Immunolocalization and pathological alterations following Strongyloides venezuelensis infection in the lungs and the intestine of MHC class I or II deficient mice

The present study, investigated the mechanisms involved in the immune responses of Major Histocompatibility Complex class I or class II knockout mice, following Strongyloides venezuelensis infection. Wild-type C57BL/6 (WT), MHC II(-/-) and MHC I(-/-) mice were individually inoculated with 3000 larvae (U) of S. venezuelensis and sacrificed on days 1, 3, 5, 8, 13 and 21 post-infection (p.i.). Samples of blood, lungs and small intestines were collected. The tissue samples were stained with hematoxylineosin for the pathological analysis. The presence of the parasite was demonstrated by immunoperoxidase analysis. MHC II(-/-) mice presented a significantly higher number of adult worms recovered from the small intestine on day 5 p.i. and presented elevated numbers of eggs in the feces. The infection by S. venezuelensis was completely eliminated 13 days after infection in WT as well as in MHC I(-/-) mice. In MHC II(-/-) mice, eggs and adult worms were still found on day 21 p.i., however, there was a significant reduction in their numbers. In the lung, the parasite was observed in MHC I(-/-) on day 1 p.i. and in MHC II(-/-) mice on days 1 and 5 p.i. In the small intestine of WT mice, a larger number of parasites were observed on day 8 p.i. and their absence was observed after day 13 p.i. Through immunohistochemistry analysis, the parasite was detected in the duodenum of WT on days 5 and 8 p.i., and in knockout mice on days 5, 8 and 13 p.i.; as well as in posterior portions of the small intestine in MHC I(-/-) and MHC II(-/-) on day 13 p.i., a finding which was not observed in WT mice. We concluded that immunohistochemistry analysis contributed to a more adequate understanding of the parasite localization in immunodeficient hosts and that the findings aid in the interpretation of immunopathogenesis in Strongyloides infection. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

TNF-alpha Infusion Impairs Corpora Cavernosa Reactivity

Introduction. Erectile dysfunction (ED), as well as cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), is associated with endothelial dysfunction and increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). Aim. We hypothesized that increased TNF-alpha levels impair cavernosal function. Methods. In vitro organ bath studies were used to measure cavernosal reactivity in mice infused with vehicle or TNF-alpha-(220 ng/kg/min) for 14 days. Gene expression of nitric oxide synthase isoforms was evaluated by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results. Cavernosal strips from the TNF-alpha-infused mice displayed decreased nonadrenergic-noncholinergic (NANC)-induced relaxation (59.4 +/- 6.2 vs. control: 76.2 +/- 4.7; 16 Hz) compared with the control animals. These responses were associated with decreased gene expression of eNOS and nNOS (P < 0.05). Sympathetic-mediated, as well as phenylephrine (PE)-induced, contractile responses (PE-induced contraction; 1.32 +/- 0.06 vs. control: 0.9 +/- 0.09, mN) were increased in cavernosal strips from TNF-alpha-infused mice. Additionally, infusion of TNF-alpha increased cavernosal responses to endothelin-1 and endothelin receptor A subtype (ET(A)) receptor expression (P < 0.05) and slightly decreased tumor necrosis factor-alpha receptor 1 (TNFRI) expression (P=0.063). Conclusion. Corpora cavernosa from TNF-alpha-infused mice display increased contractile responses and decreased NANC nerve-mediated relaxation associated with decreased eNOS and nNOS gene expression. There changes may trigger ED and indicate that TNF-alpha plays a detrimental role in erectile function. Blockade of TNF-alpha actions may represent an alternative therapeutic approach for ED, especially in pathologic conditions associated with increased levels of this cytokine. Carneiro FS, Zemse S, Giachini FRC, Carneiro ZN, Lima W, Clinton Webb R, and Tostes RC. TNF-alpha infusion impairs corpora cavernosa reactivity. J Sex Med 2009;6(suppl 3):311-319.

