrate, pregnenolone (PREG). Molecular dynamics and docking were used to obtain the CYP1ABE and CYP17-PREG complexes. From molecular dynamics was obtained that the ABE has higher diffusion trend water CYP17 binding site compared to the PREG. With the ONIOM (B3LYP:AMBER) method, we find that the interaction electronic energy of ABE is 21.38 kcal mol-1 more stable than PREG. The results obtained by QTAIM indicate that such stability is due a higher electronic density of interactions between ABE and CYP17

Respostas ecofisiológicas de Cybistax antisyphilitica Mart. (Ipê verde) em função das alterações na intensidade de luz

Light varies widely in both time and space in forest formation of “Bioma Cerrado”. Cybistax antisyphilitica occurs in areas typical of this biome, such as cerrado sensu stricto, “cerradões”, and altered areas. The aim of this study was to understand the morphological and physiological responses of C. antisyphilitica to alterations in light intensity. Juvenile plants (5 month of age) were taken to a fragment of semideciduous forest in Uberlândia-MG, and were divided into three treatments: 50 were maintained under the canopy (UC) 20 were kept in small gap (SG) and 20 were maintained under in full sun (FS). The daily courses of chlorophyll a fluorescence were made at the beginning, middle and end of dry season in 2015. At the end of the experiment measurements of chlorophyll content, gas exchange and growth were made. The plants showed dynamic photoinhibition as exhibited by reductions on Fv/Fm close to midday at the end of the dry season. Regarding the effective quantum yield (ΔF/Fm'), plants under FS showed reduced values that coincided with the higher values of electron transport rates (ETR). Plants under FS showed higher values of net CO2 assimilation rates, stomatal conductance, transpiration rates, water use efficiency and chlorophyll content compared to plants under UC. The stem diameter, dry mass of leaves and stem, total dry mass and relative growth rate were higher in plants under FS than plants under UC. On the other hand, plants under UC showed superior values of height, specific leaf area and leaf area ratio. Our results indicate that C. antisyphilitica has plasticity to survive in the contrasting light environments of the semideciduous forests, but this species was able to growth better under full sun conditions.

Una propuesta didáctica para contribuir al desarrollo de la expresión de ideas, vivencias y sentimientos de los alumnos de secundaria a través de la educación artística

Esta tesis es el resultado de una investigación llevada a cabo con alumnos de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria (ESO), en la asignatura de Educación Plástica y Visual durante más de diez años. Según la legislación vigente uno de los objetivos de la Educación Secundaria Obligatoria consiste en utilizar el lenguaje plástico para representar emociones y sentimientos, vivencias e ideas, contribuyendo a la comunicación, reflexión crítica y respeto entre las personas. Aunque la Ley lo expresa claramente, no lo desarrolla suficientemente en sus contenidos, con lo cual pretendemos dar respuesta a este objetivo. Por ello hemos elaborado una unidad didáctica específica por cada nivel educativo, dentro del área de Educación Plástica y Visual que ayuden a conseguir que los alumnos desarrollen la capacidad de representar emociones y sentimientos, vivencias e ideas. Teniendo en cuenta que esta propuesta se pondrá en práctica con alumnos adolescentes, será imprescindible conocer las características específicas de la adolescencia, por lo que consideramos importante promover actividades programadas para ellos, en las que se activen y promuevan mecanismos de reflexión y preocupación por los temas específicos de su edad. El lenguaje visual y las actividades propuestas deben ayudar al adolescente a exteriorizar todo lo que tiene en su interior. Utilizaremos la expresión artística como acelerador emocional, para ayudarles a sacar recuerdos y sentimientos que, seguramente, no podrían manifestar fácilmente de otro modo...

Produção de charginos no ilc

O principal objetivo desta dissertação é a produção de charginos (partículas supersimétricascarregadas) leves no futuro acelerador internacional linear de e +e− (ILC) para diferentescenários de quebra de supersimetria. Charginos são partículas constituídas pela mistura docampo Wino carregado com o Higgsino carregado. A principal motivação para se estudar teorias supersimétricas deve-se ao grande número de problemas do Modelo Padrão (SM) que esta consegue solucionar, entre eles: massa dos neutrinos, matéria escura fria e o ajuste-fine (finetuning). Além disso, estudamos os princípios fundamentais que norteam a física de partículas,isto é, o princípio de gauge e o mecanismo de Higgs.

