Three-Dimensional Finite Element Analysis of Stress Distribution on Different Bony Ridges With Different Lengths of Morse Taper Implants and Prosthesis Dimensions

This finite element analysis (FEA) compared stress distribution on different bony ridges rehabilitated with different lengths of morse taper implants, varying dimensions of metal-ceramic crowns to maintain the occlusal alignment. Three-dimensional FE models were designed representing a posterior left side segment of the mandible: group control, 3 implants of 11 mm length; group 1, implants of 13 mm, 11 mm and 5 mm length; group 2, 1 implant of 11 mm and 2 implants of 5 mm length; and group 3, 3 implants of 5 mm length. The abutments heights were 3.5 mm for 13- and 11-mm implants (regular), and 0.8 mm for 5-mm implants (short). Evaluation was performed on Ansys software, oblique loads of 365N for molars and 200N for premolars. There was 50% higher stress on cortical bone for the short implants than regular implants. There was 80% higher stress on trabecular bone for the short implants than regular implants. There was higher stress concentration on the bone region of the short implants neck. However, these implants were capable of dissipating the stress to the bones, given the applied loads, but achieving near the threshold between elastic and plastic deformation to the trabecular bone. Distal implants and/or with biggest occlusal table generated greatest stress regions on the surrounding bone. It was concluded that patients requiring short implants associated with increased proportions implant prostheses need careful evaluation and occlusal adjustment, as a possible overload in these short implants, and even in regular ones, can generate stress beyond the physiological threshold of the surrounding bone, compromising the whole system.

Contribution to assessing the stiffness reduction of structural elements in the global stability analysis of precast concrete multi-storey buildings

This study deals with the reduction of the stiffness in precast concrete structural elements of multi-storey buildings to analyze global stability. Having reviewed the technical literature, this paper present indications of stiffness reduction in different codes, standards, and recommendations and compare these to the values found in the present study. The structural model analyzed in this study was constructed with finite elements using ANSYS® software. Physical Non-Linearity (PNL) was considered in relation to the diagrams M x N x 1/r, and Geometric Non-Linearity (GNL) was calculated following the Newton-Raphson method. Using a typical precast concrete structure with multiple floors and a semi-rigid beam-to-column connection, expressions for a stiffness reduction coefficient are presented. The main conclusions of the study are as follows: the reduction coefficients obtained from the diagram M x N x 1/r differ from standards that use a simplified consideration of PNL; the stiffness reduction coefficient for columns in the arrangements analyzed were approximately 0.5 to 0.6; and the variation of values found for stiffness reduction coefficient in concrete beams, which were subjected to the effects of creep with linear coefficients from 0 to 3, ranged from 0.45 to 0.2 for positive bending moments and 0.3 to 0.2 for negative bending moments.

Reduced-order modelling, circuit-level design and SOI fabrication of microelectromechanical resonators

This thesis deals with two important research aspects concerning radio frequency (RF) microresonators and switches. First, a new approach for compact modeling and simulation of these devices is presented. Then, a combined process flow for their simultaneous fabrication on a SOI substrate is proposed. Compact models for microresonators and switches are extracted by applying mathematical model order reduction (MOR) to the devices finite element (FE) description in ANSYS c° . The behaviour of these devices includes forms of nonlinearities. However, an approximation in the creation of the FE model is introduced, which enables the use of linear model order reduction. Microresonators are modeled with the introduction of transducer elements, which allow for direct coupling of the electrical and mechanical domain. The coupled system element matrices are linearized around an operating point and reduced. The resulting macromodel is valid for small signal analysis around the bias point, such as harmonic pre-stressed analysis. This is extremely useful for characterizing the frequency response of resonators. Compact modelling of switches preserves the nonlinearity of the device behaviour. Nonlinear reduced order models are obtained by reducing the number of nonlinearities in the system and handling them as input to the system. In this way, the system can be reduced using linear MOR techniques and nonlinearities are introduced directly in the reduced order model. The reduction of the number of system nonlinearities implies the approximation of all distributed forces in the model with lumped forces. Both for microresonators and switches, a procedure for matrices extraction has been developed so that reduced order models include the effects of electrical and mechanical pre-stress. The extraction process is fast and can be done automatically from ANSYS binary files. The method has been applied for the simulation of several devices both at devices and circuit level. Simulation results have been compared with full model simulations, and, when available, experimental data. Reduced order models have proven to conserve the accuracy of finite element method and to give a good description of the overall device behaviour, despite the introduced approximations. In addition, simulation is very fast, both at device and circuit level. A combined process-flow for the integrated fabrication of microresonators and switches has been defined. For this purpose, two processes that are optimized for the independent fabrication of these devices are merged. The major advantage of this process is the possibility to create on-chip circuit blocks that include both microresonators and switches. An application is, for example, aswitched filter bank for wireless transceiver. The process for microresonators fabrication is characterized by the use of silicon on insulator (SOI) wafers and on a deep reactive ion etching (DRIE) step for the creation of the vibrating structures in single-crystal silicon and the use of a sacrificial oxide layer for the definition of resonator to electrode distance. The fabrication of switches is characterized by the use of two different conductive layers for the definition of the actuation electrodes and by the use of a photoresist as a sacrificial layer for the creation of the suspended structure. Both processes have a gold electroplating step, for the creation of the resonators electrodes, transmission lines and suspended structures. The combined process flow is designed such that it conserves the basic properties of the original processes. Neither the performance of the resonators nor the performance of the switches results affected by the simultaneous fabrication. Moreover, common fabrication steps are shared, which allows for cheaper and faster fabrication.

