Flow conditions, bed form dimensions and shear stress experiments

Large asymmetric bed forms commonly develop in rivers. The turbulence associated with flow separation that develops over their steep lee side is responsible for the form shear stress which can represent a substantial part of total shear stress in rivers. This paper uses the Delft3D modeling system to investigate the effects of bed form geometry and forcing conditions on flow separation length and associated turbulence, and bed form shear stress over angle-of-repose (30 lee side angle) bed forms. The model was validated with lab measurements that showed sufficient agreement to be used for a systematic analysis. The influence of flow velocity, bed roughness, relative height (bed form height/water depth), and aspect ratio (bed form height/length) on the variations of the normalized length of the flow separation zone, the extent of the wake region (where the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) was more than 70% of the maximum TKE), the average TKE within the wake region and the form shear stress were investigated. Form shear stress was found not to scale with the size of the flow separation zone but to be related to the product of the normalized extent of the wake region (extent of the wake region/extent of water body above the bed form) and the average TKE within the wake region. The results add to understanding of the hydrodynamics of bed forms and may be used for the development of better parameterizations of smallscale processes for application in large-scale studies.

SERBA: a B.I.E. program with linear elements for 2-D elastostatics analysis

The great developments that have occurred during the last few years in the finite element method and its applications has kept hidden other options for computation. The boundary integral element method now appears as a valid alternative and, in certain cases, has significant advantages. This method deals only with the boundary of the domain, while the F.E.M. analyses the whole domain. This has the following advantages: the dimensions of the problem to be studied are reduced by one, consequently simplifying the system of equations and preparation of input data. It is also possible to analyse infinite domains without discretization errors. These simplifications have the drawbacks of having to solve a full and non-symmetric matrix and some difficulties are incurred in the imposition of boundary conditions when complicated variations of the function over the boundary are assumed. In this paper a practical treatment of these problems, in particular boundary conditions imposition, has been carried out using the computer program shown below. Program SERBA solves general elastostatics problems in 2-dimensional continua using the boundary integral equation method. The boundary of the domain is discretized by line or elements over which the functions are assumed to vary linearly. Data (stresses and/or displacements) are introduced in the local co-ordinate system (element co-ordinates). Resulting stresses are obtained in local co-ordinates and displacements in a general system. The program has been written in Fortran ASCII and implemented on a 1108 Univac Computer. For 100 elements the core requirements are about 40 Kwords. Also available is a Fortran IV version (3 segments)implemented on a 21 MX Hewlett-Packard computer,using 15 Kwords.

AVALIAÇÃO DA ESTABILIDADE DAS ALTERAÇÕES PROMOVIDAS PELO APARELHO REGULADOR DE FUNÇÃO FRÄNKEL-2 NOS ARCOS DENTÁRIOS

O objetivo do presente estudo consistiu em analisar a estabilidade das alterações oclusais em 18 pacientes com má oclusão de Classe II, divisão 1, idade média inicial de 10,77 anos, tratados com o aparelho regulador de função RF-2 durante 18 meses e reavaliados num período de pós-tratamento 7,16 anos, em média. Os 54 modelos de gesso foram avaliados no início do tratamento (T1), no final do tratamento (T2) e decorridos 7,16 anos pós-tratamento (T3). Foram analisadas as alterações transversais e sagitais; o Índice de irregularidade de Little e o Índice de Prioridade de Tratamento (IPT). As alterações ocorridas nos períodos analisados foram verificadas por meio da análise de Variância- ANOVA e, em seguida, pelo teste de comparações múltiplas de Bonferroni, com o valor crítico adotado de 0,05. Os resultados demonstraram que o tratamento com o RF-2 promoveu um aumento transversal estatisticamente significante, tanto no arco dentário superior quanto no inferior, porém, no período pós-tratamento, houve recidiva parcial ou mesmo total deste aumento na maioria das dimensões analisadas. Já o comprimento dos arcos dentários superior e inferior diminuiu durante todo o período avaliado. O Índice de Irregularidade de Little apresentou-se estável durante o tratamento, entretanto aumentou no período pós-tratamento. Além disso, o tratamento com o RF-2 proporcionou uma diminuição estatisticamente significante do IPT, refletindo a eficácia do tratamento realizado uma vez que esta diminuição permaneceu estável no período pós-tratamento. Portanto, o aparelho RF-2 demonstrou ser eficaz na correção dentária da má oclusão de Classe II, divisão 1, com estabilidade dos resultados decorridos 7,16 anos após o tratamento. Porém, em relação ao ganho transversal nos arcos dentários obtido durante o tratamento, houve recidiva parcial ou total de todas as variáveis analisadas.(AU)

