From crime to court - an experience report of a digital forensics group project module.

This paper discusses the large-scale group project undertaken by BSc Hons Digital Forensics students at Abertay University in their penultimate year. The philosophy of the project is to expose students to the full digital crime "life cycle", from commission through investigation, preparation of formal court report and finally, to prosecution in court. In addition, the project is novel in two aspects; the "crimes" are committed by students, and the moot court proceedings, where students appear as expert witnesses for the prosecution, are led by law students acting as counsels for the prosecution and defence. To support students, assessments are staged across both semesters with staff feedback provided at critical points. Feedback from students is very positive, highlighting particularly the experience of engaging with the law students and culminating in the realistic moot court, including a challenging cross-examination. Students also commented on the usefulness of the final debrief, where the whole process and the student experience is discussed in an informal plenary meeting between DF students and staff, providing an opportunity for the perpetrators and investigators to discuss details of the "crimes", and enabling all groups to learn from all crimes and investigations. We conclude with a reflection on the challenges encountered and a discussion of planned changes.

Reading Pitscottie's Cronicles: a case study on the history of literacy in Scotland, 1575-1814

This thesis addresses a range of research questions regarding literacy in early modern Scotland. Using the early modern manuscripts and printed editions of Robert Lindsay of Pitscottie’s late sixteenth-century 'Cronicles of Scotland' as a case study on literacy history, this thesis poses the complementary questions of how and why early modern Scottish reading communities were encountering Pitscottie’s 'Cronicles', and how features of the material page can be interpreted as indicators of contemporary literacy practices. The answers to these questions then provide the basis for the thesis to ask broader socio-cultural and theoretical questions regarding the overall literacy environment in Scotland between 1575 and 1814, and how theorists conceptualise the history of literacy. Positioned within the theoretical groundings of historical pragmatics and ‘new philology’ – and the related approach of pragmaphilology – this thesis returns to the earlier philological practice of close textual analysis, and engages with the theoretical concept of mouvance, in order to analyse how the changing ‘form’ of Pitscottie’s 'Cronicles', as it was reproduced in manuscript and print throughout the early modern period, indicates its changing ‘function’. More specifically, it suggests that the punctuation practices and paratextual features of individual witnesses of the text function to aid the highly-nuanced reading practices and purposes of the discrete reading communities for which they were produced. This thesis includes extensive descriptive material which presents previously unrecorded data regarding twenty manuscripts and printed witnesses of Pitscottie’s 'Cronicles', contributing to a gap in Scotland’s literary/historiographical canon. It then analyses this material using a transferable methodological framework which combines the quantitative analysis of micro-data with qualitative analysis of this data within its socio-cultural context, in order to conduct diachronic comparative analysis of copy-specific information. The principal findings of this thesis suggest that Pitscottie’s 'Cronicles' were being read for a combination of devotional and didactic purposes, and that multiple reading communities, employing highly nuanced reading practices, were encountering the text near-contemporaneously. This thesis further suggests that early modern literacy practices, and the specific reading communities which employ them, should be described as existing within a spectrum of available practices (i.e. more or less oral/aural or silent, and intensive or extensive in practice) rather than as dichotomous entities. As such, this thesis argues for the rejection of evolutionary theories of the history of literacy, suggesting that rather than being described antithetically, historical reading practices and purposes must be recognised as complex, coexisting socio-cultural practices, and the multiplicity of reading communities within a single society must be acknowledged and analysed as such, as opposed to being interpreted as universal entities.

Belief in a just world and secondary victimization : The role of adolescent deviant behavior

Belief in a Just World research found evidence that one feels threatened whenever one witnesses an innocent victim suffering, often resorting to secondary victimization to neutralize the observed injustice. However, literature has neglected the explanatory power of adolescent deviant behavior in victimization processes. This study (n = 284 students) aims to determine the impact of the adolescents' deviant behavior, BJW and victim's innocence on secondary victimization. Additionally, we analyzed juvenile deviant behavior's impact on victim identification. Juveniles who committed more deviant behaviors identified less with the victim than those with lower deviance levels. The interaction effects show that juveniles who are strong just world believers and have higher delinquency engaged significantly more in secondary victimization when confronted with an innocent victim. These results clarify the role played by adolescent deviant behavior and BJW in secondary victimization judgments regarding situations with innocent and non-innocent victims.