Studio della stabilità delle travi reticolari miste

Nella presente tesi sono state modellate in Ansys due tipologie di travi P.R.E.M comunemente utilizzate nella pratica. Lo scopo è stato quello di determinare i parametri che maggiormente influenzano la stabilità delle due tipologie di travi in fase 1. I parametri analizzati sono stati: l'altezza della trave, l'altezza dell'irrigidimento verticale e il tipo di caricamento (simmetrico e eccentrico). Il processo di calcolo è stato automatizzato interfacciando Matlab ed Ansys.

Effetti di intaglio in accoppiamenti albero-mozzo per interferenza

L’obiettivo dello studio è quello di determinare le cause della rottura a fatica in un accoppiamento albero–mozzo. Nella prima parte si cerca di costruire un modello FEM (attraverso Ansys Workbench 12.0) che simuli il comportamento del provino albero-mozzo sottoposto a una flessione alterna, come nella macchina di Moore. Con esso si cercherà di individuare le variabili del problema e quali potranno influenzare la σy_max e il Kt. Nella seconda parte si cercherà di stabilire se il fretting sia funzione dalle stesse variabili del Kt, se esiste una transizione tra i due fenomeni e la quantità di usura prodotta dal fretting. Infine si realizzeranno delle prove sperimentali per verificare le ipotesi dedotte dall'analisi FEM.

CFD modeling of two-phase boiling flows in the slug flow regime with an interface capturing technique

The objective of this thesis was to improve the commercial CFD software Ansys Fluent to obtain a tool able to perform accurate simulations of flow boiling in the slug flow regime. The achievement of a reliable numerical framework allows a better understanding of the bubble and flow dynamics induced by the evaporation and makes possible the prediction of the wall heat transfer trends. In order to save computational time, the flow is modeled with an axisymmetrical formulation. Vapor and liquid phases are treated as incompressible and in laminar flow. By means of a single fluid approach, the flow equations are written as for a single phase flow, but discontinuities at the interface and interfacial effects need to be accounted for and discretized properly. Ansys Fluent provides a Volume Of Fluid technique to advect the interface and to map the discontinuous fluid properties throughout the flow domain. The interfacial effects are dominant in the boiling slug flow and the accuracy of their estimation is fundamental for the reliability of the solver. Self-implemented functions, developed ad-hoc, are introduced within the numerical code to compute the surface tension force and the rates of mass and energy exchange at the interface related to the evaporation. Several validation benchmarks assess the better performances of the improved software. Various adiabatic configurations are simulated in order to test the capability of the numerical framework in modeling actual flows and the comparison with experimental results is very positive. The simulation of a single evaporating bubble underlines the dominant effect on the global heat transfer rate of the local transient heat convection in the liquid after the bubble transit. The simulation of multiple evaporating bubbles flowing in sequence shows that their mutual influence can strongly enhance the heat transfer coefficient, up to twice the single phase flow value.

Studio e sperimentazione del comportamento vibratorio di una lamella azionata da un attuatore piezoelettrico

Studio di una lamella di acciaio di dimensioni relativamente ridotte, a cui è incollato un attuatore piezoelettrico che ne causa la vibrazione, sfruttando il fenomeno della risonanza. Tale struttura possiede numerose peculiarità geometriche e di funzionamento che ne determinano il comportamento dinamico. Ci si prefigge l’obiettivo di studiare, con l’ausilio di prove sperimentali, il comportamento vibratorio del sistema, al fine di realizzare un modello agli elementi finiti che ne simuli il funzionamento e che sia impiegabile nella previsione degli effetti di modifiche strutturali e dinamiche.

