Esthetic influence of negative space in the buccal corridor during smiling

The purpose of this study was to measure and verify the esthetic influence of the bilateral spaces between maxillary teeth and lip corners, called negative space (NS), during smile. The sample was comprised of 60 smile photographs obtained from 60 individuals (30 men and 30 women) aged 18 to 25 years old. Two orthodontists and two lay people evaluated these pictures regarding esthetics by a visual analogue scale. In each picture, the right and left NS were measured in millimeters and in proportion to the smile width (SW). Data were analyzed for statistical significance (P = .05). The mean NS of the sample was 6.68 ± 1.99 mm, and the NS proportion in relation to the SW was 9.6 ± 2.56%, for both sides of the arch. No significant asymmetries were observed between the right and left sides. The NS was significantly larger in men than in women when measured in millimeters (P = .028) (7.08 ± 2.24 mm in men vs 6.28 ± 1.62 mm in women), but the NS proportion to the SW was similar (9.94 ± 2.24% in men vs 9.26 ± 1.61% in women). When the 12 individuals with the smallest NS in proportion to SW were compared with the 12 individuals with the largest NS in proportion to SW, there was no statistical difference regarding the esthetic evaluation (P = .11). It was concluded that the NS did not influence the esthetic evaluation of smile photographs in the sample in this study, for both orthodontists and lay people. © 2006 by The EH Angle Education and Research Foundation, Inc.

Latin America and the Caribbean in the World Economy 2004: 2005 trends

Includes bibliography

Latin America and the Caribbean in the World Economy 2008-2009: Crisis and opportunities for regional cooperation

Incluye Bibliografía

Globalization and development

Includes bibliography

Economics of climate change in Latin America and the Caribbean: summary 2009

Includes bibliography

Opportunities for Convergence and Regional Cooperation. Summary of proposals

Includes bibliography

The contribution of biofuels to the sustainability of development in Latin America and the Caribbean

Includes bibliography

National innovation surveys in Latin America: empirical evidence and policy implications

Includes bibliography

Theory and practice of industrial policy: evidence from the Latin American experience

Includes bibliography

Regional interdependencies and macroeconomic crises: notes on MERCOSUR

Includes bibliography

Estudio sobre la amplitud del movimiento articular de la rodilla en el proceso de marcha de niños con parálisis cerebral espástica

Introduction: To analyze the contribution of knee range of motion in walking of hemiplegic and diplegic children, considering their asymmetries. Material and method: Twelve children, 6 hemiplegics and 6 diplegics, from 7 to 12 years of age (9.5 ± 1.93) participated. Spasticity was assessed with the Ashworth's Modified Scale and the passive knee range of motion using an electrogoniometer. The task was to walk on an 8 m long walkway, using their preferred speed. Six attempts were made, three of which were on the right and three on the left sagittal planes. Results: The Mann-Whitney's U test found differences in the type of cerebral palsy for knee extension/hyperextension, for the relative angle of the knee at the load acceptance phase and for the knee range of motion during stride. The Wilcoxon's test revealed differences in hemibody for hemiplegics in the relative angle of the knee in acceptance of the load. Conclusions: Children with spastic cerebral palsy use compensation strategies between the lower limbs during walking. These strategies differed according to the type of cerebral palsy. The knee joint has an important function in those strategies, especially in the load acceptance and propulsion phases. © 2010 Elsevier España, S.L. y SERMEF. Todos los derechos reservados.

Developing countries' anti-cyclical policies in a globalized world

Includes bibliography

Measurement of the semileptonic charge asymmetry in B0 meson mixing with the D0 detector

We present a measurement of the semileptonic mixing asymmetry for B0 mesons, asld, using two independent decay channels: B0→μ +D -X, with D -→K +π -π -; and B0→μ +D *-X, with D * -→D ̄0π -, D ̄0→ K +π - (and charge conjugate processes). We use a data sample corresponding to 10.4fb -1 of pp̄ collisions at √s=1.96TeV, collected with the D0 experiment at the Fermilab Tevatron collider. We extract the charge asymmetries in these two channels as a function of the visible proper decay length of the B0 meson, correct for detector-related asymmetries using data-driven methods, and account for dilution from charge-symmetric processes using Monte Carlo simulation. The final measurement combines four signal visible proper decay length regions for each channel, yielding asld=[0.68±0.45(stat)±0.14(syst)]%. This is the single most precise measurement of this parameter, with uncertainties smaller than the current world average of B factory measurements. © 2012 American Physical Society.

Forward-backward asymmetry of Drell-Yan lepton pairs in pp collisions at s=7TeV

A measurement of the forward-backward asymmetry (AFB) of Drell-Yan lepton pairs in pp collisions at s=7TeV is presented. The data sample, collected with the CMS detector, corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 5fb-1. The asymmetry is measured as a function of dilepton mass and rapidity in the dielectron and dimuon channels. Combined results from the two channels are presented, and are compared with the standard model predictions. The AFB measurement in the dimuon channel and the combination of the two channels are the first such results obtained at a hadron collider. The measured asymmetries are consistent with the standard model predictions. © 2012 CERN.

Propulsive force asymmetry during tethered-swimming

This study aimed to determine whether: i) tethered-swimming can be used to identify the asymmetry during front crawl swimming style; ii) swimmers that perform unilateral breathing present greater asymmetry in comparison to others that use bilateral breathing; iii) swimmers of best performance present smaller asymmetry than their counterparts; iv) repeated front crawl swimming movements influence body asymmetry. 18 swimmers were assessed for propulsive force parameters (peak force, mean force, impulse and rate of force development) during a maximal front crawl tethered-swimming test lasting 2 min. A factorial analysis showed that propulsive forces decreased at the beginning, intermediate and end of the test (p<0.05), but the asymmetries were not changed at different instants of the test. When breathing preference (uni- or bilateral) was analyzed, asymmetry remained unchanged in all force parameters (p>0.05). When performance was considered (below or above mean group time), a larger asymmetry was found in the sub-group of lower performance in comparison to those of best performance (p<0.05). Therefore, the asymmetries of the propulsive forces can be detected using tethered-swimming. The propulsive forces decreased during the test but asymmetries did not change under testing conditions. Although breathing preference did not influence asymmetry, swimmers with best performance were less asymmetric than their counterparts. © Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart New York.