GPR applied to mapping utilities along the route of the Line 4 (yellow) subway tunnel construction in Sao Paulo City, Brazil

The rapid industrial development and disorganized population growth in huge cities bring about various urban problems due to intense use of physical space on and below the surface. Subsurface problems in metropolitan areas are caused by subway line construction, which often follows the routes of utility networks, such as electric and telephone cables, water and gas pipes, storm sewers, etc. Usually, the main problems are related to damage or destruction of preexisting utilities, often putting human lives at risk. With the purpose of minimizing risks. GPR-profiling with 200 MHz antennae was done at two sites, both located in downtown Sao Paulo, Brazil. The objectives of this work were to map utilities or existing infrastructure in the subsurface in order to orient the construction of the Line 4 (yellow) subway tunnel in Sao Paulo. GPR profiles can detect water pipes, utility networks in the subsurface, and concrete foundation columns or pilings in subsoil up to 2 m depth. In addition. the GPR profiles also provided details of the target shapes in the subsurface. GPR interpretations combined with lithological information from boreholes and trenches opened in the study areas were extremely important in mapping of the correct spatial distribution of buried utilities at these two sites in Sao Paulo. This information improves and updates maps of utility placement, serves as a basis for planning of the geotechnical excavation of the Line 4 (yellow) subway tunnel in Sao Paulo, helps minimize problems related to destruction of preexisting utilities in the subsoil, and avoids risk of dangerous accidents. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

TDEM survey in urban environmental for hydrogeological study at USP campus in Sao Paulo city, Brazil

In this work, some TDEM (Time Domain Electromagnetic) results at USP (University of Sao Paulo) campus in Sao Paulo city, Brazil, are presented. The data were acquired focusing on two mains objectives: (i) to map geoelectrical stratigraphy of Sao Paulo sedimentary basin, emphasizing on hydrogeological studies about sedimentary and crystalline aquifers, and (ii) to analyze the viability of TDEM data acquisition use in urban environment. The study area is located in Sao Paulo basin border, characterized by Resende and Sao Paulo formations, which are constituted by sand-clays sediments over a granite-gneissic basement. Two equipments were used in order to acquire database: Protem47 (low power), and Protem57-MK2 (high power). Capacitive noise affect obtained data with Protem47 due to the presence of metal pipes buried at IAG/USP (Institute of Astronomy, Geophysics, and Atmospheric Science) test site at USP. On the other hand, capacitive noise did not affect acquired data with Protem57-MK2, and the data present high signal to noise ratio. Surveys helped in determining sedimentary and crystalline aquifers, characterized by a fracture zone with water inside basin basement (conductive zone). Results show good agreement with local geology obtained from lithological boreholes located in the study areas. Moreover, it shows that TDEM method can be used in urban environments with a countless potential in hydrogeological studies, offering great reliability. Studies showed that main TDEM-method limitation at USP was the lack of space for opening the transmitter loop. Results are very promising and open new perspectives for TDEM-method use in urban environments as this area remains unexplored. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Escrubagem da bauxita de Paragominas - PA. Parte 1: influência de variáveis operacionais na desagregação da bauxita

The aim of this study was to investigate the bauxite scrubbing process on samples from Miltonia 3, a Vale operation in the State of Para, Brazil. The experimental program included the design of a standard laboratory test, from which parameters were derived for predicting the operation of a scrubber in steady state conditions. Three main variables were selected for the laboratory experimental program using the factorial design technique. These were load fraction, residence time and rotation speed. The amount of fines was determined through screening both the feed and the product of the scrubbing test. The former was considered to be a characteristic material, while the second was the dependent variable, i.e. the result of the scrubbing process. According to experiments, the load fraction was the most important variable for the scrubbing process.

