Particle size spectrum analysis during Maria S. Merian cruise MSM26, spring 2013

A Laser In-Situ Scattering Transmissometer (LISST) was used to collect vertical distribution data of particles from 2.5 to 500 µm in size. The LISST uses a multi-ring detector to measure scattering light of particles from a laser diode. Particles are classified into 32 log-spaced bins and the concentration of each bin is calculated as micro-liters per liter (µl/l). The instrument is rated to a depth of 300 m, and also records temperature and pressure. The sample interval was set to record every second. The LISST was attached to the LOPC frame to conduct casts and allow for particle-size comparisons between the two instruments. The LOPC is rated to a depth of 2000 m, thus a short deployment to a depth of 300 m was first conducted with both instruments. The instruments were then returned to the deck and the LISST removed via a quick release bracket so deep LOPC casts could be continued at a station. Raw LISST size-spectrum data is presented as concentrations for each of the 32 size bins for every second of the cast.

Abundance mesopelagic fish collected during Maria S. Merian cruise MSM26, spring 2013

Mesopelagic fish were collected using a 1 m**2 Double-MOCNESS (Multiple Opening and Closing Net and Environmental Sensing System) and 4.5 m**2 IKMT (Isaacs-Kidd midwater trawl). The main portion of the IKMT was 20 mm knotted nylon, and the tail bag was 3 mm knotless nylon. Oblique IKMT tows were made to a maximum depth of 500 m at a tow speed of 3.5 knots. The original cruise plan intended for nighttime IKMT tows, but tow times varied due to operational constraints. The MOCNESS was equipped with 20 nets of 333 µm mesh size; 10 nets per side. The towing speed was 2 knots. Samples were collected to a maximum depth of 1250 m. The first oblique nets sampled from the surface to the max depth, and the other nets sampled depth stratified bins of the water column. MOCNESS hauls were performed during day and night to investigate diel vertical migrations. Mesoplelagic fish were processed on board. All fish were picked from all IKMT nets, most oblique MOCNESS nets, and the left side nets of the depth stratified MOCNESS samples. The Depth stratified nets from the right side of the MOCNESS frame were preserved in 5 % formalin for future quantitative analyses of the nekton. Fish were identified to the lowest possible taxa using Whitehead et al. (1984) and Fahay (2007). Standard length of each fish was measured to the nearest 0.1 mm using a digital caliper. Measured and identified fish were frozen in an -80 °C freezer, and shipped to the University of Hamburg at the end of the cruise.

Nrf1 and Nrf2 positively and c-Fos and Fra1 negatively regulate the human antioxidant response element-mediated expression of NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase1 gene

Twenty-four base pairs of the human antioxidant response element (hARE) are required for high basal transcription of the NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase1 (NQO1) gene and its induction in response to xenobiotics and antioxidants. hARE is a unique cis-element that contains one perfect and one imperfect AP1 element arranged as inverse repeats separated by 3 bp, followed by a “GC” box. We report here that Jun, Fos, Fra, and Nrf nuclear transcription factors bind to the hARE. Overexpression of cDNA derived combinations of the nuclear proteins Jun and Fos or Jun and Fra1 repressed hARE-mediated chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene expression in transfected human hepatoblastoma (Hep-G2) cells. Further experiments suggested that this repression was due to overexpression of c-Fos and Fra1, but not due to Jun proteins. The Jun (c-Jun, Jun-B, and Jun-D) proteins in all the possible combinations were more or less ineffective in repression or upregulation of hARE-mediated gene expression. Interestingly, overexpression of Nrf1 and Nrf2 individually in Hep-G2 and monkey kidney (COS1) cells significantly increased CAT gene expression from reporter plasmid hARE-thymidine kinase-CAT in transfected cells that were inducible by β-naphthoflavone and tert-butyl hydroquinone. These results indicated that hARE-mediated expression of the NQO1 gene and its induction by xenobiotics and antioxidants are mediated by Nrf1 and Nrf2. The hARE-mediated basal expression, however, is repressed by overexpression of c-Fos and Fra1.

From patterns to processes: Phase and density dependencies in the Canadian lynx cycle

Across the boreal forest of North America, lynx populations undergo 10-year cycles. Analysis of 21 time series from 1821 to the present demonstrates that these fluctuations are generated by nonlinear processes with regulatory delays. Trophic interactions between lynx and hares cause delayed density-dependent regulation of lynx population growth. The nonlinearity, in contrast, appears to arise from phase dependencies in hunting success by lynx through the cycle. Using a combined approach of empirical, statistical, and mathematical modeling, we highlight how shifts in trophic interactions between the lynx and the hare generate the nonlinear process primarily by shifting functional response curves during the increase and the decrease phases.

Seguimiento de la liebre ibérica (Lepus granatensis ROSENHAUER, 1856) en la Sierra de Mariola (Alicante-Valencia)

La liebre ibérica (Lepus granatensis) es una especie de gran valor en los ecosistemas mediterráneos españoles y por esta razón, su conocimiento ecológico y su relación con los factores que influyen en la heterogeneidad espacial son esenciales para su conservación y manejo. El objetivo de este trabajo es conocer las variaciones de la abundancia de la liebre ibérica en el Parque Natural de la Sierra de Mariola, situado entre las provincias de Alicante y Valencia, en el periodo 2009-2010, y su distribución en las principales matrices del paisaje de una zona de montaña del mediterráneo peninsular. Las abundancias relativas de liebre se han obtenido a partir de transectos estratificados de 1.000 m de longitud. El mayor índice kilométrico de abundancia (IKA) de liebres tiene lugar en primavera (IKA medio de 0,26 liebres/km), y disminuye hasta el invierno (IKA medio de 0,075 liebres/km). La mayor abundancia de liebres se obtiene en la matriz de cultivos de secano (IKA medio de 0,32 liebres/km). Las matrices de vegetación natural y abandono presentan bajo número de liebres, con valores de IKA medios de 0,06 y 0,04 liebres/km respectivamente.

Conocimientos científicos importantes para la conservación y gestión de las tres especies de liebre de la Península Ibérica: deficiencias y retos para el futuro

Los principales avances en el conocimiento de las tres especies de liebre presentes en la Península Ibérica (dos de ellas endémicas) tuvieron lugar a finales del siglo XX con la realización de estudios sobre genética, morfología y ecología descriptiva. Durante los años 90 y 2000, se ha profundizado fundamentalmente en aspectos genéticos y evolutivos, en la definición de factores ambientales determinantes de su distribución, en el estado sanitario y en el comportamiento espacial. En lo que respecta a los estudios sobre dinámica poblacional, se dispone únicamente de trabajos locales con metodologías diversas y series de datos generalmente cortas, lo que impide realizar una interpretación conjunta y sólida de los datos. Esta falta de información conlleva que las bases técnicas para determinar un adecuado aprovechamiento cinegético sean en la mayoría de los casos insuficientes. Además, las tres especies se encuentran fuertemente ligadas al medio agrícola y ganadero, por lo que determinar los factores relativos al manejo de estos medios que afectan a las liebres resulta esencial, especialmente debido al declive general de la mayor parte de las especies silvestres ligadas a estos espacios. ¿Será el sector científico-técnico capaz de avanzar en el conocimiento de la dinámica poblacional y el efecto del manejo agroganadero para una mejor gestión de las liebres ibéricas?