中国鲳属鱼灯形态和生化特征及系统发育研究

鲳属鱼类是鲈形目中具有很高经济价值的名贵鱼类，广泛分布于我国沿海。我国是鲳鱼产量最高的国家之一，仅1995年产量就达20.9万吨(中国渔业统计年鉴,1995),约占世界鲳鱼达的60%以上.近二、三十年来，由于受传统业资源的过度开发、近海资源不足以及海洋环境污染因素影响，我国四大渔业中的大、小黄鱼及带鱼资源相继衰竭，使年产约２０万吨的鲳属鱼类在我国海洋渔业中占据越来越理要的地位，引起了国内外鱼类学家的广泛注意。然而，鲳属鱼类的分布和命名问题，长期以来，国内外专家学者众说纷绘纭、菲衷一是。本文总结的近二百年来有问中国鲳属鱼类分类研究的国内外文献资料，根据中国科学院海洋研究所历年（1951－1998）采集并收藏的以及新补充采集的鲳鱼标本，对我国沿海鲳属鱼类的外部形态（包括体形、体色、鳍、鳞片）、消化器官（包括牙齿、食道侧囊、胃、幽门盲囊、肠、肝）、呼吸器官、感觉器官、骨骼系统（包括脑颅、咽颅、脊椎骨、附肢骨骼）等生化特征作了系统地比较研究，并用支序分类学原理和方法分析了中国鲳属种间的系统发育关第，得到如下结果：1. 中国沿海鲳属鱼分共有5种:银鲳Pampus argenteus (Euphrasen,1788)、翎鲳P. punctatissimus (Temminck et Schlegel, 1845)、灰鲳 P.cinereus (Bloch, 1793) 、中国鲳P. chinensis (Euphrasen, 1788)和珍鲳P. minor Liu et Li, 1998, sp. nov,. 其中银鲳、灰鲳和中国鲳曾多次出现在我国近海地区性鱼类志和地方鱼类志中，本文对它们进物了准确的鉴定和描述，对翎属P. punctatissimus 进行了重新描述，在我国为新记录；论证了珍鲳P. minor为区别于鲳属其它独立有效的一新种。2. 形态学化较研究表明，5种鲳属鱼类在体形、体色、鳍棘、鳍条、牙齿、幽门盲囊、鳃耙、头后部侧线管、 头骨、脊椎骨、耳石等特征方面存在明显的种间差异，可作为鲳属鱼类分类的有效鉴别特征。3.中国沿海的中国鲳P. chinensis (Euphrasen,1788)与印渡洋的瑷鲳 P. ctous (Cuvier et Valenciennes, 1833)形态差异很小，认为P. atous (Cuivier et Valenciennes, 1833) 与P.chinensis (Euphrasen, 1788)可能为同一种，P. atous 应为P. chinesnsis 的同物异名。4.鲳属鱼类的肌浆蛋白酶（Pm）、酯酶（EST）和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）具有明显的种的特异性，乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）则无种间差异。青岛、上海、厦门和珠海4个取样地点的银鲳的Pm和EST酶谱完全相同，同样，上述4个取地点的瓴鲳Pmt EST 酶谱也完全相同，从生化学的角度证明我国各海区的银鲳的翎鲳各为同一个种。5.银鲳和翎鲳为广盐广域种，我国黄渤海、东海、台湾海峡和地海均有分布，而且种群数量最大；灰鲳和中国鲳分布于我国东海南部、台湾海峡中部以南和南海，为亚暖水种，种数量次之：珍鲳仅分布于台湾海峡南部的大陆沿岸及南海，为暖水种，其种群数量较小，在当在形成一定的渔汛。6.系统发育关系分析表明，中国鲳属鱼类构成一个单群，此属的共同离征有：1）成鱼无腹鳍；2）背鳍鳍条多于31枚；3）臀鳍鳍条多于30 枚；4）背鳍和臀鳍前部鳍条延长；5）下颌牙齿为三峰型； 6）食道侧囊1个；7）食道侧囊内乳突有放射状脚根；8）脊椎骨数目少、眼眶窝大、后颞窝骨显、耳石厚等近祖特征，但它们仍然具有鳃耙数目多、下颌牙禽少等近祖特征，也是较早期分化种；中国鲳具有个体大、背鳍和臀鲳不具鳍棘、背鳍和臀鳍鳍条数目较多、鳃耙数少且短、翼蝶骨较发达等特征，是毗较特化种； 翎鲳和灰鲳具有鳍第鳍棘和脊椎骨数目较多、鳃耙数较少等区同祖征和具有显著延长的背鳍和臀鳍前部鳍条等共同离征，是一对姐妹种。