New ethnicities online: reflexive racialisation and the internet

In this article we analyse the emergence of Internet activity addressing the experiences of young people in two British communities: South Asian and Chinese.We focus on two web sites: www.barficulture.com and www.britishbornchinese.org.uk, drawing on interviews with site editors, content analysis of the discussion forums, and E-mail exchanges with site users. Our analysis of these two web sites shows how collective identities still matter, being redefined rather than erased by online interaction. We understand the site content through the notion of reflexive racialisation. We use this term to modify the stress given to individualisation in accounts of reflexive modernisation. In addition we question the allocation of racialised meaning from above implied by the concept of racialisation. Internet discussion forums can act as witnesses to social inequalities and through sharing experiences of racism and marginalisation, an oppositional social perspective may develop. The online exchanges have had offline consequences: social gatherings, charitable donations and campaigns against adverse media representations. These web sites have begun to change the terms of engagement between these ethnic groups and the wider society,and they have considerable potential to develop new forms of social action.

Las expresiones murales: narrativas y silencios para construir el diálogo

Los sentidos y criterios pedagógicos que subyacen en las expresiones murales, en tanto territorios grabados por los lengua­jes de la memoria, tienen como horizonte de interpretación las narrativas y silencios. Desde allí el diálogo emerge como verifica­ción de la trascendentalidad intersubjetiva asumida como arista metodológica que logra ubicar la experiencia de encuentro con la imagen del muro en su vitalidad narrativa, dentro de la investigación fe­nomenológica, en la cual la epistemología es memoria, resignificación y depuración del sujeto en el lenguaje como efecto de la construcción dialógica que supera las colocaciones en el espacio y el tiempo, así como los presupuestos y prejuicios frente a la lectura y la escritura del mundo, de la vida y de la cotidianidad. Sobre estas premisas, la perspectiva situacional de la pedagogía reconoce en la pregunta una condición vivencial y dis­cursiva que testimonia el compromiso del maestro con los fenómenos de la realidad socio-histórica, de la cual el muro es expre­sión de evocación y creación de relatos y, a su vez, trayecto de interpretación en la experiencia finita de la existencia, donde la educación y el maestro encuentran ra­zones para emprender nuevas lecturas y escrituras del mundo desde una posición en resistencia con la impunidad y el crimen

Lineup identification accuracy: the effects of alcohol, target presence, confidence ratings, and response time

Despite the intoxication of many eyewitnesses at crime scenes, only four published studies to date have investigated the effects of alcohol intoxication on eyewitness identification performance. While one found intoxication significantly increased false identification rates from target absent showups, three found no such effect using the more traditional lineup procedure. The present study sought to further explore the effects of alcohol intoxication on identification performance and examine whether accurate decisions from intoxicated witnesses could be postdicted by confidence and response times. One hundred and twenty participants engaged in a study examining the effects of intoxication (control, placebo, and mild intoxication) and target presence on identification performance. Participants viewed a simultaneous lineup one week after watching a mock crime video of a man attempting to steal cars. Ethanol intoxication (0.6 ml/kg) was found to make no significant difference to identification accuracy and such identifications from intoxicated individuals were made no less confidently or slowly than those from sober witnesses. These results are discussed with respect to the previous research examining intoxicated witness identification accuracy and the misconceptions the criminal justice system holds about the accuracy of such witnesses.

Retour post-isolement en milieu psychiatrique : développement, implantation et évaluation d’une intervention en soins aigus