Copper ore type definition from Sossego Mine using X-ray diffraction and cluster analysis technique

This paper presents the classification of 110 copper ore samples from Sossego Mine, based on X-ray diffraction and cluster analysis. The comparison based on the position and the intensity of the diffracted peaks allowed the distinction of seven ore types, whose differences refer to the proportion of major minerals: quartz, feldspar, actinolite, iron oxides, mica and chlorite. There was a strong correlation between the grouping and the location of the samples in Sequeirinho and Sossego orebodies. This relationship is due to different types and intensities of hydrothermal alteration prevailing in each body, which reflect the mineralogical composition and thus the X-ray diffractograms of samples.

Validação de novo amostrador de furos de desmonte para fins de reconciliação

Mining operations around the world make extensive use of blasthole sampling for short-term planning, which has two undisputed advantages: (1) blastholes are closely spaced providing relatively high sampling density per ton, and (2) there is no additional cost since the blastholes must be drilled anyway. However, blasthole sampling usually presents poor sampling precision, and the inconstant sampling bias caused by particle size and density segregation is an even more serious problem, generally precluding representativeness. One of the main causes of this bias is a highly varying loss of fines, which can lead to both under- and over-estimation of grade depending on the ore type and the gangue. This study validates a new, modified sectorial sampler, designed to reduce the loss of fines and thereby increase sampling accuracy for narrow-diameter blasthole sampling. First results show a significantly improved estimation of gold grade as well as the minimization of the loss of fines.

Parâmetros de dispersão de ar em células mecânicas de flotação em usinas brasileiras

O objetivo desse trabalho é apresentar e discutir a determinação dos parâmetros de dispersão de ar em células mecânicas de flotação, em circuitos industriais brasileiros. Foram investigados os circuitos rougher e scavenger das usinas RPM, Taquari-Vassouras, Copebras e Fosfértil-Catalão (atual Vale Fertilizantes). Nas usinas RPM e Taquari-Vassouras, foram determinados a velocidade superficial do ar (Jg), o hold-up do ar (εg), o diâmetro médio de bolhas (d32) e o fluxo de área superficial de bolhas (Sb). Para as outras usinas, foram determinados somente o Jg e εg. Os resultados mostraram que, com exceção da RPM, todos os circuitos investigados apresentaram baixos valores para os parâmetros de dispersão do ar. Taquari-Vassouras apresentou os mais baixos valores médios para Jg e εg, respectivamente, 0,05 cm/s e 5%. Os maiores valores de Jg foram determinados no circuito rougher da Copebras, 1,17 cm/s, ao passo que a RPM apresentou os maiores valores para o hold-up e tamanho de bolha, respectivamente, 31% e 2,61mm. Os valores obtidos, para Sb, situaram-se abaixo daqueles reportados na literatura.

Disintegration on heating of a Brazilian manganese lump ore

This pioneering study characterized the chemical, physical and mineralogical aspects of the Urucum Standard manganese ore typology, and evaluated some of its metallurgical characteristics, such as the main mineral heat decompositions, and the particle disintegration at room temperature and under continuous heating. A one-ton sample of ore was received, homogenized and quartered. Representative samples were collected and characterized with the aid of techniques, such as ICP-AES, XRD, SEM-EDS, BET and OM. Representative samples with particle sizes between 9.5 mm and 15.9 mm were separated to perform tumbling tests at room temperature, and thermogravimetry tests for both air and nitrogen constant flow at different temperatures. After each heating cycle, the mechanical strength of the orewas evaluated by means of screening and tumbling procedures. The Urucum Standard typology was classified as an oxidized anhydrous ore, with a high manganese content (~47%). This typology ismainly composed of cryptomelane and pyrolusite; however there is a significantamount of hematite. The Urucum Standard particles presented low susceptibility to disintegration at room temperature, but as temperature increased, susceptibility increased. No significant differences were observed between the tests done with the air or nitrogen injections.

The Electroplating of Cadmium from Sulfate Solutions

It has been proven that cadmium forms a very satisfactory plate on steel, which has to withstand severe corrosion, especially the corrosion of sea water and spray. The metal is now successfully plated electrolytically from cyanide solutions, but wherever work is carried on with cyanide, there is great danger of poisoning to the workers.

