Comportamiento mecánico de nuevas aleaciones de wolframio en función de la temperatura

La presente memoria de tesis tiene como objetivo principal la caracterización mecánica en función de la temperatura de nueve aleaciones de wolframio con contenidos diferentes en titanio, vanadio, itria y lantana. Las aleaciones estudiadas son las siguientes: W-0.5%Y2O3, W-2%Ti, W-2% Ti-0.5% Y2O3, W-4% Ti-0.5% Y2O3, W-2%V, W- 2%Vmix, W-4%V, W-1%La2O3 and W-4%V-1%La2O3. Todos ellos, además del wolframio puro se fabrican mediante compresión isostática en caliente (HIP) y son suministradas por la Universidad Carlos III de Madrid. La investigación se desarrolla a través de un estudio sistemático basado en ensayos físicos y mecánicos, así como el análisis post mortem de las muestras ensayadas. Para realizar dicha caracterización mecánica se aplican diferentes ensayos mecánicos, la mayoría de ellos realizados en el intervalo de temperatura de 25 a 1000 º C. Los ensayos de caracterización que se llevan a cabo son: • Densidad • Dureza Vicker • Módulo de elasticidad y su evolución con la temperatura • Límite elástico o resistencia a la flexión máxima, y su evolución con la temperatura • Resistencia a la fractura y su comportamiento con la temperatura. • Análisis microestructural • Análisis fractográfico • Análisis de la relación microestructura-comportamiento macroscópico. El estudio comienza con una introducción acerca de los sistemas en los que estos materiales son candidatos para su aplicación, para comprender las condiciones a las que los materiales serán expuestos. En este caso, el componente que determina las condiciones es el Divertor del reactor de energía de fusión por confinamiento magnético. Parece obvio que su uso en los componentes del reactor de fusión, más exactamente como materiales de cara al plasma (Plasma Facing Components o PFC), hace que estas aleaciones trabajen bajo condiciones de irradiación de neutrones. Además, el hecho de que sean materiales nuevos hace necesario un estudio previo de las características básicas que garantice los requisitos mínimos antes de realizar un estudio más complejo. Esto constituye la principal motivación de la presente investigación. La actual crisis energética ha llevado a aunar esfuerzos en el desarrollo de nuevos materiales, técnicas y dispositivos para la aplicación en la industria de la energía nuclear. El desarrollo de las técnicas de producción de aleaciones de wolframio, con un punto de fusión muy alto, requiere el uso de precursores de sinterizado para lograr densificaciones más altas y por lo tanto mejores propiedades mecánicas. Este es el propósito de la adición de titanio y vanadio en estas aleaciones. Sin embargo, uno de los principales problemas de la utilización de wolframio como material estructural es su alta temperatura de transición dúctil-frágil. Esta temperatura es característica de materiales metálicos con estructura cúbica centrada en el cuerpo y depende de varios factores metalúrgicos. El proceso de recristalización aumenta esta temperatura de transición. Los PFC tienen temperaturas muy altas de servicio, lo que facilita la recristalización del metal. Con el fin de retrasar este proceso, se dispersan partículas insolubles en el material permitiendo temperaturas de servicio más altas. Hasta ahora se ha utilizado óxidos de torio, lantano e itrio como partículas dispersas. Para entender cómo los contenidos en algunos elementos y partículas de óxido afectan a las propiedades de wolframio se estudian las aleaciones binarias de wolframio en comparación con el wolframio puro. A su vez estas aleaciones binarias se utilizan como material de referencia para entender el comportamiento de las aleaciones ternarias. Dada la estrecha relación entre las propiedades del material, la estructura y proceso de fabricación, el estudio se completa con un análisis fractográfico y micrográfico. El análisis fractográfico puede mostrar los mecanismos que están implicados en el proceso de fractura del material. Por otro lado, el estudio micrográfico ayudará a entender este comportamiento a través de la identificación de las posibles fases presentes. La medida del tamaño de grano es una parte de la caracterización microestructural. En esta investigación, la medida del tamaño de grano se llevó a cabo por ataque químico selectivo para revelar el límite de grano en las muestras preparadas. Posteriormente las micrografías fueron sometidas a tratamiento y análisis de imágenes. El documento termina con una discusión de los resultados y la compilación de las conclusiones más importantes que se alcanzan después