L’isolement avec ou sans contention (IC) en milieu psychiatrique touche près d’un patient sur quatre au Québec (Dumais, Larue, Drapeau, Ménard, & Giguère-Allard, 2011). Il est pourtant largement documenté que cette pratique porte préjudice aux patients, aux infirmières et à l’organisation (Stewart, Van der Merwe, Bowers, Simpson, & Jones, 2010). Cette mesure posant un problème éthique fait l’objet de politiques visant à la restreindre, voire à l’éliminer. Les études sur l’expérience de l’isolement du patient de même que sur la perception des infirmières identifient le besoin d'un retour sur cet évènement. Plusieurs équipes de chercheurs proposent un retour post-isolement (REPI) intégrant à la fois l’équipe traitante, plus particulièrement les infirmières, et le patient comme intervention afin de diminuer l’incidence de l’IC. Le REPI vise l’échange émotionnel, l’analyse des étapes ayant mené à la prise de décision d’IC et la projection des interventions futures. Le but de cette étude était de développer, implanter et évaluer le REPI auprès des intervenants et des patients d’une unité de soins psychiatriques aigus afin d’améliorer leur expérience de soins. Les questions de recherche étaient : 1) Quel est le contexte d’implantation du REPI? 2) Quels sont les éléments facilitants et les obstacles à l’implantation du REPI selon les patients et les intervenants? 3) Quelle est la perception des patients et des intervenants des modalités et retombées du REPI?; et 4) L’implantation du REPI est-elle associée à une diminution de la prévalence et de la durée des épisodes d’IC? Cette étude de cas instrumentale (Stake, 1995, 2008) était ancrée dans une approche participative. Le cas était celui de l’unité de soins psychiatriques aigus pour premier épisode psychotique où a été implanté le REPI. En premier lieu, le développement du REPI a d’abord fait l’objet d’une documentation du contexte par une immersion dans le milieu (n=56 heures) et des entretiens individuels avec un échantillonnage de convenance (n=3 patients, n=14 intervenants). Un comité d’experts (l’étudiante-chercheuse, six infirmières du milieu et un patient partenaire) a par la suite développé le REPI qui comporte deux volets : avec le patient et en équipe. L’évaluation des retombées a été effectuée par des entretiens individuels (n= 3 patients, n= 12 intervenants) et l’examen de la prévalence et de la durée des IC six mois avant et après l’implantation du REPI. Les données qualitatives ont été examinées selon une analyse thématique (Miles, Huberman, & Saldana, 2014), tandis que les données quantitatives ont fait l’objet de tests descriptifs et non-paramétriques. Les résultats proposent que le contexte d’implantation est défini par des normes implicites et explicites où l’utilisation de l’IC peut générer un cercle vicieux de comportements agressifs nourris par un profond sentiment d’injustice de la part des patients. Ceux-ci ont l’impression qu’ils doivent se conformer aux attentes du personnel et aux règles de l’unité. Les participants ont exprimé le besoin de créer des opportunités pour une communication authentique qui pourrait avoir lieu lors du REPI, bien que sa pratique soit variable d’un intervenant à un autre. Les résultats suggèrent que le principal élément ayant facilité l’implantation du REPI est l’approche participative de l’étude, alors que les obstacles rencontrés relèvent surtout de la complexité de la mise en œuvre du REPI en équipe. Lors du REPI avec le patient, les infirmières ont pu explorer ses sentiments et son point de vue, ce qui a favorisé la reconstruction de la relation thérapeutique. Quant au REPI avec l’équipe de soins, il a été perçu comme une opportunité d’apprentissage, ce qui a permis d’ajuster le plan d’intervention des patients. Suite à l’implantation du REPI, les résultats ont d’ailleurs montré une réduction significative de l’utilisation de l’isolement et du temps passé en isolement. Les résultats de cette thèse soulignent la possibilité d’outrepasser le malaise initial perçu tant par le patient que par l’infirmière en systématisant le REPI. De plus, cette étude met l’accent sur le besoin d’une présence authentique pour atteindre un partage significatif dans la relation thérapeutique, ce qui est la pierre d’assise de la pratique infirmière en santé mentale. Cette étude contribue aux connaissances sur la prévention des comportements agressifs en milieu psychiatrique en documentant le contexte dans lequel se situe l’IC, en proposant un REPI comportant deux volets de REPI et en explorant ses retombées. Nos résultats soutiennent le potentiel du développement d’une prévention tertiaire qui intègre à la fois la perspective des patients et des intervenants.

Fruto do campo: História de um viver no interior rural português

Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada ao Instituto Superior de Psicologia Aplicada para obtenção de grau de Mestre na especialidade de Psicologia Clínica.