Sviluppo e validazione di metodologie di analisi numerica per flussi cavitanti all'interno di iniettori ad alta pressione

Il continuo sviluppo dei sistemi di iniezione, rispondente ad aumento di performance unito alla riduzione delle emissioni inquinanti, evidenzia sempre più la necessità di studiare i fenomeni cavitanti che si instaurano all’interno degli iniettori. La cavitazione, infatti, se particolarmente intensa e prolungata nel tempo porta all’erosione del materiale con la conseguente rottura dell’organo elettromeccanico. Attraverso un confronto tra le diverse tipologie di fori iniettore, si è messa a punto una metodologia di analisi per prevedere quali siano le zone dell’iniettore a maggior rischio di danneggiamento per erosione da cavitazione e quale sia l’influenza della geometria su queste. Lo studio è stato effettuato con il software commerciale FLUENT, codice di simulazione fluidodinamica di ANSYS.

Valutazione sperimentale della resistenza a fatica di elementi albero-mozzo accoppiati per interferenza

Esposizione dell’attività di laboratorio basata sullo svolgimento di prove sperimentali di resistenza a fatica su accoppiamenti albero-mozzo realizzati mediante calettamento forzato con riscaldamento in forno del mozzo, con l’obiettivo di determinare l’influenza di tale tipo di accoppiamento sulla vita a fatica del componente. Gli accoppiamenti albero – mozzo, anche detti collegamenti forzati, sono collegamenti fissi o semi–permanenti utilizzati per unire due organi tra loro che permettono di trasmettere elevate forze tangenziali anche con interferenze non elevate, realizzando un’unione sicura, quanto quella ottenibile con linguetta o chiavetta. Inoltre l’assenza di masse esterne non genera squilibri dinamici. Il lavoro di sperimentazione in laboratorio è stato preceduto da uno studio mediante modellatore FEM. I risultati ottenuti dallo studio per mezzo di Ansys Workbench 12.0 sono stati il punto di partenza della sperimentazione, la quale è stata effettuata con l’obiettivo di verificare la validità dei risultati ottenuti mediante modellatore.

Hydrodynamic induced by an array of wave energy converters. Experimental and numerical analysis

The thesis analyses the hydrodynamic induced by an array of Wave energy Converters (WECs), under an experimental and numerical point of view. WECs can be considered an innovative solution able to contribute to the green energy supply and –at the same time– to protect the rear coastal area under marine spatial planning considerations. This research activity essentially rises due to this combined concept. The WEC under exam is a floating device belonging to the Wave Activated Bodies (WAB) class. Experimental data were performed at Aalborg University in different scales and layouts, and the performance of the models was analysed under a variety of irregular wave attacks. The numerical simulations performed with the codes MIKE 21 BW and ANSYS-AQWA. Experimental results were also used to calibrate the numerical parameters and/or to directly been compared to numerical results, in order to extend the experimental database. Results of the research activity are summarized in terms of device performance and guidelines for a future wave farm installation. The device length should be “tuned” based on the local climate conditions. The wave transmission behind the devices is pretty high, suggesting that the tested layout should be considered as a module of a wave farm installation. Indications on the minimum inter-distance among the devices are provided. Furthermore, a CALM mooring system leads to lower wave transmission and also larger power production than a spread mooring. The two numerical codes have different potentialities. The hydrodynamics around single and multiple devices is obtained with MIKE 21 BW, while wave loads and motions for a single moored device are derived from ANSYS-AQWA. Combining the experimental and numerical it is suggested –for both coastal protection and energy production– to adopt a staggered layout, which will maximise the devices density and minimize the marine space required for the installation.

Design of a GNSS receiver for the ESEO mission

This thesis was carried out inside the ESA's ESEO mission and focus in the design of one of the secondary payloads carried on board the spacecraft: a GNSS receiver for orbit determination. The purpose of this project is to test the technology of the orbit determination in real time applications by using commercial components. The architecture of the receiver includes a custom part, the navigation computer, and a commercial part, the front-end, from Novatel, with COCOM limitation removed, and a GNSS antenna. This choice is motivated by the goal of demonstrating the correct operations in orbit, enabling a widespread use of this technology while lowering the cost and time of the device’s assembly. The commercial front-end performs GNSS signal acquisition, tracking and data demodulation and provides raw GNSS data to the custom computer. This computer processes this raw observables, that will be both transferred to the On-Board Computer and then transmitted to Earth and provided as input to the recursive estimation filter on-board, in order to obtain an accurate positioning of the spacecraft, using the dynamic model. The main purpose of this thesis, is the detailed design and development of the mentioned GNSS receiver up to the ESEO project Critical Design Review, including requirements definition, hardware design and breadboard preliminary test phase design.