del estudio. Actualmente, el desarrollo de nuevos materiales para aplicación en los componentes de cara al plasma continúa. El estudio de estos materiales ayudará a completar una base de datos de características que permita hacer una selección de ellos más fiable. The main goal of this dissertation is the mechanical characterization as a function of temperature of nine tungsten alloys containing different amounts of titanium, vanadium and yttrium and lanthanum oxide. The alloys under study were the following ones: W-0.5%Y2O3, W-2%Ti, W-2% Ti-0.5% Y2O3, W-4% Ti-0.5% Y2O3, W-2%V, W- 2%Vmix, W-4%V, W-1%La2O3 and W-4%V-1%La2O3. All of them, besides pure tungsten, were manufactured using a Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP) process and they were supplied by the Universidad Carlos III de Madrid. The research was carried out through a systematic study based on physical and mechanical tests as well as the post mortem analysis of tested samples. Diverse mechanical tests were applied to perform this characterization; most of them were conducted at temperatures in the range 25-1000 ºC. The following characterization tests were performed: • Density • Vickers hardness • Elastic modulus • Yield strength or ultimate bending strength, and their evolution with temperature • Fracture toughness and its temperature behavior • Microstructural analysis • Fractographical analysis • Microstructure-macroscopic relationship analysis This study begins with an introduction regarding the systems where these materials could be applied, in order to establish and understand their service conditions. In this case, the component that defines the conditions is the Divertor of magnetic-confinement fusion reactors. It seems obvious that their use as fusion reactor components, more exactly as plasma facing components (PFCs), makes these alloys work under conditions of neutron irradiation. In addition to this, the fact that they are novel materials demands a preliminary study of the basic characteristics which will guarantee their minimum requirements prior to a more complex study. This constitutes the motivation of the present research. The current energy crisis has driven to join forces so as to develop new materials, techniques and devices for their application in the nuclear energy industry. The development of production techniques for tungsten-based alloys, with a very high melting point, requires the use of precursors for sintering to achieve higher densifications and, accordingly, better mechanical properties. This is the purpose of the addition of titanium and vanadium to these alloys. Nevertheless, one of the main problems of using tungsten as structural material is its high ductile-brittle transition temperature. This temperature is characteristic of metallic materials with body centered cubic structure and depends on several metallurgical factors. The recrystallization process increases their transition temperature. Since PFCs have a very high service temperature, this facilitates the metal recrystallization. In order to inhibit this process, insoluble particles are dispersed in the material allowing higher service temperatures. So far, oxides of thorium, lanthanum and yttrium have been used as dispersed particles. Tungsten binary alloys are studied in comparison with pure tungsten to understand how the contents of some elements and oxide particles affect tungsten properties. In turn, these binary alloys are used as reference materials to understand the behavior of ternary alloys. Given the close relationship between the material properties, structure and manufacturing process, this research is completed with a fractographical and micrographic analysis. The fractographical analysis is aimed to show the mechanisms that are involved in the process of the material fracture. Besides, the micrographic study will help to understand this behavior through the identification of present phases. The grain size measurement is a crucial part of the microstructural characterization. In this work, the measurement of grain size was carried out by chemical selective etching to reveal the boundary grain on prepared samples. Afterwards, micrographs were subjected to both treatment and image analysis. The dissertation ends with a discussion of results and the compilation of the most important conclusions reached through this work. The development of new materials for plasma facing components application is still under study. The analysis of these materials will help to complete a database of the features that will allow a more reliable materials selection.

