The complexities of tourism and regeneration: the case of the 2012 Olympic Games

Regeneration proposals typically seek to use a range of physical, economic and social initiatives to tackle inequality and improve areas. Often they attempt to change the image of places, making them more attractive to tourists, investors, and residents. The role of tourism in these regeneration processes is complex and contested. Tourism elements are often not well understood by decision-makers and sometimes create tensions with wider social regeneration aspirations. Using concepts from complexity theory, this paper interrogates the relationship between tourism and wider regeneration aspirations connected with the 2012 Olympic Games. It uses complexity theory to explore the context within which policies are developed, and the relationships between different policy initiatives. Both are highly complex, constantly evolving and sometimes ambiguous. It argues complexity concepts might be used to help to develop deeper understanding of the relationships between tourism and regeneration.

Engaging local communities in neighbourhood regeneration in England: an evaluation of aims, objectives and outcomes

This chapter reviews the different approaches to engaging local communities in neighbourhood regeneration over time and concludes with a discussion of the implications of the Localism Act 2011.

The potential for neighbourhood regeneration in a period of austerity: changing forms of neighbourhood governance in two cities

Localism is an active political strategy, developed in a period of austerity by the UK's coalition government as a justification for the restructuring of state-civil society relationships. The deprived neighbourhood has long been a site for service delivery and a scale for intervention and action, giving rise to a variety of forms of neighbourhood governance. Prior international comparative research indicated convergence with the US given the rise of the self-help conjuncture and the decline of neighbourhood governance as a medium of regeneration. The subsequent shift in the UK paradigm from ‘big’ to ‘small state’ localism and deficit-reducing cuts to public expenditure confirm these trends, raising questions about the forms of neighbourhood governance currently being established, the role being played by local and central government, and the implications for neighbourhood regeneration. Two emerging forms of neighbourhood governance are examined in two urban local authorities and compared with prior forms examined in earlier research in the case study sites. The emerging forms differ significantly in their design and purpose, but as both are voluntary and receive no additional funding, better organised and more affluent communities are more likely to pursue their development. While it is still rather early to assess the capacity of these forms to promote neighbourhood regeneration, the potential in a period of austerity appears limited. Reduced funding for local services increases the imperative to self-help, while rights to local voice remain limited and the emerging forms provide little scope to influence (declining) local services and (still centralised) planning decisions, especially in neighbourhoods with regeneration needs which are likely to lack the requisite capacities, particularly stores of linking social capital. Initial conclusions suggest greater polarity and the further containment of deprived neighbourhoods.

Regeneration: the inner city in context

This chapter (12) reviews key publications by Sir Peter Hall in the period 1967-79. In this period he was particularly interested in the 'inner city' and how problems of deprivation, unemployment, poor housing, and increasingly immigration might best be addressed by public policy. Each chapter in the book reviews Sir Peter's publications over a long and distinguished career in research and policy advice to government in honour of his 80th birthday in 2013.

A biocomposite of collagen nanofibers and nanohydroxyapatite for bone regeneration

This work aims to design a synthetic construct that mimics the natural bone extracellular matrix through innovative approaches based on simultaneous type I collagen electrospinning and nanophased hydroxyapatite (nanoHA) electrospraying using non-denaturating conditions and non-toxic reagents. The morphological results, assessed using scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM), showed a mesh of collagen nanofibers embedded with crystals of HA with fiber diameters within the nanometer range (30 nm), thus significantly lower than those reported in the literature, over 200 nm. The mechanical properties, assessed by nanoindentation using AFM, exhibited elastic moduli between 0.3 and 2 GPa. Fourier transformed infrared spectrometry confirmed the collagenous integrity as well as the presence of nanoHA in the composite. The network architecture allows cell access to both collagen nanofibers and HA crystals as in the natural bone environment. The inclusion of nanoHA agglomerates by electrospraying in type I collagen nanofibers improved the adhesion and metabolic activity of MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts. This new nanostructured collagen–nanoHA composite holds great potential for healing bone defects or as a functional membrane for guided bone tissue regeneration and in treating bone diseases.

Size-Control Regulation during Regeneration

Functional regeneration of organs upon injury is a key process for animals survival. Contrary to humans, some vertebrates are remarkably competent in regenerating after acute organ or appendage lesions. This advantageous skill allows overcoming limitations in repair even in adult stages, when tissues are fully developed, via a process of epimorphic regeneration. One such organism is the zebrafish, which can regenerate several organs, namely its heart, retina, spinal cord and fins. (...)

Expression of SCG10 and stathmin proteins in the rat olfactory system during development and axonal regeneration.

The membrane-associated protein SCG10 is expressed specifically by neuronal cells. Recent experiments have suggested that it promotes neurite outgrowth by increasing microtubule dynamics in growth cones. SCG10 is related to the ubiquitous but neuron-enriched cytosolic protein stathmin. To better understand the role played by SCG10 and stathmin in vivo, we have analyzed the expression and localization of these proteins in both the olfactory epithelium and the olfactory bulb in developing and adult rats, as well as in adult bulbectomized rats. The olfactory epithelium is exceptional in that olfactory receptor neurons constantly regenerate and reinnervate the olfactory bulb throughout animal life-span. SCG10 and stathmin expression in the olfactory receptor neurons was found to be regulated during embryonic and postnatal development and to correlate with neuronal maturation. Whereas SCG10 expression was restricted to immature olfactory receptor neurons (GAP-43-positive, olfactory marker protein-negative), stathmin was also expressed by the basal cells. In the olfactory bulb of postnatal and adult rats, a moderate to strong SCG10 immunoreactivity was present in the olfactory nerve layer, whereas no labeling was detected in the glomerular layer. Olfactory glomeruli also showed no apparent immunoreactivity for several cytoskeletal proteins such as tubulin and microtubule-associated proteins. In unilaterally bulbectomized rats, SCG10 and stathmin were seen to be up-regulated in the regenerating olfactory epithelium at postsurgery stages corresponding to olfactory axon regeneration. Our data strongly suggest that, in vivo, both SCG10 and stathmin may play a role in axonal outgrowth during ontogenesis as well as during axonal regeneration.