Pitfalls in the Differential Diagnosis of Renal Tumor in an Adolescent

The differential diagnosis of renal tumors, particularly in adolescents, may be challenging. We describe an 11-year-old female with a primary intra-renal mass. Initial differential diagnoses included primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET), desmoplastic small round cell tumor (DSRCT), and Wilms Turner (WT). Extensive pathologic and molecular analysis on initial and relapsed tumor samples confirmed WT. The EWS-WTI and EWS-FL11 rearrange-merits, distinctive of DSRCT and PNET were negative. The differential diagnosis on monophasic blastemal WT may be complex. Primary renal DSRCT and MET have been rarely described. Nevertheless, molecular confirmation for these rare conditions may be necessary in selected cases. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2010;54:3 19-321. (C) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Tactile threshold detection in leprosy patients with an electronic algometer

Objective: To propose an electronic method for sensitivity evaluation in leprosy and to compare it to the Semmes-Weinstein monofilaments. Methods:Thirty patients attending the Dermatology outpatient clinic of HCFMRP-USP were consecutively evaluated by both the electronic aesthesiometer and Semmes-Weinstein monofilaments on hand and foot test points. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was calculated to determine the variability of the electronic measures and the Kappa coefficient was calculated to determine the agreement between methods according to their categories (altered and non-altered tactile sensitivity). Results: The ICC was approximately 1, demonstrating repeatability. The Kappa coefficient showed more than 75 and 63% agreement on the hand and foot points, respectively. The mean agreement between the 2 methods for the 7 points of the right and left hand was 77.14 and 75.71%, respectively. The mean agreement for all 10 points was 74.33 and 63.66% on the right and left foot, respectively. In cases of disagreement the detection of altered tactile sensitivity by the electronic esthesiometer on the right and left foot was 90.91 and 84.25%, respectively, with no detection by the monofilaments. Conclusion: The results suggest that the electronic esthesiometer is a reliable and easy application, capable of evaluating alterations of tactile sensitivity in leprosy patients. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Electrocardiographic parameters of captive lions (Panthera leo) and tigers (Panthera tigris) immobilized with ketamine plus xylazine

Twenty-seven healthy captive lions (Panthera leo) and 13 healthy captive tigers (Panthera tigris) from S to Paulo Zoo (Fundacao Parque Zoologico de Rio Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil) collection were selected for this study. They were anesthetized with ketamine (10 mg/kg) combined with xylazine (1-2 mg/kg) for physical examinations. hematologic and serum chemical analysis and electrocardiogram recording. The main aim of this research was to gather initial information about normal electrocardiographic parameters of large felids. Standard P-QRS-T deflections on leads described for domestic carnivores were analyzed, and they did not greatly differ from those of large felids. taking into account the greater weight and corporal mass of large felids. Heart rate of lions ranged frorn 42 to 76 beats per minute (bpm). Heart rate of tigers ranged from 56 to 97 bpm. In both species, the most common rhythm detected was normal sinus rhythm followed by sinus arrhythmia: wandering, pacemaker was also observed with normal sinus rhythm or sinus arrhythmia. Mean electrical axis lay between +60 degrees and +120 degrees. QRS complexes were predominantly positive in leads DI, DII, DIII, and AVF and negative in AVR and AVL. This Study provides insights into normal electrocardiograms of large felids. Wider investigations on the same subject arc necessary to establish criteria for the recognition of abnormalities in these species and should include other anesthetic drug(s) combinations and reports of electrocardiographic features of animals with cardiac disease and electrolytes disturbances.