Carcinoma de mama en trabajadora expuesta a radiaciones ionizantes

Caso clínico. M.A., de 40 años de edad, es técnico especialista de radiodiagnóstico del hospital. Es una trabajadora profesionalmente expuesta a radiaciones ionizantes categoría A. Es diagnosticada de carcinoma ductal infiltrante de mama derecha. Tratamiento: tumorectomía, quimioterapia (Taxotere), Radioterapia con acelerador lineal (50 Grays) y braquiterapia con Iridio-192 (8 Grays). A los 18 meses es alta médica y acude a la consulta de Medicina del Trabajo para examen de salud tras ausencia por larga enfermedad. Consultado el Cuadro de Enfermedades Profesionales (Real Decreto 1299/2006) y el Protocolo de vigilancia sanitaria específica para radiaciones ionizantes del Ministerio de Sanidad, no aportan información útil para definir los criterios de aptitud. Se revisa historia clínica de la paciente y bibliografía y se concluye: la trabajadora es calificada APTA para el puesto de trabajo de técnico especialista de radiodiagnóstico.

Avaliação da influência do nacl em pastas de cimento portland para cimentação de poços de petróleo em zonas evaporíticas

One of the major current challenges for oilwell companies is the extraction of oil from evaporitic zones, also known as pre-salt basins. Deep reservoirs are found under thick salt layers formed from the evaporation of sea water. Salt layers seal the flow of oil from underneath rock formations, which store hydrocarbons and increase the probability of success in oil and gas exploration. Oilwells are cemented using Portland-based slurries to promote mechanical stability and zonal isolation. For pre-salt oilwells, NaCl must be added to saturate the cement slurries, however, the presence of salt in the composition of slurries affects their overall behavior. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of the addition of 5 to 25% NaCl on selected properties of Portland-based slurries. A series of tests were carried out to assess the rheological behavior, thickening time, free water and ultrassonic compressive strength. In addition, the slurries were also characterized by thermal analysis, X ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that the addition of NaCl affected the thickening time of the slurries. NaCl contents up to 10% shortened the thickening time of the slurries. On the other hand, concentrations in excess of 20% not only extended the thickening time, but also reduced the strength of hardened slurries. The addition of NaCl resulted in the formation of a different crystalline phase called Friedel´s salt, where free chlorine is bonded to tricalcium aluminate

Determinação eletroanalítica de ácido salicílico em produto dermatológico com eletrodos de nanotubos de carbono e nanopartículas de óxido de ferro

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Química, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Tecnologias Química e Biológica, 2016.

Multirresíduo de organoclorados em pescado empregando extração QuEChERS.

Os compostos organoclorados causam grande impacto na natureza devido a três características básicas: persistência ambiental, bioacumulação e alta toxicidade. Foi otimizado e validado um método multirresíduo para analisar 12 pesticidas organoclorados em tilápia: hexaclorobenzeno, lindano, DDE, DDT, clorpirifós, endosulfan sulfato, endosulfan beta, endosulfan alfa, heptacloro, aldrin, endrin and dieldrin, mediante cromatografia a gás equipado com detector de captura de elétrons (CG-μECD). O limite de detecção para todos os compostos foi de 0,0005 μg.mL-1. O limite de quantificação do método foi estabelecido em 0,005 μg.g-1. Os ensaios preliminares de recuperação utilizando fortificação no limite de quantificação do método resultaram em valores de recuperação que variaram entre 70 a 120 %.

Revestimentos a base de Ta/Al2O3 produzidos por aspersão térmica sobre substrato metálico