Refractive index sensing properties of long-period fibre grating with sol-gel derived coatings

Long-period fibre gratings (LPGs) have previously been used to detect quantities such as temperature, strain and refractive index (RI). The responsivity to surrounding refractive index means that, potentially, LPGs could be realised as optical biosensors for applications in biochemical and biomedical application areas. We report here to our best knowledge the first investigation on refractive index sensing properties of LPGs with sol-gel derived titanium and silicon oxide coatings. It is revealed that the RI sensitivity of an LPG is affected by both the thickness and the index value of the coating; the coating with higher index and thickness will enhance the LPG RI sensitivity significantly. The surrounding refractive index induced LPG resonance shift has been evaluated over the LPGs’ most sensitive RI region from 1.42 to 1.44. We have identified that, in this region, the uncoated LPG has an RI sensitivity of (-673.0±0.4)nm/uri (unit of refractive index) while the LPG coated with titanium oxide exhibits a sensitivity as high as (-1067.15±0.04)nm/uri.

Sol–gel derived coating applied to long-period gratings for enhanced refractive index sensing properties

Long-period fibre gratings (LPGs) have previously been used to detect quantities such as temperature, strain, and refractive index (RI). We report here, to the best of our knowledge, the first investigation on refractive index sensing properties of LPGs with sol–gel derived titanium and silicon oxide coatings. It is revealed that the RI sensitivity of an LPG is affected by both the thickness and the index value of the coating; a coating with higher index and thickness will enhance the LPG RI sensitivity significantly. The surrounding refractive index induced LPG resonance shift has been evaluated over the LPGs' most sensitive RI region from 1.42 to 1.44. We have identified that, in this region, the uncoated LPG has an RI sensitivity of (-673.0 ± 0.4) nm/uri (unit of refractive index) while the LPG coated with titanium oxide exhibits a sensitivity as high as (-1067.15 ± 0.04) nm/uri. The experimental results also reveal that, even in the RI insensitive region around 1.33, there still is a marked enhancement in RI sensitivity of the sol–gel coated LPG compared to the uncoated one. This is potentially significant as coated LPGs may be extended to low RI gas and semi-liquidized based sensing applications.

Refractive index sensing properties of long-period fibre grating with sol-gel derived coatings

Long-period fibre gratings (LPGs) have previously been used to detect quantities such as temperature, strain and refractive index (RI). The responsivity to surrounding refractive index means that, potentially, LPGs could be realised as optical biosensors for applications in biochemical and biomedical application areas. We report here to our best knowledge the first investigation on refractive index sensing properties of LPGs with sol-gel derived titanium and silicon oxide coatings. It is revealed that the RI sensitivity of an LPG is affected by both the thickness and the index value of the coating; the coating with higher index and thickness will enhance the LPG RI sensitivity significantly. The surrounding refractive index induced LPG resonance shift has been evaluated over the LPGs’ most sensitive RI region from 1.42 to 1.44. We have identified that, in this region, the uncoated LPG has an RI sensitivity of (-673.0±0.4)nm/uri (unit of refractive index) while the LPG coated with titanium oxide exhibits a sensitivity as high as (-1067.15±0.04)nm/uri.

Next generation high density three-dimensional magnetic recording systems

This work is the first work using patterned soft underlayers in multilevel three-dimensional vertical magnetic data storage systems. The motivation stems from an exponentially growing information stockpile, and a corresponding need for more efficient storage devices with higher density. The world information stockpile currently exceeds 150EB (ExaByte=1x1018Bytes); most of which is in analog form. Among the storage technologies (semiconductor, optical and magnetic), magnetic hard disk drives are posed to occupy a big role in personal, network as well as corporate storage. However; this mode suffers from a limit known as the Superparamagnetic limit; which limits achievable areal density due to fundamental quantum mechanical stability requirements. There are many viable techniques considered to defer superparamagnetism into the 100's of Gbit/in2 such as: patterned media, Heat-Assisted Magnetic Recording (HAMR), Self Organized Magnetic Arrays (SOMA), antiferromagnetically coupled structures (AFC), and perpendicular magnetic recording. Nonetheless, these techniques utilize a single magnetic layer; and can thusly be viewed as two-dimensional in nature. In this work a novel three-dimensional vertical magnetic recording approach is proposed. This approach utilizes the entire thickness of a magnetic multilayer structure to store information; with potential areal density well into the Tbit/in2 regime. ^ There are several possible implementations for 3D magnetic recording; each presenting its own set of requirements, merits and challenges. The issues and considerations pertaining to the development of such systems will be examined, and analyzed using empirical and numerical analysis techniques. Two novel key approaches are proposed and developed: (1) Patterned soft underlayer (SUL) which allows for enhanced recording of thicker media, (2) A combinatorial approach for 3D media development that facilitates concurrent investigation of various film parameters on a predefined performance metric. A case study is presented using combinatorial overcoats of Tantalum and Zirconium Oxides for corrosion protection in magnetic media. ^ Feasibility of 3D recording is demonstrated, and an emphasis on 3D media development is emphasized as a key prerequisite. Patterned SUL shows significant enhancement over conventional "un-patterned" SUL, and shows that geometry can be used as a design tool to achieve favorable field distribution where magnetic storage and magnetic phenomena are involved. ^