中国对虾酚氧化酶的研究

该文利用生化、组化、电镜酶细胞化学技术以及分子生物学技术,研究了中国对虾酚氧化酶（PO）的活性、在血淋巴中的定位、Cu结合位点cDNA片段结构分析.以生物化学方法研究了中国对虾和南美白对虾血清酚氧化酶（PO）生理功能和活性影响.超显微结构定位显示,PO阳性产物位于血细胞和血细胞周围.PO大部分均质且电子密度很高.在细胞外层有异物处的PO密度最大.其中大颗粒细胞周围的PO阳性产物最多,小颗粒细胞和透明细胞则很少或没有.中国对虾酚氧化酶原（proPO）cDNA片断含有两个公认的铜结合位点,两个位点周围的组氨酸的高度保守.

中国对虾人工诱导雌核发育的研究

本文研究了365nm波长紫外线辐射中国对虾精子对其顶体反应和受精能力的影响。结果表明，低剂量紫外线辐射促进精子发生顶体反应，大剂量辐射使精子丧失发生顶体反应的生理机能并死亡。人工诱导雌核发育的过程中，紫外线辐射精液稀释液5－8秒，可获得遗传物质失活的精子（激活源）。经透射电镜观察分析，紫外线对精子遗传物质的损伤是一种使染色质变性的化学作用。

中国对虾不同群体的遗传差异与抗病群体选育的研究

为更好地管理和开发中国对虾的遗传资源,建立完善的中国对虾优良(抗病)品种的选育计划,该文对中国对虾自然群体和养殖群体进行了遗传多样性评估,并对一个养殖群体进行了抗病性状的遗传育种试验.从CS<,201>筛选个体大、活力强的对虾进行育种试验.CS<,202>和CS<,203>分别为感染WSSV爆发性流行病后存活的第二代和第三代群体.设计口饲毒饵法对CS<,203>进行人工感染,以确定连续选育的中国对虾的抗病能力.利用AFLP(Amplifiedfragmentlengthpolymorphisms)技术分析连续3代群体CS<,201>、CS<,202>、CS<,203>的遗传多样性和遗传标记.RAPD和同工酶的调查结果表明,中国对虾种群的遗传多样性水平低,群体内和群体间的2种分子标记都表现较高的稳定性.群体间比较分析,KP的遗传多样性最高,YB次之,CS<,1>最低.在用同工酶分析的4个群体中,CS<,201>的多态位点比例和杂合度等指标高于其它3个群体.从群体的分化指标来看,中国对虾种群的各群体间有一定的遗传分化.

Two trichodinid ectoparasites from marine molluscs in the Yellow Sea, off China, with the description of Trichodina caecellae n. sp (Protozoa : Ciliophora : Peritrichia)

The morphology and infraciliature of two ectoparasitic ciliates, Trichodina caecellae n. sp. and T. ruditapicis Xu, Song & Warren, 2000, parasitising the gills of marine molluscs from the Shandong coast of the Yellow Sea, China, were investigated following wet silver nitrate and protargol impregnation. T. caecellae was found on the small marine sand clam Caecella chinensis Deshayes and is distinguished mainly by the acute triangle-like blade, the very delicate central part and the needle-shaped ray. T. ruditapicis was studied based on four populations from three clams: two populations from Ruditapes philippinarum (Adams) and one each from Saxidomus purpuratus (Sowerby) and Solen grandis Dunker. All four populations fell within the range of morphometry and agreed closely in the overall appearance of the adhesive disc. However, variability was found in the denticle structure, especially in populations from different host clams. Our observations suggest that denticle morphology may be more or less variable between and within populations, and that such minor differences should not be overestimated. It should be emphasised that, except for the denticle morphology, the bright granules or circles in the centre of the adhesive disc represent another important feature facilitating the identification of this trichodinid species.

