Influência do triptofano, da fluoxetina e da paraclorofenilalanina no desenvolvimento inicial e na sobrevivência de larvas de matrinxã

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Papel da serotonina no comportamento defensivo do paulistinha (Danio rerio Hamilton 1822) adulto: Diferenças entre modelos comportamentais, linhagens, e efeitos do estresse predatório agudo

Os transtornos de ansiedade apresentam a maior incidência na população mundial dentre os transtornos psiquiátricos, e a eficácia clínica das drogas ansiolíticas é baixa, em parte devido ao desconhecimento acerca das bases neuroquímicas desses transtornos. Para uma compreensão mais ampla e evolutivamente substanciada desses fenômenos, a utilização de espécies filogeneticamente mais antigas pode ser uma aproximação interessante no campo da modelagem comportamental; assim, sugerimos o uso do paulistinha (Danio rerio Hamilton 1822) na tentativa de compreender a modulação de comportamentos tipo-ansiedade pelo sistema serotonérgico. Demonstramos que os níveis extracelulares de serotonina no encéfalo de paulistinhas adultos expostos ao teste de preferência claro/escuro [PCE] (mas não ao teste de distribuição vertical eliciada pela novidade [DVN]) apresentam-se elevados em relação a animais manipulados mas não expostos aos aparatos. Além disso, os níveis teciduais de serotonina no rombencéfalo e no prosencéfalo são elevados pela exposição ao PCE, enquanto no mesencéfalo são elevados pela exposição ao DVN. Os níveis extracelulares de serotonina estão correlacionados negativamente com a geotaxia no DVN, e positivamente com a escototaxia, tigmotaxia e a avaliação de risco no PCE. O tratamento agudo com uma dose baixa de fluoxetina (2,5 mg/kg) aumenta a escototaxia, a tigmotaxia e a avaliação de risco no PCE, diminui a geotaxia e o congelamento e facilita a habituação no DVN. O tratamento com buspirona diminui a escototaxia, a tigmotaxia e o congelamento nas doses de 25 e 50 mg/kg no PCE, e diminui a avaliação de risco na dose de 50 mg/kg; no DVN, ambas as doses diminuem a geotaxia, enquanto somente a maior dose diminui o congelamento e facilita a habituação. O tratamento com WAY 100635 diminui a escototaxia nas doses de 0,003 e 0,03 mg/kg, enquanto somente a dose de 0,03 mg/kg diminui a tigmotaxia e a avaliação de risco no PCE. No DVN, ambas as doses diminuem a geotaxia, enquanto somente a menor dose facilita a habituação e aumenta o tempo em uma “base” (“homebase”). O tratamento com SB 224289 não produziu efeitos sobre a escototaxia, mas aumentou a avaliação de risco na dose de 2,5 mg/kg; no DVN, essa droga diminuiu a geotaxia e o nado errático nas doses de 2,5 e 5 mg/kg, enquanto a dose de 2,5 mg/kg aumentou a formação de “bases”. O tratamento com DL-para-clorofenilalanina (2 injeções de 300 mg/kg, separadas por 24 horas) diminuiu a escototaxia, a tigmotaxia e a avaliação de risco no PCE, aumentou a geotaxia e a formação de bases e diminuiu a habituação no DVN. Quando os animais são pré-expostos a uma “substância de alarme” co-específica, observa-se um aumento nos níveis extracelulares de serotonina associados a um aumento na escototaxia, congelamento e nado errático no PCE; os efeitos comportamentais e neuroquímicos foram bloqueados pelo pré tratamento com fluoxetina (2,5 mg/kg), mas não pelo pré-tratamento com WAY 100,635 (0,003 mg/kg). Animais da linhagem leopard apresentam maior escototaxia e avaliação de risco no PCE, assim como níveis teciduais elevados de serotonina no encéfalo; o fenótipo comportamental é resgatado pelo tratamento com fluoxetina (5 mg/kg). Esses dados sugerem que o sistema serotonérgico dessa espécie modula o comportamento no DVN e no PCE de forma oposta; que a resposta de medo produzida pela substância de alarme também parece aumentar a atividade do sistema serotonérgico, um efeito possivelmente mediado pelos transportadores de serotonina, e ao menos um fenótipo mutante de alta ansiedade também está associado a esses transportadores. Sugere-se que, de um ponto de vista funcional, a serotonina aumenta a ansiedade e diminui o medo em paulistinhas.