New perspectives on quantitative textural analysis

Process mineralogy provides the mineralogical information required by geometallurgists to address the inherent variation of geological data. The successful benefitiation of ores mostly depends on the ability of mineral processing to be efficiently adapted to the ore characteristics, being liberation one of the most relevant mineralogical parameters. The liberation characteristics of ores are intimately related to mineral texture. Therefore, the characterization of liberation necessarily requieres the identification and quantification of those textural features with a major bearing on mineral liberation. From this point of view grain size, bonding between mineral grains and intergrowth types are considered as the most influential textural attributes. While the quantification of grain size is a usual output of automated current technologies, information about grain boundaries and intergrowth types is usually descriptive and difficult to quantify to be included in the geometallurgical model. Aiming at the systematic and quantitative analysis of the intergrowth type within mineral particles, a new methodology based on digital image analysis has been developed. In this work, the ability of this methodology to achieve a more complete characterization of liberation is explored by the analysis of chalcopyrite in the rougher concentrate of the Kansanshi copper-gold mine (Zambia). Results obtained show that the method provides valuable textural information to achieve a better understanding of mineral behaviour during concentration processes. The potential of this method is enhanced by the fact that it provides data unavailable by current technologies. This opens up new perspectives on the quantitative analysis of mineral processing performance based on textural attributes.

Caracterização tecnológica do minério de ouro da Mina Morro do Ouro - Paracatu, MG.

As unidades de beneficiamento de minério de ouro buscam cada vez mais uma produção de baixo custo e maximização dos ganhos financeiros. A caracterização tecnológica está inserida em uma abordagem multidisciplinar que permite agregar conhecimento, alternativas de otimização e redução nos custos de operação. Inserida como uma ferramenta na caracterização tecnológica, a análise de imagens automatizada tem importante papel no setor mineral principalmente pela rapidez das análises, robustez estatística e confiabilidade nos resultados. A técnica pode ser realizada por meio de imagens adquiridas em microscópio eletrônico de varredura, associada a microanálises químicas sendo utilizada em diversas etapas de um empreendimento mineiro. Este estudo tem como objetivo a caraterização tecnológica de minério de ouro da Mina Morro do Ouro, Minas Gerais na qual foi utilizado a técnica de análise de imagens automatizada por MLA em um conjunto de 88 amostras. Foi possível identificar que 90% do ouro está na fração acima de 0,020 mm; o quartzo e mica representam cerca de 80% da massa total do minério; os sulfetos apresentam diâmetro de círculo equivalente entre 80 e 100 ?m e são representados por pirita e arsenopirita, com pirrotita, calcopirita, esfalerita e galena subordinada. Também foi possível observar que o ouro está majoritariamente associado à pirita e arsenopirita e com o aumento de teor de arsênio, cresce a parcela de ouro associado à arsenopirita. As medianas das distribuições de tamanho dos grãos de ouro apresentam um valor médio de 19 ?m. Verificou-se que a composição dos grãos de ouro é bastante diversa, em média 77% de ouro e 23% de prata. Para material abaixo de 0,50 mm observa-se uma parcela expressiva de perímetro exposto dos grãos de ouro (média 73%); o ouro incluso (21% do total dos grãos de ouro) está associado a pirita e arsenopirita, sendo que em 14 das 88 amostras este valor pode superar 40% do total de ouro contido. A ferramenta da análise de imagens automatizada mostrou-se bastante eficiente definindo características particulares o que fornece de forma objetiva subsídios para os trabalhos de planejamento de mina e processamento mineral.