Influência da utilização do fluido de corte com adição de grafeno na temperatura de usinagem e formação de rebarba no processo de micro fresamento

As time passed, humanity needed the development of new materials used in various activities. High strength materials such as titanium and Inconel for example, had been studied because they are widely used for implants in biomedicine, as well as their use in aerospace and automotive industries. Because of its thermal and mechanical properties, these materials are considered difficult to machine, promoting a rapid wear of cutting tools, primarily caused by the high temperatures in machining. With the development of new materials has emerged the need of developing new manufacturing processes. One of today’s innovative processes is the micro-manufacturing. Being a process with a defined cutting tool geometry, burr formation is a constant and undesirable phenomenon formed during the machininig process. Being detrimental to the manufacturing process, overspending deburring operations are constantly employed leading to increase the aggregate cost to the manufactured material. Assembly components are also impaired if there is no control of the burr, with consequences including the disposal of components due to the occurence of this phenomenon. This paper presents the study of micro-milling Inconel 718, investigating influential parameters in the formation of burrs in order to minimize the occurrence of this phenome non. Different feed rates per tooth and cutting speed are evaluated, and different cutting fluids with different methods of applying the fluid. Adding graphene to cutting fluids was considered as a variable to be investigated, which is considered an excellent solid lubricant, in addition to increasing the thermal conductivity of the cooling solution (AZIMI; MOZAF FARI, 2015). The micro-milling temperature was evaluated in the present work. It was observed a new phenomenon that causes the machined surface temperature decreases below room temperature when using the solution water + oil. This phenomenon is explained in further chapters. In order to unravel this phenomenon, a new test was proposed and, from this test, it can be concluded, comparatively, which cutting fluid has a better cooling property.Using cutting fluid with different thermal properties has shown influence when analy zing burr formation and reducing machining temperature.

(Table 1) Helium isotope ratios of sediment core TT013_114

We present a helium isotope record for core TT013-114PC from the central equatorial Pacific (140°W, 4°N, 4432 m water depth) spanning a period of 1 million years. We focus on the time interval from 560 to 800 kyr, largely coinciding with the mid-Pleistocene climate transition (MPT) when the dominant period of the Earth's climate variability shifted from 41 kyr to 100 kyr. The terrigenous 4He concentrations from our study correlate very well with published titanium concentrations in this core strongly supporting the use of terrigenous 4He as a monitor of continental dust. Normalizing titanium and terrigenous 4He concentrations to 3He suggests that the dust supply during the MPT was approximately 30% lower compared to the subsequent period (560-100 kyr). The 3He-normalized barium, aluminum and phosphorus concentrations, trace elements with a predominantly biogenic source in these sediments, are relatively constant. This is in contrast to previous studies that reported an apparent rise of titanium-normalized productivity proxies. Rather than a significant increase in productivity during the MPT, we conclude that the dust flux to the central equatorial Pacific was reduced and that the export productivity was approximately constant during this period of climate reorganization.