Short-term urea feeding decreases in vitro hatching of bovine blastocysts

Cows fed high-protein diets may have impaired reproductive performance. Although the pathogenesis has not been completely elucidated, it appears that not only the uterus, but also the follicle and oocyte, are affected by excessive plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) concentrations. Thus, the objective was to determine the effects of short-term urea feeding on the competence of bovine oocytes. Forty crossbred heifers (Bos indicus vs Bos taurus) were allocated to two groups, namely CONTROL (maintenance diet) and UREA (maintenance diet supplemented with 75 g of urea/day), following a cross-over design. Heifers received their respective diets for 6 d (without adaptation). On the sixth day, blood samples were harvested both before and 3 h after feeding, and cumulus oocyte complexes (COCs) were collected by ovum pick-up. Although PUN concentrations were higher in UREA than CONTROL heifers (31.31 mg/dL +/- 1.13 vs 22.12 mg/dL +/- 0.86; mean +/- SEM), neither the number of COCs recovered (8.8 +/- 1.0 vs 9.2 +/- 0.8, UREA vs CONTROL, respectively) nor their quality (based on morphology) differed significantly between groups. Next, oocytes were fertilized and cultured in vitro to assess developmental rates. There was an absence of significant differences between groups for rates of cleavage (Day 3) or blastocyst formation (Days 6, 7 and 9), but the hatched blastocyst rate on Day 11 after fertilization was lower (P < 0.05) in the UREA than the CONTROL groups (64.3 vs 83.5%). Therefore, we inferred that the effects of urea were only manifest later in development. In conclusion, high PUN concentrations decreased oocyte competence in heifers, reinforcing the hypothesis that poor reproductive performance in cows with high PUN was due, at least in part, to a deleterious effect on oocytes. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Haplotypes of the bovine IgG2 heavy gamma chain in tick-resistant and tick-susceptible breeds of cattle

Bovines present contrasting, heritable phenotypes of infestations with the cattle tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Tick salivary glands produce IgG-binding proteins (IGBPs) as a mechanism for escaping from host antibodies that these ectoparasites ingest during blood meals. Allotypes that occur in the constant region of IgG may differ in their capacity to bind with tick IGBPs; this may be reflected by the distribution of distinct allotypes according to phenotypes of tick infestations. In order to test this hypothesis, we investigated the frequency of haplotypes of bovine IgG2 among tick-resistant and tick-susceptible breeds of bovines. Sequencing of the gene coding for the heavy chain of IgG2 from 114 tick-resistant (Bos taurus indicus, Nelore breed) and tick-susceptible (B. t. taurus, Holstein breed) bovines revealed SNPs that generated 13 different haplotypes, of which 11 were novel and 5 were exclusive of Holstein and 3 of Nelore breeds. Alignment and modeling of coded haplotypes for hinge regions of the bovine IgG2 showed that they differ in the distribution of polar and hydrophobic amino acids and in shape according to the distribution of these amino acids. We also found that there was an association between genotypes of the constant region of the IgG2 heavy chain with phenotypes of tick infestations. These findings open the possibility of investigating if certain IgG allotypes hinder the function of tick IGBPs. If so, they may be markers for breeding for resistance against tick infestations.

Novel molecular sieve silica (MSS) membranes: characterisation and permeation of single-step and two-step sol-gel membranes

High quality MSS membranes were synthesised by a single-step and two-step catalysed hydrolyses employing tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS), absolute ethanol (EtOH), I M nitric acid (HNO3) and distilled water (H2O). The Si-29 NMR results showed that the two-step xerogels consistently had more contribution of silanol groups (Q(3) and Q(2)) than the single-step xerogel. According to the fractal theory, high contribution of Q(2) and Q(3) species are responsible for the formation of weakly branched systems leading to low pore volume of microporous dimension. The transport of diffusing gases in these membranes is shown to be activated as the permeance increased with temperature. Albeit the permeance of He for both single-step and two-step membranes are very similar, the two-step membranes permselectivity (ideal separation factor) for He/CO2 (69-319) and He/CH4 (585-958) are one to two orders of magnitude higher than the single-step membranes results of 2-7 and 69, respectively. The two-step membranes have high activation energy for He and H-2 permeance, in excess of 16 kJ mol(-1). The mobility energy for He permeance is three to six-fold higher for the two-step than the single-step membranes. As the mobility energy is higher for small pores than large pores and coupled with the permselectivity results, the two-step catalysed hydrolysis sol-gel process resulted in the formation of pore sizes in the region of 3 Angstrom while the single-step process tended to produce slightly larger pores. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

O censo Suas como processo de aprimoramento e institucionaliza????o da pol??tica de assist??ncia social no Brasil