Residues of enrofloxacin, furazolidone and their metabolites in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

The residues of enrofloxacin and its metabolite in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) were studied after oral dose of 50 mg/kg for 7 days. To find the differences between Nile tilapia and Chinese shrimp (Penaeus chinensis), the residues of enrofloxacin in P chinensis were also studied under the same conditions. The results showed that enrofloxacin metabolized into ciprofloxacin in both Nile tilapia and P chinensis, the maximal concentration of enrofloxacin in muscle, liver and plasma of Nile tilapia were 3.61 mu g/g, 5.96 mu g/g, 1.25 mu g/ml respectively, and ciprofloxacin in muscle was 0.22 mu g/g. The maximal concentration of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin in P chinensis were 1.68 mu g/g and 0.07 mu g/g respectively. The predicted withdrawal time for Nile tilapia was 22 days, and P. chinensis was 12 days under our experiment conditions. The residues of fitrazolidone [3-(5-nitrofurfurylidenamino)-2-oxazolidinone] and its main metabolite 3-amina-2-oxazolidinone (AOZ) in Nile tilapia were first determined by HPLC/MS. Results showed that after oral dose of 30 mg/kg for 7 days, the maximum concentration of farazolidone in Nile tilapia was 413 mu g/kg after 6 h, whereas AOZ residue reached its maximum (31 mu g/kg) right after stopping treatment. In contrast to the high metabolic rate of furazolidone, AOZ was very difficult to eliminate in vivo, thus the withdrawal time of furazolidone in Nile tilapia was 22 days at least. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Berberine as a natural source inhibitor for mild steel in 1 M H2SO4

Berberine was abstracted from coptis chinensis and its inhibition efficiency on corrosion of mild steel in 1 M H2SO4 was investigated through weight loss experiment, electrochemical techniques and scanning electronic microscope (SEM) with energy disperse spectrometer (EDS). The weight loss results showed that berbefine is an excellent corrosion inhibitor for mild steel immersed in 1M H2SO4. Potentiodynamic curves suggested that berbefine suppressed both cathodic and anodic processes for its concentrations higher than 1.0 x 10(-4) M and mainly cathodic reaction was suppressed for lower concentrations. The Nyquist diagrams of impedance for mild steel in 1 M H2SO4 containing berbefine with different concentrations showed one capacitive loop, and the polarization resistance increased with the inhibitor concentration rising. A good fit to Flory-Huggins isotherm was obtained between surface coverage degree and inhibitor concentration. The surface morphology and EDS analysis for mild steel specimens in sulfuric acid in the absence and presence of the inhibitor also proved the results obtained by the weight loss and electrochemical experiments. The correlation of inhibition effect and molecular structure of berberine was then discussed by quantum chemistry study. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Seasonal and interannual variation in water vapor and energy exchange over a typical steppe in Inner Mongolia, China

In this study, we conducted eddy covariance (EC) measurements of water vapor exchange over a typical steppe in a semi-arid area of the Inner Mongolia Plateau, China. Measurement sites were located within a 25-year-old enclosure with a relatively low leaf area index (similar to 1. 5 m(2) m(-2)) and dominated by Leymus chinensis. Energy balance closure was (H + LE) = 17.09 + 0.69 x (Rn - G) (W/m(2); r(2) = 0.95, n = 6596). Precipitation during the two growing seasons of the study period was similar to the long-term average. The peak evapotranspiration in 2004 was 4 mm d(-1), and 3.5 mm d(-1) in 2003. The maximum latent heat flux was higher than the sensible heat flux, and the sensible heat flux dominated the energy budget at midday during the entire growing season in 2003; latent heat flux was the main consumption component for net radiation during the 2004 growing season. During periods of frozen soil in 2003 and 2004, the sensible heat flux was the primary consumption component for net radiation. The soil heat flux component was similar in 2003 and 2004. The decoupling coefficient (between 0.5 and 0.1) indicates that evapotranspiration was strongly controlled by saturation water vapor pressure deficit (VPD) in this grassland. The results of this research suggest that energy exchange and evapotranspiration were controlled by the phenology of the vegetation and soil water content. In addition, the amount and frequency of rainfall significantly affect energy exchange and evapotranspiration upon the Inner Mongolia plateau. (c) 2007 Published by Elsevier B.V.