Serotonergic modulation in neuropathy induced by oxaliplatin: Effect on the 5HT(2C) receptor

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

The time course of aggressive behaviour in juvenile matrinxa Brycon amazonicus fed with dietary L-tryptophan supplementation

This study evaluated the influence of dietary L-tryptophan (TRP) supplementation on the time course of aggressive behaviour and on neuroendocrine and hormonal indicators in juvenile matrinxA Brycon amazonicus. Supplementation with TRP promoted a change in the fight pattern at the beginning of an interaction with an intruder, resulting in decreased aggressive behaviours during the first 20min. The decrease in aggression did not persist throughout the interaction but increased at 3 and 6h after the beginning of the fight. Monoamine levels in the hypothalamus were not influenced by TRP before or after the fight; however, the hypothalamic serotonin (5-HT) concentration and the 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid (5HIAA):5-HT ratio were significantly correlated with the reduction in aggressive behaviour at the beginning of the fight. Cortisol was not altered by TRP before the fight. After the fight cortisol increased to higher levels in B. amazonicus fed with supplementary TRP. These results indicate that TRP supplementation alters the aggressive behaviour of B. amazonicus and that this effect is limited to the beginning of the fight, suggesting a transient effect of TRP on aggressive behaviour. This is the first study reporting the effects of TRP supplementation on the time course of aggressive interaction in fishes. (C) 2013 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles

The median raphe nucleus in anxiety revisited

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Influência da ingestão do triptofano dietético sobre a preferência na escolha do macho pela fêmea, auto-balanceamento da dieta e desempenho zootécnico em tilápia-do-Nilo e Pirapitinga

Pós-graduação em Aquicultura - FCAV

Antidepressant treatment decreases daily salt intake and prevents heart dysfunction following subchronic aortic regurgitation in rats

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Perivascular adipose tissue and vascular responses in healthy trained rats

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Ayahuasca alters structural parameters of the rat aorta

Ayahuasca is a hallucinogenic brew traditionally used by Northwestern Amazonian indigenous groups for therapeutic purposes. It is prepared by the decoction of Banisteriopsis caapi with the leaves of Psychotria viridis. Banisteriopsis caapi contains β-carbolines that are inhibitors of monoamine oxidase and P. viris is rich in dimethyltryptamine, a 5-HT(1A/2A/2C) agonist. Acute ayahuasca administration produces moderate cardiovascular effects in healthy volunteers, but information regarding long-term use is lacking. This study investigated the effects of ayahuasca (2-4 mL/kg) in the rat aorta after acute and chronic (14 days) administration. Ayahuasca caused flattening and stretching of vascular smooth muscle cells and changes in the arrangement and distribution of collagen and elastic fibers. Chronic treatment with the higher dose significantly increased media thickness and the ratio of media thickness to lumen diameter. More research is needed on the cardiovascular function of long-term ayahuasca consumers.

Social challenge increases cortisol and hypothalamic monoamine levels in matrinxã (Brycon amazonicus)

The neural circuitry for social behavior and aggression appears to be evolutionarily conserved across the vertebrate subphylum and involves a complex neural network that includes the hypothalamus as a key structure. In the present study, we evaluated the changes in monoamine levels in the hypothalamus and on serum cortisol and plasma glucose of resident matrinxã (Brycon amazonicus) submitted to a social challenge (introduction of an intruder in their territory). The fight promoted a significant increase in hypothalamic 5-HT, NA and DA levels and on the metabolites 5-HIAA and DOPAC, and decreased 5-HIAA/5-HT and DOPAC/DA ratios in resident fish. Furthermore, an increase in serum cortisol and plasma glucose was also observed after the fight. Resident fish presented a high aggressiveness even with increased 5-HT levels in the hypothalamus. The alteration in hypothalamic monoaminergic activity of matrinxã suggests that this diencephalic region is involved in aggression and stress modulation in fish; however, it does not exclude the participation of other brain areas not tested here.

Papel do tecido adiposo perivascular em aorta de ratos treinados e alimentados com dieta hiperlipídica

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Inhibition of iNOS induces antidepressant-like effects in mice: Pharmacological and genetic evidence

Recent evidence has suggested that systemic administration of non-selective NOS inhibitors induces antidepressant-like effects in animal models. However, the precise involvement of the different NOS isoforms (neuronal-nNOS and inducible-iNOS) in these effects has not been clearly defined yet. Considering that mediators of the inflammatory response, that are able to induce iNOS expression, can be increased by exposure to stress, the aim of the present study was to investigate iNOS involvement in stress-induced behavioral consequences in the forced swimming test (FST), an animal model sensitive to antidepressant drugs. Therefore, we investigated the effects induced by systemic injection of aminoguanidine (preferential iNOS inhibitor), 1400W (selective iNOS inhibitor) or n-propyl-L-arginine (NPA, selective nNOS inhibitor) in mice submitted to the FST. We also investigated the behavior of mice with genetic deletion of iNOS (knockout) submitted to the FST. Aminoguanidine significantly decreased the immobility time (IT) in the FST. 1400W but not NPA, when administered at equivalent doses considering the magnitude of their Ki values for iNOS and nNOS, respectively, reduced the IT, thus suggesting that aminoguanidine-induced effects would be due to selective iNOS inhibition. Similarly, iNOS KO presented decreased IT in the FST when compared to wild-type mice. These results are the first to show that selective inhibition of iNOS or its knockdown induces antidepressant-like effects, therefore suggesting that iNOS-mediated NO synthesis is involved in the modulation of stress-induced behavioral consequences. Moreover, they further support NO involvement in the neurobiology of depression. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Anxiety and Depression'. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