Estudio de la concentración de elementos traza tóxicos de los depósitos de lodos, los suelos y las plantas en Mina La Solana, Almería (España)

En ese trabajo se estudia la concentración de elementos traza tóxicos en los depósitos de lodos (relaves) abandonados por la industria minera en Almería (España), los suelos del entorno próximo y las plantas que los colonizan y representan una vía de incorporación de dichos elementos en la cadena trófica. La industria minera antigua dejó toda una serie de instalaciones abandonadas en diferentes zonas de Andalucía, entre las que destacan por presentar altos contenidos en metales, los depósitos de residuos en forma de lodos generados en el proceso de flotación. En este estudio se trata el caso concreto de los depósitos de lodos de Mina La Solana (Almócita, Almería), donde se ha realizado una caracterización geoquímica de los depósitos y de los suelos de su entorno, en función al contenido en algunos elementos traza. Se han caracterizado muestras de las plantas que enraízan en dichos residuos para determinar la concentración que presentan en los mismos elementos traza. Los resultados muestran que los lodos presentan altos contenidos en Pb (concentración media 6800 ppm) y Zn (concentración media 22 000 ppm). Estos elementos no aparecen en forma soluble en agua, los test de lixiviación dan valores de concentración muy bajos (≤10 ppm de Pb y ≤ 2 ppm de Zn). De la misma forma se ha determinado una concentración alta de los mismos elementos en los restos vegetales, con un valor del Pb hasta los 210 ppm y 1300 ppm de Zn. Este hecho pone de manifiesto la capacidad de las plantas para alterar la movilidad de los elementos presentes en el sustrato donde enraízan estableciéndose una transferencia hacia la cadena trófica.

Primary Raw Materials (1986-89) Volume 1 (Summary Reports of the R&D Programme). EUR 13647/I EN, 1992

"This document contains the Summary Reports of cost sharing Research and Development contracts funded under the "Primary Raw Materials" subprogramme of the Commission of the European Communities. This programme was part of the research and development programme on "Raw Materials and Advanced Materials" (1986 - 1989). The main objectives of the "Primary Raw Materials" subprogramme were to enhance the competitiveness of the European Community mining and metallurgical Industries and to reduce European Community vulnerability for minerals, particularly those of critical or strategic interest." Three research areas: Research and development exploration; Mining technology; Mineral processing.

Transactions of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy.

Section titles vary slightly.

In situ studies on service life and pick consumption characteristics of shearer drums

Longwall shearers usually suffer from excessive pick and pickholder consumptions and severe wear of the backplate of the clearance ring section of shearer drums. In practice, most of the drums were seen to be withdrawn from the face due to the abovementioned problems, while vane picks and their holders were intact due to the improper lacing design of the clearance ring picks. However, few underground investigations and their results on the effect of lacing arrangement of clearance picks on the service life of shearer drums have been published. Nevertheless, the pick consumption characteristics of shearer drums were not investigated in detail, since these are fewer pick consumptions with shearers when compared to roadheaders. This paper is concerned with the comprehensive in situ trials on the effect of lacing of clearance ring picks on the lifespan of shearer drums, and the pick consumption characteristics of longwall shearers at Cayirhan Coal Mine in Turkey. The lifespan of shearer drums employed with shearers in this mine increased 70 per cent, while the consumption rate of clearance ring picks decreased three fold through using an alternative lacing for clearance picks, indicating the significance of utilizing proper design techniques for clearance ring picks for the service life of shearer drums. Statistical analyses carried out, using the raw pick consumption data, implied that the clearance ring picks experienced much higher loads than vane picks, revealing that special attention must be paid to designing clearance ring picks. An average maximum consumption value of 41 was determined for clearance ring picks, with corner-cutting picks having the most replacements, while it was 35 for vane picks, on three-day based pick replacements.

Eutectic solidification and its role in casting porosity formation

Understanding and controlling the eutectic solidification process in Al-Si alloys permits prediction of the formation of casting porosity, eventually leading to methods for its control and elimination. In addition, it enables control of eutectic structure, silicon morphology, and eutectic grain size to further improve the alloy properties. This paper presents the current understanding of eutectic solidification in hypoeutectic Al-Si foundry alloys and the relationship between eutectic solidification and porosity formation. New concepts in engineering eutectic solidification are also explored.