Mudanças no hábito de fumar e ganho de peso gestacional : um estudo de coorte em capitais brasileiras

Objetivo: Avaliar a influência de mudanças no hábito de fumar sobre o ganho de peso gravídico materno. Métodos: Foram entrevistadas 5.564 gestantes com 20 anos ou mais, sem diabetes mellitus prévio em serviços de pré-natal geral de seis capitais brasileiras, entre 1991 e 1995, e acompanhamos, através de revisão de prontuários, as gestações até o parto, identificando 4.000 gestantes com peso pré-gravídico relatado, peso medido no terceiro trimestre, hábito de fumar e época de sua eventual modificação, quando disponíveis. Resultados: Entre as gestantes ex-fumantes (915, 23% do total), 240 (26%) pararam de fumar durante a gravidez. A mediana de cigarros/dia das que continuaram fumantes (717, 18%) foi reduzida de 10 para 5 após o início da gravidez. Após ajustar para idade, escolaridade, cor da pele, IMC pré-gravídico, paridade e centro clínico, as ex-fumantes ganharam 1.030 g (IC95% 590 a 1.460) a mais que as nunca fumantes, sendo maior a diferença (1.540, IC95% 780 a 2.300 g) nas que pararam após a concepção. O ganho do peso na gravidez se correlacionou, tanto em fumantes quanto em ex-fumantes, com o número de cigarros diminuídos na gravidez. Conclusão: Diminuir ou parar de fumar na gravidez, embora importante para uma gestação saudável, é fator de risco para ganho de peso materno.

Pulo

Foley componente do jogo “Escola Mágica (http://www.loa.sead.ufscar.br/escola-magica.html)” desenvolvido pela equipe do Laboratório de Objetos de Aprendizagem da Universidade Federal de São Carlos (LOA/UFSCar).

Preferência alimentar e identificação das principais fontes de repasto sanguíneo de fêmeas Lutzomyia (Diptera: Psychodidae) em áreas endêmicas para leishmaniose visceral na grande Natal

Leishmaniasis are endemic diseases wild spread in the New and Old World, caused by the flagelated protozoan Leishmania. In the New World, the distribution of different forms of leishmaniasis is mostly in tropical regions. In the State of Rio Grande do Norte, Northeast Brazil, 85% of the captured sand flies fauna is Lutzomyia longipalpis. The distribution of the sand fly vector in the state overlaps with the disease distribution, where the presence of sand flies is associated with presence of animals shelters. The aim of this study was to analyse the blood meal preference of sand flies vector from the genus Lutzomyia spp. in laboratory conditions, to verify the vector life cicle at different temperatures sets and to identify the main blood meal source in endemic areas for visceral leishmaniasis (VL) at peri-urban regions of Natal. Sand flies samples were collected from the municipalities of São Gonçalo do Amarante and Nísia Floresta where female sand flies were grouped for the colony maintenance in the laboratory and for the analysis of the preferred source of sand fly blood meal in natural environment. The prevalence of blood meal preference and oviposition for the females sand flies was 97% for Cavia porcellus with oviposition of 19 eggs/female; 97% for Eqqus caballus with 19 eggs/female; 98% for human blood with 14 eggs/female; 71.3% for Didelphis albiventris with 8.4 eggs/female; 73% for Gallus gallus with 14 eggs/female; 86% for Canis familiaris with 10.3 eggs/female; 81.4% for Galea spixii with 26 eggs/female; 36% for Callithrix jachus with 15 eggs/female; 42.8% for Monodelphis domestica with 0% of oviposition. Female sand flies did not take a blood meal from Felis catus. Sand flies life cycle ranged from 32-40 days, with 21-50 oviposition rates approximately. This study also showed that at 32°C the life cycle had 31 days, at 28° C it had 50 days and at 22°C it increased to 79 days. Adjusting the temperature to 35°C the eggs did not hatch, thus blocking the life cycle. A total of 1540 sand flies were captured, among them, 1.310 were male and 230 were female. Whereas 86% of the sand flies captured were Lu. longipalpis as compared to 10.5% for Lu. evandroi and, 3.2% for L. lenti and 0.3% for Lu whitmani. The ratio between female and male sandfly was approximately 6 males to 1 female. In Nísia Floresta, 50.7% of the collected females took their blood meal from armadillo, 12.8% from human. Among the female sand flies captured in São Gonçalo do Amarante, 80 of them were tested for the Leishmania KDNA infectivity where 5% of them were infected with Leishmania chagasi. Female Lutzomyia spp. showed to have an opportunistic blood meal characteristic. The behavioral parameters seem to have a higher influence in the oviposition when compared to the level of total proteins detected in the host s bloodstream. A higher Lu. longipalpis life cycle viability was observed at 28°C. The increase of temperature dropped the life cycle time, which means that the life cycle is modified by temperature range, source of blood meal and humidity. Lu longipalpis was the most specie found in the inner and peridomiciliar environment. In Nísia Floresta, armadillos were the main source of blood meal for Lutzomyia spp. At São Gonçalo do Amarante, humans were the main source of blood meal due to CDC nets placed inside their houses