O Censo Suas ?? um processo de monitoramento que coleta dados por meio de um formul??rio eletr??nico preenchido pelas secretarias e conselhos de Assist??ncia Social. ?? realizado anualmente desde 2007, por meio de uma a????o integrada entre a Secretaria de Assist??ncia Social e a Secretaria de Avalia????o e Gest??o da Informa????o. Esse processo alcan??ou sua maturidade com a incorpora????o de novos question??rios para a coleta de informa????es sobre ??rg??os gestores, Conselhos e entidades privadas de Assist??ncia Social. Em 2010, 99,2% dos munic??pios preencheram 28.519 question??rios. Assim, a Assist??ncia Social aprimorou seu processo de tomada de decis??o, expandindo a rede e a cobertura dos servi??os. Com os indicadores e as metas de desenvolvimento dos Centros de Refer??ncia de Assist??ncia Social (Cras), apurados com base no Censo, foram retroalimentados a????es e projetos de assist??ncia social, institu??dos processos gradativos de adequa????o dos servi??os ??s normas e constitu??dos processos de planejamento para melhoria da gest??o e do controle social do Sistema ??nico de Assist??ncia Social (Suas)

Programa caminho da escola

O Fundo Nacional de Desenvolvimento da Educa????o (FNDE) concebeu o modelo do Programa Caminho da Escola almejando uma solu????o aos problemas enfrentados no ??mbito do transporte escolar. Desde o princ??pio, o programa procurou alcan??ar resultados concretos e eficientes para transpor as conhecidas dificuldades de ve??culos que trafegam na zona rural e enfrentam condi????es severas de opera????o como vias sem asfaltamento, com poeira, lama, buracos, pontes prec??rias e mata-burros, assim como as embarca????es, que navegam com estiagens e enchentes por rios caudalosos e com grande incid??ncia de troncos e galhos, sem p??er para atraca????o. A fim de facilitar esse processo de melhoria da gest??o de transporte escolar, foi disponibilizada aos munic??pios, estados e Distrito Federal uma linha de cr??dito do Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Econ??mico Social (BNDES) com menores juros de mercado e extenso prazo para quita????o, facultando-lhes um modelo de compras que -reduziu expressivamente os custos e lhes isentou do processo licitat??rio para a aquisi????o de ve??culos que atendem rigidamente a especifica????es pr??prias e que contam com chancela de qualidade e conformidade

Reestrutura????o e expans??o do ensino superior p??blico: o programa Reuni na Universidade Federal do Cear?? sob a vis??o dos alunos

Com a institui????o do Programa de Apoio ao Plano de Reestrutura????o e Expans??o das Universidades Federais (Reuni), o governo federal tenta criar condi????es para ampliar o acesso e a perman??ncia dos estudantes na educa????o superior. Nesse contexto, esta pesquisa objetiva investigar a percep????o dos estudantes dos dez centros acad??micos da Universidade Federal do Cear?? (UFC), regularmente matriculados no 2?? semestre de 2008, em rela????o ao Reuni e ?? proposta de ades??o da UFC ao mencionado programa, a partir de uma perspectiva mercadol??gica. Para a determina????o da amostra de entrevistados foi utilizada a f??rmula de Cochran, para popula????es finitas, e amostras aleat??rias estratificadas, resultando em uma amostra de 378 estudantes para um n??vel de confian??a de 95%. Foram utilizadas vari??veis que influenciam o comportamento do p??blico-alvo, tais como renda, grupo social e idade, com foco no marketing educacional. Trata-se de uma pesquisa quantitativa quanto ?? sua natureza, descritiva quanto aos fins e realizada mediante survey. Constatou-se grande desconhecimento sobre o Reuni ??? 50,5% dos entrevistados nunca ouviram falar sobre o programa. Percebeu-se ainda que os estudantes que possuem uma atitude negativa sobre o Reuni aprovam o conte??do da proposta da UFC, da mesma maneira que os estudantes que n??o possuem essa atitude.

Find It - An Assistant Home Agent

Cognitive impaired population face with innumerable problems in their daily life. Surprisingly, they are not provided with any help to perform those tasks for which they have difficulties. As a consequence, it is necessary to develop systems that allow those people to live independently and autonomously. Living in a technological era, people could take advantage of the available technology, being provided with some solutions to their needs. This paper presents a platform that assists users with remembering where their possessions are. Mainly, an object recognition process together with an intelligent scheduling applications are integrated in an Ambient Assisted Living (AAL) environment.