The Performance Characteristics of a Surface-Modified Cutting Tool

In the past, many papers have been presented which show that the coating of cutting tools often yields decreased wear rates and reduced coefficients of friction. Although different theories are proposed, covering areas such as hardness theory, diffusion barrier theory, thermal barrier theory, and reduced friction theory, most have not dealt with the question of how and why the coating of tool substrates with hard materials such as Titanium Nitride (TiN), Titanium Carbide (TiC) and Aluminium Oxide (Al203) transforms the performance and life of cutting tools. This project discusses the complex interrelationship that encompasses the thermal barrier function and the relatively low sliding friction coefficient of TiN on an undulating tool surface, and presents the result of an investigation into the cutting characteristics and performance of EDMed surface-modified carbide cutting tool inserts. The tool inserts were coated with TiN by the physical vapour deposition (PVD) method. PVD coating is also known as Ion-plating which is the general term of the coating method in which the film is created by attracting ionized metal vapour in this the metal was Titanium and ionized gas onto negatively biased substrate surface. Coating by PVD was chosen because it is done at a temperature of not more than 5000C whereas chemical Vapour Deposition CVD process is done at very high temperature of about 8500C and in two stages of heating up the substrates. The high temperatures involved in CVD affects the strength of the (tool) substrates. In this study, comparative cutting tests using TiN-coated control specimens with no EDM surface structures and TiN-coated EDMed tools with a crater-like surface topography were carried out on mild steel grade EN-3. Various cutting speeds were investigated, up to an increase of 40% of the tool manufacturer’s recommended speed. Fifteen minutes of cutting were carried out for each insert at the speeds investigated. Conventional tool inserts normally have a tool life of approximately 15 minutes of cutting. After every five cuts (passes) microscopic pictures of the tool wear profiles were taken, in order to monitor the progressive wear on the rake face and on the flank of the insert. The power load was monitored for each cut taken using an on-board meter on the CNC machine to establish the amount of power needed for each stage of operation. The spindle drive for the machine is an 11 KW/hr motor. Results obtained confirmed the advantages of cutting at all speeds investigated using EDMed coated inserts, in terms of reduced tool wear and low power loads. Moreover, the surface finish on the workpiece was consistently better for the EDMed inserts. The thesis discusses the relevance of the finite element method in the analysis of metal cutting processes, so that metal machinists can design, manufacture and deliver goods (tools) to the market quickly and on time without going through the hassle of trial and error approach for new products. Improvements in manufacturing technologies require better knowledge of modelling metal cutting processes. Technically the use of computational models has a great value in reducing or even eliminating the number of experiments traditionally used for tool design, process selection, machinability evaluation, and chip breakage investigations. In this work, much interest in theoretical and experimental investigations of metal machining were given special attention. Finite element analysis (FEA) was given priority in this study to predict tool wear and coating deformations during machining. Particular attention was devoted to the complicated mechanisms usually associated with metal cutting, such as interfacial friction; heat generated due to friction and severe strain in the cutting region, and high strain rates. It is therefore concluded that Roughened contact surface comprising of peaks and valleys coated with hard materials (TiN) provide wear-resisting properties as the coatings get entrapped in the valleys and help reduce friction at chip-tool interface. The contributions to knowledge: a. Relates to a wear-resisting surface structure for application in contact surfaces and structures in metal cutting and forming tools with ability to give wear-resisting surface profile. b. Provide technique for designing tool with roughened surface comprising of peaks and valleys covered in conformal coating with a material such as TiN, TiC etc which is wear-resisting structure with surface roughness profile compose of valleys which entrap residual coating material during wear thereby enabling the entrapped coating material to give improved wear resistance. c. Provide knowledge for increased tool life through wear resistance, hardness and chemical stability at high temperatures because of reduced friction at the tool-chip and work-tool interfaces due to tool coating, which leads to reduced heat generation at the cutting zones. d. Establishes that Undulating surface topographies on cutting tips tend to hold coating materials longer in the valleys, thus giving enhanced protection to the tool and the tool can cut faster by 40% and last 60% longer than conventional tools on the markets today.

O papel do flúor como agente corrosivo dos fios ortodônticos

O tratamento ortodôntico insere-se numa área da medicina dentária que se dedica ao estudo das formas de prevenir, interceptar e corrigir as más posições dos dentes e dos maxilares. Durante este tratamento é importante que os pacientes consigam manter uma boa higiene oral dos dentes e do aparelho, o que requer precisão e tempo. Para ajudar a manter a higiene oral os pacientes recorrem frequentemente ao uso de produtos fluoretados, que apesar dos seus benefícios como agentes na prevenção da cárie têm consequências no tratamento ortodôntico nomeadamente na corrosão dos fios ortodônticos. Através de uma revisão da literatura pretende-se explorar a relação entre o uso de flúor durante o tratamento ortodôntico com a corrosão dos fios mais usados nesse mesmo tratamento. Materiais e Métodos: Nesta revisão de literatura realizou-se pesquisa nas bases de dados electrónicas “Medline/PubMed”, e “B-On”; referências bibliográficas de artigos; livros de Medicina Dentária e pesquisa narrativa. Conclusão: O uso de agentes fluoretados tópicos pode induzir uma diminuição das propriedades mecânicas dos fios ortodônticos nomeadamente do níquel-titânio, e consequentemente provocar o prolongamento do tratamento ortodôntico. Os Ortodontistas devem ter em consideração o tipo de fio usado no tratamento no momento da prescrição de colutórios e outros agentes fluoretados.