Studio di fattibilità di una nuova tipologia di argano per il sollevamento di carichi nel settore off-shore

Studio di una nuova tipologia di argano per il sollevamento di carichi nel settore off-shore. In particolare, un argano funzionalmente identico ad uno in fase di realizzazione in azienda è stato modellato al CAD 3D e verificato strutturalmente utilizzando Ansys Workbench, software adatto per analisi F.E.M.. Ottenuti i risultati, ne è stato fatto un confronto con quelli relativi all'argano esistente (argano di ‟Moho‟); nello specifico sono stati comparati gli stress ottenuti nelle varie parti dei due argani (tamburo, spalla, flange, alette di rinforzo, albero) in seguito all‟applicazione di 4 casi di carico differenti (E‟, E‟‟, P‟, P‟‟).

Entwicklung eines schnellen, piezobasierten Frequenztuners für supraleitende CH-Kavitäten

Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde ein schnelles, piezobasiertes Frequenztuningsystem für aktuelle sowie zukünftige supraleitende (sl) CH-Kavitäten entwickelt. Die Grundlage des hierbei verwendeten Tuningkonzepts unterscheidet sich von bisherigen, konventionellen Tuningmethoden supraleitender Kavitäten grundlegend. Zum Ausgleichen von unerwünschten Frequenzverstimmungen während des Beschleunigerbetriebes werden sogenannte bewegliche Balgtuner in das Innere der Resonatorgeometrie geschweißt. Aufgrund ihrer variablen Länge können diese die Kapazität der Kavität und somit die Resonanzfrequenz gezielt beeinflussen. Die Antriebsmechanik, die für die Auslenkung bzw. Stauchung der Balgtuner sorgt, besteht aus einer langsamen, schrittmotorbetriebenen und einer schnellen, piezobasierten Tuningeinheit, welche auf der Außenseite des Heliummantels der jeweiligen CH-Kavität installiert wird. Zur Überprüfung dieses neuartigen Tuningkonzepts wurde in der Werkstatt des Instituts für Angewandte Physik (IAP) der Goethe Universität Frankfurt ein Prototyp der gesamten Tuningeinheit aus Edelstahl gefertigt. Die Funktionsweise der langsamen sowie schnellen Tuningeinheit konnten hierbei in ersten Messungen bei Raumtemperatur erfolgreich getestet werden. Somit stellt die in dieser Arbeit entwickelte Tuningeinheit eine vielversprechende Möglichkeit des dynamischen Frequenztunings supraleitender CH-Strukturen dar. rnDes Weiteren wurden im Rahmen der Arbeit mit Hilfe der Simulationsprogramme ANSYS Workbench sowie CST MicroWave Studio gekoppelte strukturmechanische und elektromagnetische Simulationen der sl 217 MHz CH sowie der sl 325 MHz CH-Kavität durchgeführt. Hierbei konnte zum einen der Frequenzbereich und somit der notwendige mechanische Hub der jeweiligen Tuningeinheit durch Bestimmung der Frequenzverstimmungen signifikant reduziert werden. Zum anderen war es möglich, die mechanische Stabilität der beiden Kavitäten zu untersuchen und somit plastische Deformationen von vornherein auszuschließen. Zur Überprüfung der Genauigkeit sämtlicher getätigter Simulationsrechnungen wurde das strukturmechanische Verhalten in Abhängigkeit äußerer Einflüsse und die daraus resultierenden Frequenzverstimmungen der CH-Kavitäten sowohl bei Raumtemperatur als auch bei kryogenen Temperaturen von 4.2 K gemessen. Hierbei zeigten sich zum Teil hervorragende Übereinstimmungen zwischen den simulierten und gemessenen Werten mit Diskrepanzen von unter 10%. Mit Hilfe dieser Ergebnisse konnte gezeigt werden, dass die gekoppelte Simulation ein essentielles Werkzeug während der Entwicklungsphase einer supraleitenden Beschleunigungsstruktur darstellt, so dass die für den Betrieb erforderliche mechanische Stabilität einer supraleitenden Kavität erreicht werden kann. rn