Procura distribuída de soluções com restrições locais e globais

Esta dissertação aborda a procura distribuída de soluções baseando-se em cenários cuja informação não esteja totalmente disponível, por não ser possível ou mesmo porque não é desejável. Os dois tipos de problemas abordados neste trabalho são: i) o problema de atribuição de tarefas, e ii) o problema de agendamento de eventos. O problema de atribuição de tarefas é ilustrado num cenário de catástrofe (atribuição de incêndios a bombeiros) cujos agentes tentam encontrar a melhor solução global de acordo com as capacidades de cada um. O problema do agendamento de eventos com múltiplos recursos, ocorre numa organiza- ção que pretende maximizar o valor do tempo dos seus empregados, enquanto preserva o valor individual (privacidade) atribuído ao evento (valor da importância relativa do evento). Estes problemas são explorados para confrontar os dois tipos de abordagem na sua resolução: centralizada e distribuída. Os problemas são formulados para resolução de maneira distribuída e centralizada, de modo a evidenciar as suas características e as situações em que fará mais sentido a utilização de cada abordagem. O desempenho a nível de tempo de execução e consumo de memória, bem como o conceito de privacidade são os pontos considerados no comparativo das abordagens centralizada e distribuída. Para analisar o problema de atribuição de tarefas e o problema de agendamento de eventos, é proposto um modelo que integra dois tipos de formulação de problemas distribuídos, e que utiliza um algoritmo distribuído para a resolução dos mesmos.

Demanda de serviço de saúde comunitária na periferia de área metropolitana

Para melhor conhecer o conteúdo da assistência ambulatórial em Assistência Primária à Saúde, procedeu-se a um estudo com uma amostra de 4.319 atendimentos, representando 7% da população atendida de março de 1985 a março de 1986. O estudo foi realizado na Unidade Sanitária Murialdo (SSMA), localizada na Vila São José, na periferia de Porto Alegre, RS (Brasil). O sexo feminino ocupou 67% do total de atendimentos. A composição etária esteve mais significativamente representada por crianças até 10 anos (37%) e mulheres em idade fértil (21%). As vinte primeiras razões de encontro corresponderam a 63% do total, e a razão principal de procura do serviço foi para renovação de receitas e pedido de medicamentos (9,3%). De todos os diagnósticos do estudo, os vinte primeiros correponderam a 61%, sendo que hipertensão arterial sistêmica (8,8%), infecções de vias aéreas superiores (7,8%) e imunizações (5,5%) foram os mais freqüentes. O procedimento mais realizado foi fornecer, prescrever ou administrar medicação. Foram encaminhadas 7,3% do total das pessoas atendidas, mais da metade (5,0%) para profissionais do próprio serviço e apenas 0,6% foram encaminhadas para hospitalização. Estes dados, acrescidos daqueles de pesquisas que captaram os aspectos de morbi-mortalidade não facilmente obtidos em estudos de demanda, poderiam servir para orientar o planejamento dos serviços sanitários e treinamento de pessoal.

Freqüência de anticorpos anti-Cysticercus cellulosae em indivíduos de cinco municípios da região Norte do Estado do Paraná - Brasil

Realizou-se inquérito sorológico e epidemiológico para cisticercose em indivíduos de cinco municípios da região Norte do Estado do Paraná, Brasil. De 2.180 indivíduos investigados através da reação de imunofluorescência indireta, 69 (3,2%) apresentaram títulos significativos de anticorpos anti-Cysticercus cellulosae. Os percentuais de indivíduos com títulos significativos encontrados em Sarandi (6,6%) e Marialva (4,7%) não diferem estatisticamente (Z=1.319, P=0,0936), mas diferem dos percentuais encontrados em Mandaguaçu, Paiçandu e Maringá (P<0,01). Destes indivíduos, 47,9% estavam na faixa etária de 21 a 49 anos e 79,4% eram do sexo feminino. Foi comum o relato de queixas como "dores de cabeça" (70,6%), "tonturas" (57,4%) e "convulsões" (7,4%), além de história de teníase (22,1%) e hábitos de ingestão de carne crua bovina (41,2%) ou suína (27,9%) e carne com "canjiquinha" (25,0%).