CHARACTERIZATION OF RADIATION DAMAGE TO A NOVEL PHOTONIC CRYSTAL SENSOR

New methods of nuclear fuel and cladding characterization must be developed and implemented to enhance the safety and reliability of nuclear power plants. One class of such advanced methods is aimed at the characterization of fuel performance by performing minimally intrusive in-core, real time measurements on nuclear fuel on the nanometer scale. Nuclear power plants depend on instrumentation and control systems for monitoring, control and protection. Traditionally, methods for fuel characterization under irradiation are performed using a “cook and look” method. These methods are very expensive and labor-intensive since they require removal, inspection and return of irradiated samples for each measurement. Such fuel cladding inspection methods investigate oxide layer thickness, wear, dimensional changes, ovality, nuclear fuel growth and nuclear fuel defect identification. These methods are also not suitable for all commercial nuclear power applications as they are not always available to the operator when needed. Additionally, such techniques often provide limited data and may exacerbate the phenomena being investigated. This thesis investigates a novel, nanostructured sensor based on a photonic crystal design that is implemented in a nuclear reactor environment. The aim of this work is to produce an in-situ radiation-tolerant sensor capable of measuring the deformation of a nuclear material during nuclear reactor operations. The sensor was fabricated on the surface of nuclear reactor materials (specifically, steel and zirconium based alloys). Charged-particle and mixed-field irradiations were both performed on a newly-developed “pelletron” beamline at Idaho State University's Research and Innovation in Science and Engineering (RISE) complex and at the University of Maryland's 250 kW Training Reactor (MUTR). The sensors were irradiated to 6 different fluences (ranging from 1 to 100 dpa), followed by intensive characterization using focused ion beam (FIB), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to investigate the physical deformation and microstructural changes between different fluence levels, to provide high-resolution information regarding the material performance. Computer modeling (SRIM/TRIM) was employed to simulate damage to the sensor as well as to provide significant information concerning the penetration depth of the ions into the material.

Análise da estabilidade genética de células-tronco mesenquimais humanas

Human multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), also known as mesenchymal stem cells, have become an important and attractive therapeutic tool since they are easily isolated and cultured, have in vitro expansion potential, substantial plasticity and secrete bioactive molecules that exert trophic effects. The human umbilical cord as a cell source for cell therapy will help to avoid several ethical, political, religious and technical issues. One of the main issues with SC lines from different sources, mainly those of embryonic origin, is the possibility of chromosomal alterations and genomic instability during in vitro expansion. Cells isolated from one umbilical cord exhibited a rare balanced paracentric inversion, likely a cytogenetic constitutional alteration, karyotype: 46,XY,inv(3)(p13p25~26). Important genes related to cancer predisposition and others involved in DNA repair are located in 3p25~26. Titanium is an excellent biomaterial for bone-implant integration; however, the use can result in the generation of particulate debris that can accumulate in the tissues adjacent to the prosthesis, in the local bone marrow, in the lymph nodes, liver and spleen. Subsequently may elicit important biological responses that aren´t well studied. In this work, we have studied the genetic stability of MSC isolated from the umbilical cord vein during in vitro expansion, after the cryopreservation, and under different concentrations and time of exposition to titanium microparticles. Cells were isolated, in vitro expanded, demonstrated capacity for osteogenic, adipogenic and chondrogenic differentiation and were evaluated using flow cytometry, so they met the minimum requirements for characterization as MSCs. The cells were expanded under different concentrations and time of exposition to titanium microparticles. The genetic stability of MSCs was assessed by cytogenetic analysis, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and analysis of micronucleus and other nuclear alterations (CBMN). The cells were able to internalize the titanium microparticles, but MSCs preserve their morphology, differentiation capacity and surface marker expression profiles. Furthermore, there was an increase in the genomic instability after long time of in vitro expansion, and this instability was greater when cells were exposed to high doses of titanium microparticles that induced oxidative stress. It is necessary always assess the risks/ benefits of using titanium in tissue therapy involving MSCs, considering the biosafety of the use of bone regeneration using titanium and MSCs. Even without using titanium, it is important that the therapeutic use of such cells is based on analyzes that ensure quality, security and cellular stability, with the standardization of quality control programs appropriate. In conclusion, it is suggested that cytogenetic analysis, FISH analysis and the micronucleus and other nuclear alterations are carried out in CTMH before implanting in a patient