Análise espacial dos fatores da equação universal de perda de solo em área de nascentes

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a perda de solo de área de nascentes da Microbacia do Córrego do Tijuco, SP. Foi utilizada a análise espacial dos fatores da equação universal da perda de solo (EUPS), em integração com análise de componentes principais e geoestatística. A perda de solo média, estimada para a área, foi de 118,5 Mg ha‑1 por ano, considerada alta. Próximo à zona urbana, houve alta interação dos fatores erosividade da chuva e práticas conservacionistas, o que evidencia grande perda de solo, em razão da concentração da água proveniente da camada impermeabilizada urbana, com alta velocidade de escoamento. Nos divisores de águas, a atuação da erodibilidade foi proeminente, em contraste com o fator topográfico. Foram observadas áreas com atuação conjunta destes fatores, inclusive em locais de inclinação suave, porém com alto potencial natural de erosão. A interação das análises multivariadas e geoestatística permite a estratificação da área, identifica locais com propriedades específicas quanto à perda de solo, e espacializa os fatores do processo erosivo e suas interações ao longo do relevo.

Fontes de fibra na alimentação do pacu: desempenho, composição corporal e morfometria intestinal

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da utilização de diferentes ingredientes fibrosos nas dietas sobre o desempenho, a composição corporal e a morfometria intestinal de juvenis de pacu. Foram avaliadas cinco dietas isoproteicas (23% de proteína digestível), isoenergéticas (3250kcal de energia digestível/kg) e isofibrosas (9% de fibra bruta), sendo a principal fonte fibrosa de cada constituída por farelo de soja, casca de soja, farelo de girassol e polpa cítrica; esta última em dois níveis de inclusão (30 e 45%). Foram utilizados 300 juvenis de pacu (25,12±0,78 gramas), alojados em 25 aquários (200 litros). Os melhores resultados de crescimento e conversão alimentar foram obtidos com as dietas contendo farelo de soja e farelo de girassol. As dietas contendo casca de soja e polpa cítrica prejudicaram o desempenho dos juvenis de pacu, e o efeito negativo foi acentuado com o aumento da inclusão de polpa cítrica. Além disto, somente nos peixes alimentados com a dieta com 45% de polpa cítrica foi observada diminuição na densidade de vilosidades por área no epitélio intestinal. A partir dos resultados obtidos, pode-se concluir que alguns ingredientes fibrosos podem afetar negativamente o desempenho e as características do epitélio intestinal de juvenis de pacu.

Energetic efficiency programs and power quality

This paper presents the results of the investigations that were done to identify and to quantify the power quality problems resultant from the actions done to improve the efficiency on electric energy consumption. The efficiencies of several electric devices were evaluated, among them: fluorescent bulb, electronic ballast, soft-starter, temperature controller for showers, dimmer and others. This evaluation allowed to establish a cause/effect analysis of the power quality.

Experimental analysis of harmonic distortions in the excitation currents of double-excited three-phase transformers

This paper shows the results of experimental investigations of three-phase banks composed of single-phase transformers and three-phase three-limb core transformers under simultaneous alternating and direct current excitations, for several winding connections. Harmonic analysis of excitation currents for different de saturation levels is performed.

Stripping voltammetry of mercury(II) with a chemically modified carbon paste electrode containing silica gel functionalized with 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole

The accumulation voltammetry of mercury(II) was investigated at a carbon paste electrode chemically modified with silica gel functionalized with 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole (DTTPSG-CPE). The repetitive cyclic voltammogram of mercury(II) solution in the potential range -0.2 to +0.8 V (vs. Ag/AgCl), (0.02 mol L-1 KNO3; nu=20 mV s(-1)) show two peaks one at about 0.0 V and other at 0.31 V. However, the cathodic wave peak, around 0.0 V, is irregular and changes its form in each cycle. This peak at about 0.0 V is the reduction current for mercury(II) accumulated in the DTTPSG-CPE. The anodic wave peak at 0.31 V is well-defined and does not change during the cycles. The resultant material was characterized by cyclic and differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry performed with the electrode in differents supporting electrolytes. The mercury response was evaluated with respect to pH, electrode composition, preconcentration time, mercury concentration, cleaning solution, possible interferences and other variables. The precision for six determinations (n=6) of 0.05 and 0.20 mg (L)-(1) Hg(II) was 2.8 and 2.2% (relative standard deviation), respectively. The method was satisfactory and used to determine the concentration of mercury(II) in natural waters contaminated by this metal.