On Disruption of Fear Memory by Reconsolidation Blockade: Evidence from Cannabidiol Treatment

The search for reconsolidation blockers may uncover clinically relevant drugs for disrupting memories of significant stressful life experiences, such as those underlying the posttraumatic stress disorder. Considering the safety of systemically administered cannabidiol (CBD), the major non-psychotomimetic component of Cannabis sativa, to animals and humans, the present study sought to investigate whether and how this phytocannabinoid (3-30 mg/kg intraperitoneally; i.p.) could mitigate an established memory, by blockade of its reconsolidation, evaluated in a contextual fear-conditioning paradigm in rats. We report that CBD is able to disrupt 1- and 7-days-old memories when administered immediately, but not 6 h, after their retrieval for 3 min, with the dose of 10 mg/kg being the most effective. This effect persists in either case for at least 1 week, but is prevented when memory reactivation was omitted, or when the cannabinoid type-1 receptors were antagonized selectively with AM251 (1.0 mg/kg). Pretreatment with the serotonin type-1A receptor antagonist WAY100635, however, failed to block CBD effects. These results highlight that recent and older fear memories are equally vulnerable to disruption induced by CBD through reconsolidation blockade, with a consequent long-lasting relief in contextual fear-induced freezing. Importantly, this CBD effect is dependent on memory reactivation, restricted to time window of <6h, and is possibly dependent on cannabinoid type-1 receptor-mediated signaling mechanisms. We also observed that the fear memories disrupted by CBD treatment do not show reinstatement or spontaneous recovery over 22 days. These findings support the view that reconsolidation blockade, rather than facilitated extinction, accounts for the aforementioned CBD results in our experimental conditions. Neuropsychopharmacology (2012) 37, 2132-2142; doi:10.1038/npp.2012.63; published online 2 May 2012

Intrahippocampal injection of brain-derived neurotrophic factor increases anxiety-related, but not panic-related defensive responses: involvement of serotonin

Changes in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)mediated signaling in the hippocampus have been implicated in the etiology of depression and in the mode of action of antidepressant drugs. There is also evidence from animal studies to suggest that BDNF-induced changes in the hippocampus may play a role in another stress-related pathology: anxiety. However, it is still unknown whether this neurotrophin plays a differential role in defensive responses associated with distinguished subtypes of anxiety disorders found in the clinic, such as generalized anxiety and panic disorder. In the present study, we investigated the effect of an acute BDNF injection into the rat dorsal hippocampus (DH) on inhibitory avoidance acquisition and escape expression measured in the elevated T-maze (ETM). We also assessed whether serotonergic neurotransmission may account for such effects. Intra-DH BDNF injection (200 pg) facilitated inhibitory avoidance in ETM. BDNF was equally anxiogenic in the light/dark transition test. Preadministration of the 5-HT1A receptor antagonist WAY-100635 fully counteracted the anxiogenic effect of BDNF in both tests. Intra-DH midazolam administration (10 nmol) impaired avoidance acquisition in ETM, suggesting an anxiolytic effect. Therefore, in the DH, facilitation of BDNF signaling seems to enhance 5-HT1A receptor-mediated neurotransmission to exert an anxiogenic effect associated with generalized anxiety. Behavioural Pharmacology 23:80-88 (C) 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Anti-Aversive Effects of Cannabidiol on Innate Fear-Induced Behaviors Evoked by an Ethological Model of Panic Attacks Based on a Prey vs the Wild Snake Epicrates cenchria crassus Confrontation Paradigm

Several pharmacological targets have been proposed as modulators of panic-like reactions. However, interest should be given to other potential therapeutic neurochemical agents. Recent attention has been given to the potential anxiolytic properties of cannabidiol, because of its complex actions on the endocannabinoid system together with its effects on other neurotransmitter systems. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of cannabidiol on innate fear-related behaviors evoked by a prey vs predator paradigm. Male Swiss mice were submitted to habituation in an arena containing a burrow and subsequently pre-treated with intraperitoneal administrations of vehicle or cannabidiol. A constrictor snake was placed inside the arena, and defensive and non-defensive behaviors were recorded. Cannabidiol caused a clear anti-aversive effect, decreasing explosive escape and defensive immobility behaviors outside and inside the burrow. These results show that cannabidiol modulates defensive behaviors evoked by the presence of threatening stimuli, even in a potentially safe environment following a fear response, suggesting a panicolytic effect. Neuropsychopharmacology (2012) 37, 412-421; doi:10.1038/npp.2011.188; published online 14 September 2011