Children’s reasoning about other’s intentions: False-belief and counterfactual conditional inferences

Dados suplementares associados com o artigo e epígrafe estão disponíveis em: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cogdev.2016.08.007

The Impact of the "Not Sure" Option on Lineup Identification Decisions

Law enforcement officials routinely rely on eyewitness identification evidence to solve crimes. Nonetheless, this form of evidence is prone to errors. Researchers have previously attempted to examine conditions under which such errors can be reduced. The present study examines whether giving witnesses an explicit not sure response option increases the accuracy of lineup identification decisions. 251 participants watched a mock crime video before viewing a lineup that either included the perpetrator, or was made up of innocent suspects. Results indicated that witnesses provided with a not sure option made fewer false identifications, fewer filler identifications, and a similar number of correct identifications as witnesses who were not provided with this option. Furthermore, these benefits occurred regardless of whether witnesses received otherwise biased or unbiased instructions. Results suggest that the inclusion of an explicit not sure response option is a simple procedure that can increase the quality of eyewitness lineup decisions.

Effects of alcohol intoxication and encoding conditions on eyewitness memory

Several researchers have investigated the effects of alcohol on memory. Few researchers have studied the effects of alcohol on an eyewitness's recall and recognition of crime events. This study proposed to examine the effects of alcohol and viewing conditions on subjects' ability to recall information regarding a videotaped bank robbery. Thirty male and 22 female subjects participated in a 2 (consumption: alcohol v. no alcohol) x 2 (lighting: good v. poor) factorial experiment with Average Accuracy and Total Amount of Information recalled as the primary dependent measures. There was no significant difference between the Intoxicated and Sober subjects regarding the amount of information recalled or their average accuracy. The main effect for lighting conditions and gender differences were also not significant.

La règle des syzygies et le dualisme dans les Homélies et les Reconnaissances pseudo-clémentines: Études littéraires

Les Homélies et les Reconnaissances du Pseudo-Clément, aussi appelées Pseudo-Clémentines, sont des témoins privilégiés du foisonnement intellectuel et théologique des premiers siècles chrétiens. Alors que la recherche moderne a longtemps tenté de déterminer les différentes étapes de leur constitution (ne posant pour seule conclusion certaine que l’existence d’un « Écrit de base » à leur origine), le présent mémoire offre une enquête littéraire qui permettra de situer l’état final des Pseudo-Clémentines dans leur contexte rédaction, en établissant comment elles dialoguent avec les principaux groupes religieux de leur milieu (chrétiens, judéo-chrétiens, juifs, gnostiques et païens). Dans ce cadre, cette étude définit le dualisme pseudo-clémentin selon ses quatre aspects : la règle de syzygies ou des couples antagonistes, qui veut que tout, dans la création, soit organisé par Dieu en couples opposés ; les prophéties masculine et féminine, dont la première apporte la vérité alors que la seconde apporte le mensonge ; la doctrine des deux rois, dont l’un, qui est bon, gouverne le royaume du monde à venir, alors que l’autre, qui est mauvais, règne sur le monde présent ; la doctrine des deux voies, dont l’une mène au salut et l’autre à la perdition. Après une analyse de ces thèmes au sein des Pseudo-Clémentines, qui révèle les différences qui existent entre les deux textes, ces mêmes motifs sont recherchés dans la littérature apparentée, en particulier dans les textes gnostiques de la bibliothèque de Nag Hammadi, les textes découverts à Qumrân et la littérature judéo-chrétienne. Les conclusions dégagées permettent de définir précisément le dualisme des Homélies et celui des Reconnaissances, d’identifier des fonctions polémiques et rhétoriques de ce dualisme et de cerner des groupes religieux possiblement alliés et ennemis des Pseudo-Clémentines.

Caracteres morfo-agronômicos e bioquímicos de clones elite de mandioca de mesa com raízes de polpas amarelada e rosada.