Efeito do tratamento térmico do titânio sobre a proliferação de células pré-osteoblásticas

Titanium is a biomaterial widely employed in biomedical applications (implants, prostheses, valves, stents). Several heat treatments are usually used in order to obtain physical properties required to different applications. This work studied the influence of the heat treatment on microstructure of commercial pure titanium, and their consequences in growth and proliferation of MC3T3-E1 cells. Discs of titanium were treated in different temperatures, and characterized by optical microscopy, image analysis, wettabillity, roughness, hardness and X-ray diffraction. After the heat treatment, significant modifications in these properties were observed. Pattern images of titanium, before and after the cell culture, were compared by overlapping to analyze the influence of microstructure in microstructure and preferences guidance cells. However, in general, titanium discs that showed a higher residual strength also presented an increase of cells numbers on surface

Construção, caracterização e aplicação de eletrodos para descarga por arco de cátodo oco

The system built to characterize electrodes and, consequently, deposited fine films are constituted by a hollow cathode that works to discharges and low pressures (approximately 10-3 to 5 mbar), a source DC (0 to 1200 V), a cylindrical camera of closed borossilicato for flanges of stainless steel with an association of vacuum bombs mechanical and spread. In the upper flange it is connected the system of hollow cathode, which possesses an entrance of gas and two entrances for its refrigeration, the same is electrically isolated of the rest of the equipment and it is polarized negatively. In front of the system of hollow cathode there is a movable sample in stainless steel with possibility of moving in the horizontal and vertical. In the vertical, the sample can vary its distance between 0 and 70 mm and, in the horizontal, can leave completely from the front of the hollow cathode. The sample and also the cathode hollow are equipped with cromel-alumel termopares with simultaneous reading of the temperatures during the time of treatment. In this work copper electrodes, bronze, titanium, iron, stainless steel, powder of titanium, powder of titanium and silício, glass and ceramic were used. The electrodes were investigated relating their geometry change and behavior of the plasma of the cavity of hollow cathode and channel of the gas. As the cavity of hollow cathode, the analyzed aspects were the diameter and depth. With the channel of the gas, we verified the diameter. In the two situations, we investigated parameters as flow of the gas, pressure, current and applied tension in the electrode, temperature, loss of mass of the electrode with relationship at the time of use. The flow of gas investigated in the electrodes it was fastened in a work strip from 15 to 6 sccm, the constant pressure of work was among 2.7 to 8 x 10-2 mbar. The applied current was among a strip of work from 0,8 to 0,4 A, and their respective tensions were in a strip from 400 to 220 V. Fixing the value of the current, it was possible to lift the curve of the behavior of the tension with the time of use. That curves esteem in that time of use of the electrode to its efficiency is maximum. The temperatures of the electrodes were in the dependence of that curves showing a maximum temperature when the tension was maximum, yet the measured temperatures in the samples showed to be sensitive the variation of the temperature in the electrodes. An accompaniment of the loss of mass of the electrode relating to its time of use showed that the electrodes that appeared the spherical cavities lost more mass in comparison with the electrodes in that didn't appear. That phenomenon is only seen for pressures of 10-2 mbar, in these conditions a plasma column is formed inside of the channel of the gas and in certain points it is concentrated in form of spheres. Those spherical cavities develop inside of the channel of the gas spreading during the whole extension of the channel of the gas. The used electrodes were cut after they could not be more used, however among those electrodes, films that were deposited in alternate times and the electrodes that were used to deposit films in same times, those films were deposited in the glass substrata, alumina, stainless steel 420, stainless steel 316, silício and steel M2. As the eletros used to deposit films in alternate time as the ones that they were used to deposit in same times, the behavior of the thickness of the film obeyed the curve of the tension with relationship the time of use of the electrode, that is, when the tension was maximum, the thickness of the film was also maximum and when the tension was minimum, the thickness was minimum and in the case where the value of the tension was constant, the thickness of the film tends to be constant. The fine films that were produced they had applications with nano stick, bio-compatibility, cellular growth, inhibition of bacterias, cut tool, metallic leagues, brasagem, pineapple fiber and ornamental. In those films it was investigated the thickness, the adherence and the uniformity characterized by sweeping electronic microscopy. Another technique developed to assist the production and characterization of the films produced in that work was the caloteste. It uses a sphere and abrasive to mark the sample with a cap impression, with that cap form it is possible to calculate the thickness of the film. Through the time of life of the cathode, it was possible to evaluate the rate of waste of its material for the different work conditions. Values of waste rate up to 3,2 x 10-6 g/s were verified. For a distance of the substratum of 11 mm, the deposited film was limited to a circular area of 22 mm diameter mm for high pressures and a circular area of 75 mm for pressure strip. The obtained films presented thickness around 2,1 µm, showing that the discharge of arch of hollow cathode in argon obeys a curve characteristic of the tension with the time of life of the eletrodo. The deposition rate obtained in this system it is of approximately 0,18 µm/min