Metal substrates were coated by thermal spraying plasma torch, they were positioned at a distance of 4 and 5 cm from the nozzle exit of the plasma jet. The starting materials were used for deposition of tantalum oxide powder and aluminium. These two materials were mixed and ground into high-energy mill, then immersed in the torch for the production of alumina coating infused with particles of tantalum with nano and micrometric size. The spraying equipment used is a plasma torch arc not transferred, which operating in the range of 250 A and 80 V, was able to produce enough heat to ignite aluminothermic between Ta2O5 and aluminum. Upon reaching the plasma jet, the mixing powders react with the heat of the blaze, which provides sufficient energy for melting aluminum particles. This energy is transferred through mechanisms of self-propagating to the oxide, beginning a reduction reaction, which then hits on the surface of the substrate and forms a coating on which a composite is formed by a junction metal - ceramic (Ta +Al2O3). The phases and quantification of each were obtained respectively by X-ray diffraction and the Rietveld method. Morphology by scanning electron microscopy and chemical analysis by energy dispersive spectroscopy EDS. It was also performed measurements of the substrate roughness, Vickers microhardness measurements in sprays and determination of the electron temperature of the plasma jet by optical emission spectroscopy EEO. The results confirmed the expectation generated around the end product of spraying the mixture Ta2O5 + Al, both in the formation of nano-sized particles and in their final form. The electron excitation temperature was consistent with the purpose of work, in addition, the thermodynamic temperature was efficient for the reduction process of Ta2O5. The electron excitation temperature showed values of 3000, 4500 and 8000 K for flows10, 20 and 30 l / min respectively, these values were taken at the nozzle exit of the plasma jet. The thermodynamic temperature around 1200 ° C, was effective in the reduction process of Ta2O5

Desenvolvimento e avaliação de um sistema de cálculo de dose independente para controle de qualidade de IMRT do tipo jaws-only

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade Gama, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Biomédica, 2015.

Compósitos Portland-biopolímeros para cimentação de poços de petróleo

The oil production in mature areas can be improved by advanced recovery techniques. In special, steam injection reduces the viscosity of heavy oils, thus improving its flow to surrounding wells. On the other hand, the usually high temperatures and pressures involved in the process may lead to cement cracking, negatively affecting both the mechanical stability and zonal isolation provided by the cement sheath of the well. The addition of plastic materials to the cement is an alternative to prevent this scenario. Composite slurries consisting of Portland cement and a natural biopolymer were studied. Samples containing different contents of biopolymer dispersed in a Portland cement matrix were prepared and evaluated by mechanical and rheological tests in order to assess their behavior according to API (American Petroleum Institute) guidelines. FEM was also applied to map the stress distribution encountered by the cement at bottom bole. The slurries were prepared according to a factorial experiment plan by varying three parameters, i.e., cement age, contents of biopolymer and water-to-cement ratio. The results revealed that the addition of the biopolymer reduced the volume of free water and the setting time of the slurry. In addition, tensile strength, compressive strength and toughness improved by 30% comparing hardened composites to plain Portland slurries. FEM results suggested that the stresses developed at bottomhole may be 10 to 100 times higher than the strength of the cement as evaluated in the lab by unconfined mechanical testing. An alternative approach is proposed to adapt the testing methodology used to evaluate the mechanical behavior of oilwell cement slurries by simulating the confined conditions encountered at bottornhole

Aditivação de pastas geopoliméricas com tetraborato de sódio e látex não iônico para cimentação de Poços de Petróleo

The development of activities in the oil and gas sector has been promoting the search for materials more adequate to oilwell cementing operation. In the state of Rio Grande do Norte, the cement sheath integrity tend to fail during steam injection operation which is necessary to increase oil recovery in reservoir with heavy oil. Geopolymer is a material that can be used as alternative cement. It has been used in manufacturing of fireproof compounds, construction of structures and for controlling of toxic or radioactive waste. Latex is widely used in Portland cement slurries and its characteristic is the increase of compressive strength of cement slurries. Sodium Tetraborate is used in dental cement as a retarder. The addition of this additive aim to improve the geopolymeric slurries properties for oilwell cementing operation. The slurries studied are constituted of metakaolinite, potassium silicate, potassium hydroxide, non-ionic latex and sodium tetraborate. The properties evaluated were: viscosity, compressive strength, thickening time, density, fluid loss control, at ambient temperature (27 ºC) and at cement specification temperature. The tests were carried out in accordance to the practical recommendations of the norm API RP 10B. The slurries with sodium tetraborate did not change either their rheological properties or their mechanical properties or their density in relation the slurry with no additive. The increase of the concentration of sodium tetraborate increased the water loss at both temperatures studied. The best result obtained with the addition of sodium tetraborate was thickening time, which was tripled. The addition of latex in the slurries studied diminished their rheological properties and their density, however, at ambient temperature, it increased their compressive strength and it functioned as an accelerator. The increase of latex concentration increased the presence of water and then diminished the density of the slurries and increased the water loss. From the results obtained, it was concluded that sodium tetraborate and non-ionic latex are promising additives for geopolymer slurries to be used in oilwell cementing operation