AVALIAÇÃO DA ESTABILIDADE DAS ALTERAÇÕES PROMOVIDAS PELO APARELHO REGULADOR DE FUNÇÃO FRÄNKEL-2 NOS ARCOS DENTÁRIOS

O objetivo do presente estudo consistiu em analisar a estabilidade das alterações oclusais em 18 pacientes com má oclusão de Classe II, divisão 1, idade média inicial de 10,77 anos, tratados com o aparelho regulador de função RF-2 durante 18 meses e reavaliados num período de pós-tratamento 7,16 anos, em média. Os 54 modelos de gesso foram avaliados no início do tratamento (T1), no final do tratamento (T2) e decorridos 7,16 anos pós-tratamento (T3). Foram analisadas as alterações transversais e sagitais; o Índice de irregularidade de Little e o Índice de Prioridade de Tratamento (IPT). As alterações ocorridas nos períodos analisados foram verificadas por meio da análise de Variância- ANOVA e, em seguida, pelo teste de comparações múltiplas de Bonferroni, com o valor crítico adotado de 0,05. Os resultados demonstraram que o tratamento com o RF-2 promoveu um aumento transversal estatisticamente significante, tanto no arco dentário superior quanto no inferior, porém, no período pós-tratamento, houve recidiva parcial ou mesmo total deste aumento na maioria das dimensões analisadas. Já o comprimento dos arcos dentários superior e inferior diminuiu durante todo o período avaliado. O Índice de Irregularidade de Little apresentou-se estável durante o tratamento, entretanto aumentou no período pós-tratamento. Além disso, o tratamento com o RF-2 proporcionou uma diminuição estatisticamente significante do IPT, refletindo a eficácia do tratamento realizado uma vez que esta diminuição permaneceu estável no período pós-tratamento. Portanto, o aparelho RF-2 demonstrou ser eficaz na correção dentária da má oclusão de Classe II, divisão 1, com estabilidade dos resultados decorridos 7,16 anos após o tratamento. Porém, em relação ao ganho transversal nos arcos dentários obtido durante o tratamento, houve recidiva parcial ou total de todas as variáveis analisadas.(AU)

Pràctica 2: Anàlisi comparativa dels sistemes educatius japonès i espanyol

El currículum del segon cicle d’educació infantil a la Comunitat Valenciana queda regulat en el Decret 38/2008, que arrepleguen els diversos continguts i les diferents dimensions que cal treballar, com també el sistema d’avaluació més propici per a aquesta etapa evolutiva. El currículum es basa en els principis maduratius, així com en els aspectes que, com a societat, considerem fonamentals per al desenvolupament integral dels xiquets. No obstant això, aquests valors socials no sempre coincideixen entre cultures o països, la qual cosa pot fer variar sensiblement el currículum final. En aquesta pràctica s’analitzaran les similituds i les diferències que hi ha entre els valors i els procediments del nostre sistema educatiu i el sistema educatiu japonès. A través d’aquesta anàlisi, l’alumne podrà reflexionar sobre els diferents aspectes dels sistemes educatius, posar-los en qüestió i valorar críticament els punts forts i dèbils de cadascun.

How European Integration Impacts on National Legislatures: The Europeanization of The German Bundestag. CES Germany and Europe Working Papers, No. 06.2, 2006

In looking at the Europeanization of the German Bundestag, the paper brings together two different debates: the well-established debate on the democratic legitimacy of the European Union sees national Parliaments as guarantor of one branch of a "dual" legitimacy. The more recent debate on "Europeanization" addresses the impacts that European integration has had on its Member States. Analyzing the Europeanization of the German Bundestag, the paper identifies and analyzes three dimensions: legislative Europeanization – the extent to which legislative decision making by the German Bundestag has been influenced by European stipulations over the last twenty years; institutional Europeanization – how the Bundestag as an institution reacted to this loss of function by establishing institutional and procedural provisions for influencing the government's Euro-politics; and strategic Europeanization – the ways in which individual MPs started more recently to develop euro-political strategies that go beyond controlling the national government. The paper shows that the Bundestag only hesitantly reacted to the increasing loss of functions through legislative Europeanization by establishing effective institutional and procedural provisions for controlling the government's Euro-political activities. What is more, the establishment of institutions does not guarantee their effective use. All in all, Euro- politics continues to remain the activity of few MPs. These few, however, have more recently started to europeanize their strategies. The empirical findings support the claim that the traditional concept of chains of legitimacy is inadequate, both in conceptual and in empirical terms. With regard to the democ- ratic legitimacy of EU governance, this indicates that, apart from major reform projects, especially with regard to everyday legislation, not too great a burden should be placed on national Parliaments.

3D models created from ROV videos and their corresponding subtransect dimensions

Underwater video transects have become a common tool for quantitative analysis of the seafloor. However a major difficulty remains in the accurate determination of the area surveyed as underwater navigation can be unreliable and image scaling does not always compensate for distortions due to perspective and topography. Depending on the camera set-up and available instruments, different methods of surface measurement are applied, which make it difficult to compare data obtained by different vehicles. 3-D modelling of the seafloor based on 2-D video data and a reference scale can be used to compute subtransect dimensions. Focussing on the length of the subtransect, the data obtained from 3-D models created with the software PhotoModeler Scanner are compared with those determined from underwater acoustic positioning (ultra short baseline, USBL) and bottom tracking (Doppler velocity log, DVL). 3-D model building and scaling was successfully conducted on all three tested set-ups and the distortion of the reference scales due to substrate roughness was identified as the main source of imprecision. Acoustic positioning was generally inaccurate and bottom tracking unreliable on rough terrain. Subtransect lengths assessed with PhotoModeler were on average 20% longer than those derived from acoustic positioning due to the higher spatial resolution and the inclusion of slope. On a high relief wall bottom tracking and 3-D modelling yielded similar results. At present, 3-D modelling is the most powerful, albeit the most time-consuming, method for accurate determination of video subtransect dimensions.

Puerto Rico's political future : a divisive issue with many dimensions : report to the Congress /

"B-193013"--Prelim. p.

An investigation of truck size and weight limits - technical supplement. Volume 2: truck and rail cost effects of truck size and weight limits. Final report.

Transportation Department, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Policy and International Affairs, Washington, D.C.

Traité de géométrie analytique à trois dimensions; traduit sur la 4. éd.

Translation of Treatise on the analytic geometry of three dimensions.