Association Between Insulin Resistance, Glucose Intolerance, and Hypertension in Pregnancy

There is an association between insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, and essential hypertension, but the relation between insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, and hypertension diagnosed during pregnancy is not well understood. Transient hypertension of pregnancy, the new-onset nonproteinuric hypertension of late pregnancy, is associated with a high risk of later essential hypertension and glucose intolerance; thus, these conditions may have a similar pathophysiology. To assess the association between insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, essential hypertension, and subsequent development of proteinuric and nonproteinuric hypertension in pregnancy in women without underlying essential hypertension, we performed a prospective study comparing glucose (fasting, I and 2 hours postglucose load), insulin, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglycerides levels on routine screening for gestational diabetes mellitus. Women who developed hypertension in pregnancy (n = 37) had higher glycemic levels (fasting, 1 and 2 hours postglucose load) on a 100-gram oral glucose loading test, although only the fasting values showed a statistical significance (p < 0.05), and a significantly higher frequency of abnormal glucose loading tests, two hours after glucose load (>= 140 mg/dL) (p < 0.05) than women who remained normotensive (n = 180). Glucose intolerance was common in women who developed both subtypes of hypertension, particularly preeclampsia. Women who developed hypertension had greater prepregnancy body mass index (p < 0.0001), higher frequency and intensity of acanthosis nigricans (p < 0.0001), and higher baseline systolic and diastolic blood pressures (p <= 0.0001 for both), although all subjects were normotensive at baseline by study design; they also presented lower levels of HDL-C (p < 0.05). However, after adjustment for these and other potential confounders, an abnormal glucose loading test remained a significant predictor of development of hypertension (p < 0.05) and, specifically, preeclampsia (p < 0.01). There was a trend toward higher insulin and homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) levels in women developing any type of hypertension. When comparing women that remained normotensive to term with those with transient hypertension and preeclampsia, the preeclamptic women were born with lower weight (p < 0.05) and shorter length (p < 0.005); at screening they were older (p < 0.005), showed higher frequency and intensity of acanthosis nigricans (p < 0.0001), had higher prepregnancy BMI (p < 0.0005), as well as higher baseline systolic and diastolic blood pressures (p <= 0.0001 for both). They also showed higher HOMA-IR levels that did not show a statistical significance. When glucose tolerance status was taken in account, an association was found between increasing indexes of hypertension (p < 0.05) and of HOMA-IR (p < 0.05) with the worsening of glucose tolerance. These results suggest that insulin resistance and relative glucose intolerance are associated with an increased risk of new-onset hypertension in pregnancy, particularly preeclampsia, and support the hypothesis that insulin resistance may play a role in the pathogenesis of this disorder.

Pharmacological dose of alpha-tocopherol induces cardiotoxicity in Wistar rats determined by echocardiography and histology

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in Japanese-Brazilians According to Specific Definitions for Ethnicity

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Structural description of humic substances from subtropical coastal environments using elemental analysis, FT-IR and C-13-solid state NMR data

Elemental composition and spectroscopic properties (FT-IR and CP/MAS C-13-NMR) of sedimentary humic substances (HS) from aquatic subtropical environments (a lake, an estuary and two marine sites) are investigated. Humic acids (HA) are relatively richer in nitrogen and in aliphatic chains than fulvic acids (FA) from the same sediments. Conversely, FA are richer in carboxylic groups and in ring polysaccharides than HA. Nitrogen is mostly present as amide groups and for lake and marine HS the FT-IR peaks around 1640 cm(-1) and 1540 cm(-1) identify polypeptides. Estuarine HS exhibit mixed continental-marine influences, these being highly influenced by site location. Overall, the data suggest that aquatic and mixed HS are more aliphatic than has been proposed in current models and also that amide linkages form an important part of their structural configuration.

A QCD sum rule study of Theta(+) in nuclear matter

We consider a [ud](2)(s) over bar current, in the finite-density QCD sum rule approach, to investigate the scalar and vector self-energies of the recently observed pentaquark state Theta(+)(1540), propagating in nuclear matter. We find that, opposite to what was obtained for the nucleon, the vector self-energy is negative, and the scalar self-energy is positive. There is a substantial cancellation between them resulting in an attractive net self-energy of the same order as in the nucleon case. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Podzolization as a deferralitization process: dynamics and chemistry of ground and surface waters in an Acrisol-Podzol sequence of the upper Amazon Basin

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Visible emission from Er-doped SnO2 thin films deposited by sol-gel

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)