Diagnóstico das espécies ativas do plasma usado em tratamentos termoquímicos do titânio

Plasma diagnostics by Optical Emission Spectroscopy were performed for electrical discharge in three gas mixture respecting the combinations z N2 y Ar x H2, z N2 y Ar x O2 e z N2 y Ar x CH4, in which the indexes z and y systematically vary from 1 to 4 and x varies from 0 to 4, every one has dimension SCCM, resulting in 80 combinations. From the all obtained spectrums, the species CH (387,1 nm), N2+ (391,4 nm), Hβ (486,1 nm), Hα (656,3 nm), Ar (750,4 nm), O (777,4 nm) e O (842,6 nm) were analyzed because of their abundance and importance on the kinetic of reaction from the plasma to surface, besides their high dependences on the gases flows. Particularly interesting z, y and x combinations were chosen in order to study the influence of active species on the surface modification during the thermochemical treatment. From the mixtures N2 Ar O2 e N2 Ar CH4 were chosen three peculiar proportions which presented luminous intensity profile with unexpected maximum or minimum values, denominated as plasma anomaly. Those plasma concentrations were utilized as atmosphere of titanium treatment maintaining constant the control parameters pressure and temperature. It has been verified a relation among luminous intensity associated to N2+ and roughness, nanohardness and O atoms diffusion into the crystalline lattice of treated titanium and it has been seen which those properties becomes more intense precisely in the higher points found in the optical profile associated to the N2+ specie. Those parameters were verified for the mixture which involved O2 gas. For the mixture which involves CH4 gas, the relation was determinate by roughness, number of nitrogen and carbon atoms diffused into the titanium structure which presented direct proportionality with the luminous intensity referent to the N2+ and CH. It has been yet studied the formation of TiCN phases on the surface which presented to be essentially directly proportional to the increasing of the CH specie and inversely proportional to the increasing of the specie N2+

Estudo sobre a redução aluminotérmica de Ta2O5 e TiO2 usando descarga de cátodo oco

In this study it was used two metallic oxides, Ta2O5 and TiO2, in order to obtain metallic powders of Ta and Ti through aluminothermic reduction ignited by plasma. Ta2O5 and TiO2 powders were mixed with Al in a planetary mill, using different milling times. A thermal analysis study (DTA and TG) was carried out, in order to know the temperature to react both the mixtures. Then, these mixtures were submitted to a hollow cathode discharge, where they were reacted using aluminothermic reduction ignited by plasma. The product obtained was characterized by XRD and SEM, where it was proven the possibility of producing these metallic particles, different from the conventional process, where metallic ingots are obtained. It was verified that the aluminothermic reduction ignited by plasma is able to produce metallic powders of Ta and Ti, and a higher efficiency was observed to the process with Ta2O5-Al mixtures. Among different microstructural aspects observed, it can be noted the presence of metallic nanoparticles trapped into an Al2O3 matrix, besides acicular structures (titanium) and dendritic structures (tantalum), which are a product characteristic from a fast cooling