A mandioca (Manihot esculenta Crantz) é considerada uma espécie relevante como fonte alimentícia para a população mundial, principalmente para os países subdesenvolvidos e emergentes. A mandioca é fornecedora de energia a partir do amido acumulado em suas raízes de reserva, mas é também importante destacar a presença dos carotenóides com atividade antioxidante. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar, por meio de descritores morfológicos, agronômicos e bioquímicos, clones elite de mandioca de mesa de polpa aparelhada e rosada do programa de melhoramento genético de mandioca da Embrapa Cerrados. Foram caracterizados durante duas safras, 13 clones de mandioca de mesa com polpa amarelada e 8 clones com polpa rosada, em comparação com a variedade testemunha IAC 576-70 (BGMC 753). Para avaliar as características morfológicas foram obtidos 40 descritores qualitativos para cada clone. Tanto nos clones de polpas amarelada quanto naqueles de raízes de polpas rosada, houve diferenças morfológicas, demostrando que nenhum clone apresentou 100% de similaridade. O fator ano/safra não influenciou a expressão fenotípica dos caracteres aferidos. Com base no coeficiente cofenético, verificou-se elevado ajuste entre a representação gráfica via dendrograma de r = 0,80 nas raízes de polpa amarelada e r = 0,92 na rosada e a matriz de dissimilaridade genética. Entre os caracteres aferidos, os que apresentaram maior entropia nas raízes amarelada foram, a coloração da epiderme externa, forma do lóbulo central da folha e cor do córtex da raiz, ao passo que na rosada foi à cor do disco, forma do lóbulo central e cor do pecíolo. Foi realizada também a caracterização com base na altura da planta, altura da primeira ramificação, peso da parte aérea sem a cepa, produtividade em raízes, índices de amido nas raízes determinados por meio do método da balança hidrostática, tempo para a cocção e teor de ácido cianídrico nas raízes. Com base nos caracteres avaliados, os clones que se destacaram com polpa amarelada e rosada respectivamente, no caractere altura da primeira ramificação (273/08 e 259/08) e (390/08, 345/08 e a testemunha IAC 576-70), altura da planta (90/08, 272/08, 273/08, 497/08, 259/08 e 450/08) e (390/08, 345/08 e 378/08), peso da parte aérea sem a cepa (94/08 e 272/08) e (390/08, 406/08, 390/08, 378/08 e 341/08), porcentagem de amido nas raízes (26/08, 272/08, 259/08 e 450/08) e (378/08, 413/08, 390/08 e a testemunha IAC 576-70), produtividade de raízes (215/08) e (testemunha IAC 576-70, 341/08, 406/08, 390/08 e 387/08). Com relação ao tempo de cocção na safra 2011/2012, todos os clones necessitaram de tempo inferior a 30 minutos. Em relação ao teor de carotenóides totais nas raízes os clones de amarelada que se destacaram foram 91/08, 94/08, 215/08, 246/08, 272/08 e 497/08, e, naqueles de raízes rosada, os clones 406/08 e 341/08. Em relação ao teor de proteínas nas raízes amarelada, os clones 26/08, 90/08 e 91/08, foram os melhores enquanto nas raízes rosada se destacaram os clones 406/08 e a testemunha IAC 576-70. Os teores de HCN nas raízes de reserva de mandioca foram inferiores a 100 mg kg-1 em todos os clones avaliados. Diferenças significativas entre clones de mandioca de polpas amarelada e rosada foram verificadas para todas as características agronômicas, morfológicas e bioquímicas avaliadas. Os clones tiveram bom desempenho nas avaliações para o cultivo comercial na região do Cerrado e, alguns destes, têm potencial para utilização no melhoramento visando o incremento de carotenóides. ABSTRACT: Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is considered a relevant species as a food source for the world's population, particularly for developing and emerging countries. The cassava is a provider of energy from starch accumulated in their reserve roots, but it is also important to highlight the presence of carotenoids with antioxidant activity. In this context, this study aimed to characterize, using morphological, agronomic and biochemical, descriptors elite clones from sweet cassava of yellowish and pinkish pulps from the cassava breeding program at Embrapa Cerrados. They were characterized for two crops, 13 edible cassava clones with yellowish pulp and 8 clones with pinkish pulp, compared with the control variety IAC 576-70 (BGMC 753). To evaluate the morphological characteristics were obtained 40 qualitative descriptors for each clone. Both clones the yellowish pulp as those the roots the pinkish pulp, there was morphological differences among clones, showing that no clone showed 100% similarity. The year / crop factor did not influence the phenotypic expression of measured characters. Based on cofenetic coefficient, was found high fit between the graphical representation via dendrogram of r = 0.80 in the roots of yellowish pulp and r = 0.92 in the pinkish of genetic dissimilarity matrix. Among the measured characters, those with the highest entropy in the yellowish roots were, the color of the outer epidermis, the central lobe shape of the leaf and root cortex color, whereas the pinkish was the color to disc, central lobe shape and petiole color. We also performed the characterization based on plant height, the first branch point, and shoot weight without strain, productivity in roots, and index of starch in the roots determines by the method of hydrostatic balance, time for cooking and acid cyanide content in the roots. Based on the evaluated characters, clones stood out with pulps yellowish and pinkish respectively, characters height of the first branch (273/08 and 259/08) and (390/08, 345/08 and the witness IAC 576-70), plant height (90 / 08, 272/08, 273/08, 497/08, 259/08 and 450/08) and (390/08, 345/08 and 378/08), shoot weight without strain (94/08 and 272/08) and (390/08, 406/08, 390/08, 378/08 and 341/08), percentage of starch in the roots (26/08, 272/08, 259/08 and 450/08) and (378/08, 413/08, 390/08 and the witness IAC 576-70), roots of productivity (215/08) and (witnesses IAC 576-70, 341/08, 406/08, 390/08 and 387/08). Regarding the cooking time in the 2011/2012 harvest, all clones showed time less than 30 minutes. Regarding the total carotenoid content in the pulps clones of yellowish roots that stood out were 91/08, 94/08, 215/08, 246/08, 272/08 and 497/08, and, those the clones with pulp pinkish 406/08 and 341/08. Regarding the protein content in yellowish roots the clones 26/08, 90/08 and 91/08, was the best while the pinkish roots highlight clones 406/08 and witness IAC 576-70. The levels of HCN in reserve roots of cassava were less than 100 mg kg-1em all evaluated clones. Significant differences between yellowish and pinkish of pulps cassava clones were checked for all agronomic, morphological and biochemical characteristics evaluated. The clones had well in the ratings for commercial cultivation in the Cerrado region and some of these, clones has potential for use in breeding aimed at increase of carotenoids.