Effects of forage composition and growing season on methane emission from sheep in the Inner Mongolia steppe of China

Understanding the effects of dietary composition on methane (CH4) production of sheep can help us to understand grassland degradation resulting in an increase of CH4 emission from ruminant livestock and its resulting significance affecting CH4 source/sink in the grazing ecosystem. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of forage composition in the diet of sheep in July and August on CH4 production by sheep in the Inner Mongolia steppe. The four diet treatments were: (1) Leymus chinensis and Cleistogenes squarrosa (LC), (2) Leymus chinensis, Cleistogenes squarrosa and concentrate supplementation (LCC), (3) Artemisia frigida and Cleistogenes squarrosa (AC), and (4) Artemisia frigida, Cleistogenes squarrosa and concentrate supplementation (ACC). CH4 production was significantly lower in July than in August (31.4 and 36.2 g per sheep-unit per day, respectively). The daily average CH4 production per unit of digestive dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) increased by 10.9, 11.2 and 42.1% for the AC diet compared with the LC diet, respectively. Although concentrate supplementation in both the AC and LC diets increased total CH4 production per sheep per day, it improved sheep productivity and decreased CH4 production by 14.8, 12.5 and 14.8% per unit of DM, OM and NDF digested by the sheep, respectively. Our results suggested that in degraded grassland CH4 emission from sheep was increased and concentrate supplementation increased diet use efficiency. Sheep-grazing ecosystem seems to be a source of CH4 when the stocking rate is over 0.5 sheep-units ha(-1) during the growing season in the Inner Mongolia steppe.

Geographic variation in the leaf essential oils of Juniperus sabina L. and J-sablina var. arenaria (E.H. Wilson) Farjon

The composition of the leaf oils from seven populations of J. sabina L., one population of Juniperus sabina var. arenaria (E. H. Wilson) Farjon were examined for their geographic variation. In addition, the leaf oils of J. chinensis L. and J. davurica Pall. were compared to J. sabina. Juniperus sabina var. arenarla, the sand loving juniper, oil was found to be very similar to that of J. davurica, Mongolia, and J. sabina, on sand dunes in Mongolia. This suggests that J. sabina var. arenaria might be conspecific with J. davurica. Farjon's move (2001) of J. sabina var. arenaria out of J. chinensis is supported. Considerable differentiation was found in populations of J. sabina from the Iberian peninsula. Cedrol, citronellol, safrole, trans-sabinyl acetate, terpinen-4-ol and beta-thujone were found to be polymorphic in several populations.

Tripogon debilis (Poaceae), a new species from western China

A new species of Tripogon from western China (Sichuan Province), T. debilis L. B. Cai, is described and illustrated. This species is similar to both T. chinensis (Franchet) Hackel and T sichuanicus S. M. Phillips & S. L. Chen, but distinguished from these two species by its pendent pi spikes, relatively tong glumes and lemma awns, denticulate upper glumes, and its paleas strikingly shorter than the lemmas.