Correlações fenotípicas entre variáveis de variedades de milho em condições de semiárido na safra 2014.

Resumo: A cultura do milho sofre grande instabilidade de cultivo em regiões semiáridas, ocasionada, principalmente pela insuficiência de cultivares adaptadas. Á genética, busca a identificação de plantas mais adaptadas às condições em que serão cultivadas, para seleção de um melhor ideótipo. Verificou-se o potencial de variedades de milho, para produtividade de grãos e forragem, além de estimar as relações existentes entre os diferentes caracteres sob condição semiárida do norte do Ceará. Foram avaliados 30 tratamentos, sendo 25 variedades e cinco híbridos testemunhas. O Delineamento utilizado foi blocos ao acaso com duas repetições e com parcelas 0,75m entre linhas e 0,20 m entre plantas. Foram avaliadas 12 variáveis diferentes, em condições de pluviosidade de aproximadamente 500 mm e com períodos de estiagem inferiores a 10 dias até o estádio de florescimento. Identificou-se que em condições de baixa pluviosidade, as cultivares que apresentam maior teor de clorofila e massa fresca, proporcionam melhor desempenho produtivo e conforme observado não houve correlação entres as varriáveis Florescimento Feminino (MF) e Florescimento Masculino (FM) com produtividade de grão (PROD) e produção de Materia Seca (MS), desta forma vale salientar que nas condições em que o experimento , o ciclo fenológico não influênciou nos indices produtivos. [Phenotypic correlations between maize varieties variables in semi-arid conditions in the crop 2014]. Abstract: The corn crop suffers instability crop in semi-arid regions, caused mainly by the lack of adapted cultivars. Genetic seeks to identify more plants adapted to the conditions in which they are cultivated, for selecting a best ideotype. It was verified the potential of maize varieties for grain yield and foragein addition to to estimate the relationships between the different characters under semiarid conditions of northern Ceará. A total of 30 treatments, 25 varieties and five hybrids witnesses. We evaluated 30 treatments with 25 varieties and five hybrids as controls. The design was a randomized block design with two replications. With plots of 0.75 m between rows and 0.20 m between plants. We evaluated 12 different variables, conditions of approximately 500 mm and dry periods less than 10 days until the flowering stage. It was found that in low rainfall conditions, the cultivars with the greatest chlorophyll content and fresh pasta, provide better growth performance and as noted there was no correlation entres the Flowering varriáveis Female (MF) and Flowering Male (FM) with grain yield (PROD) and production of Dry Matter (DM), thus worth pointing out that under the conditions of the experiment, the phenological cycle did not influence the production indices