Effect of long-term grazing on soil organic carbon content in semiarid steppes in Inner Mongolia

To clarify the response of soil organic carbon (SOC) content to season-long grazing in the semiarid typical steppes of Inner Mongolia, we examined the aboveground biomass and SOC in both grazing (G-site) and no grazing (NG-site) sites in two typical steppes dominated by Leymus chinensis and Stipa grandis, as well as one seriously degraded L. chinensis grassland dominated by Artemisia frigida. The NG-sites had been fenced for 20 years in L. chinensis and S. grandis grasslands and for 10 years in A. frigida grassland. Above-ground biomass at G-sites was 21-35% of that at NG-sites in L. chinensis and S. grandis grasslands. The SOC, however, showed no significant difference between G-site and NG-site in both grasslands. In the NG-sites, aboveground biomass was significantly lower in A. frigida grassland than in the other two grasslands. The SOC in A. frigida grassland was about 70% of that in L. chinensis grassland. In A. frigida grassland, aboveground biomass in the G-site was 68-82% of that in the NG-site, whereas SOC was significantly lower in the G-site than in the NG-site. Grazing elevated the surface soil pH in L. chinensis and A. frigida communities. A spatial heterogeneity in SOC and pH in the topsoil was not detected the G-site within the minimal sampling distance of 10 m. The results suggested that compensatory growth may account for the relative stability of SOC in G-sites in typical steppes. The SOC was sensitive to heavy grazing and difficult to recover after a significant decline caused by overgrazing in semiarid steppes.

黔西北土法炼锌区典型植物体内重金属的积累研究

对黔西北土法炼锌导致的重金属严重污染地区生长茂盛的自然植被及其根部土壤进行了重金属分析测试。土壤重金属形态用连续提取法区分为有效态和强结合态，结果发现植物体内的重金属含量与土壤中有效态的重金属含量成正比。所分析的4种植物体内的Pb、Zn、Cd含量表现为Zn>Pb>Cd。接骨草（Sambucus Chinensis）和柳叶苦荬菜（Ixeris gracilis）在体内富集、运输重金属元素的能力很强，是对污染区生态重建非常有前景的植物。

Using oxidized carbon nanotubes as matrix for analysis of small molecules by MALDI-TOF MS

Oxidized carbon nanotubes are tested as a matrix for analysis of small molecules by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). Compared with nonoxidized carbon nanotubes, oxidized carbon nanotubes facilitate sample preparation because of their higher solubility in water. The matrix layer of oxidized carbon nanotubes is much more homogeneous and compact than that of nonoxidized carbon nanotubes. The efficiency of desorption/ionization for analytes and the reproducibility of peak intensities within and between sample spots are greatly enhanced on the surface of oxidized carbon nanotubes. The advantage of the oxidized carbon nanotubes in comparison with alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (CCA) and carbon nanotubes is demonstrated by MALDI-TOF-MS analysis of an amino acid mixture. The matrix is successfully used for analysis of synthetic hydroxypropyl P-cyclodextrin, suggesting a great potential for monitoring reactions and for product quality control. Reliable quantitative analysis of jatrorrhizine and palmatine with a wide linear range (1-100 ng/mL) and good reproducibility of relative peak areas (RSD less than 10 %) is achieved using this matrix. Concentrations of jatrorrhizine (8.65 mg/mL) and palmatine (10.4 mg/mL) in an extract of Coptis chinensis Franch are determined simultaneously using the matrix and a standard addition method. (c) 2005 American Society for Mass Spectrometry.

Screening and analysis of bioactive compounds with biofingerprinting chromatogram analysis of traditional Chinese medicines targeting DNA by microdialysis/HPLC

Biofingerprinting chromatogram, analysis, which is defined as the comparison of fingerprinting chromatograms of the extract of traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) before and after the interaction with biological systems (DNA, protein. cell. etc.), was proposed for screening and analysis of the multiple bioactive compounds in TCMs. A method of microdialysis sampling combined with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was applied to the study of DNA-binding property for the extracts of TCMs. Seven compounds were found to bind to calf thymus DNA (ct-DNA) from the TCMs of Coptis chinensis Franch (Coptis), but only three ones from Phellodendron amurense Rupr. (Phellodendron) and none from Sophoraflavescens Ait. (Sophora) to bind to ct-DNA. respectively. Three of them were identified as berberine, palmatine and jatrorrhizine and their association constants (K) to ct-DNA were determined by microdialysis/HPLC. Competitive binding behaviors of them to ct-DNA were also investigated. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.