Extracellular matrix components in peripheral nerve repair: how to affect neural cellular response and nerve regeneration?

Peripheral nerve injury is a serious problem affecting significantly patients' life. Autografts are the "gold standard" used to repair the injury gap, however, only 50% of patients fully recover from the trauma. Artificial conduits are a valid alternative to repairing peripheral nerve. They aim at confining the nerve environment throughout the regeneration process, and providing guidance to axon outgrowth. Biocompatible materials have been carefully designed to reduce inflammation and scar tissue formation, but modifications of the inner lumen are still required in order to optimise the scaffolds. Biomicking the native neural tissue with extracellular matrix fillers or coatings showed great promises in repairing longer gaps and extending cell survival. In addition, extracellular matrix molecules provide a platform to further bind growth factors that can be released in the system over time. Alternatively, conduit fillers can be used for cell transplantation at the injury site, reducing the lag time required for endogenous Schwann cells to proliferate and take part in the regeneration process. This review provides an overview on the importance of extracellular matrix molecules in peripheral nerve repair.

Small and long non-coding RNAs in cardiac homeostasis and regeneration

Cardiovascular diseases and in particular heart failure are major causes of morbidity and mortality in the Western world. Recently, the notion of promoting cardiac regeneration as a means to replace lost cardiomyocytes in the damaged heart has engendered considerable research interest. These studies envisage the utilization of both endogenous and exogenous cellular populations, which undergo highly specialized cell fate transitions to promote cardiomyocyte replenishment. Such transitions are under the control of regenerative gene regulatory networks, which are enacted by the integrated execution of specific transcriptional programs. In this context, it is emerging that the non-coding portion of the genome is dynamically transcribed generating thousands of regulatory small and long non-coding RNAs, which are central orchestrators of these networks. In this review, we discuss more particularly the biological roles of two classes of regulatory non-coding RNAs, i.e. microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs, with a particular emphasis on their known and putative roles in cardiac homeostasis and regeneration. Indeed, manipulating non-coding RNA-mediated regulatory networks could provide keys to unlock the dormant potential of the mammalian heart to regenerate. This should ultimately improve the effectiveness of current regenerative strategies and discover new avenues for repair. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Cardiomyocyte Biology: Cardiac Pathways of Differentiation, Metabolism and Contraction.

« Interruption du sommeil cabalistique, ou Le devoilement des tableaux de l'antiquité. — La Crisologie chimique, divisée en deux liyres, dans laquelle est monstré et manifesté ce qui a esté caché et voilé par l'antiquité, et dans laquelle toutes difficultés de l'art sont elucidées. — Du Genre de l'or et sa genealogie, avec l'anatomie de l'eau, la genealogie et regeneration du fils du soleil ».

Commençant par : « S'il est vray que le testament soit une atestation de l'esprit et de la volonté... » et finissant par : «... partant soyez content, et louez Dieu » .

The role of microRNAs and retinoid signaling during spinal cord regeneration in the adult newt.

The molecular events after spinal cord injury that lead to the establishment of a permissive environment and epimorphic regeneration remain unclear. Two molecular pathway regulators that may converge to create a spinal cord regeneration-permissive environment in the urodele are retinoic acid (RA) and microRNAs (miRNAs). Recent evidence suggests that RARβ-mediated signaling is necessary for tail and caudal spinal cord regeneration in the adult newt. MicroRNAs are attractive candidates as mediators of retinoid signaling during regeneration, as their pleiotropic effects are vital in situations where global changes in gene expression are required. Thus, the overall aim of this thesis was to determine if miRNAs are involved in tail and caudal spinal cord regeneration in the adult newt, and if they act as regulators and/or effectors of retinoid signaling during this process. I have demonstrated here, for the first time, that multiple miRNAs are dysregulated in response to spinal cord injury in the adult newt, as well as in response to inhibition of retinoid signaling. Two of these miRNAs, miR-133a and miR-1, appear to target RARβ2 transcripts both in vivo and in vitro. Inhibition of RA signaling via RARβ with a selective antagonist, LE135, alters the pattern of expression of these miRNAs, which leads to an inhibition of tail regeneration. These data are indicative of a negative feed back loop, albeit potentially an indirect one. I also aimed to examine which miRNAs are affected by inhibiting RA synthesis during regeneration, and provided a long list of miRNAs that are dysregulated. These data provide the foundation for future studies on the putative roles of these miRNAs, as well as their function in retinoid signaling. Overall, these studies provide the first evidence for a role for miRNAs as mediators of retinoid signaling during caudal spinal cord regeneration in any system.

Impact de la maladie du greffon contre l’hôte sur la reconstitution immunitaire suite à une greffe de moelle osseuse allogénique

La transplantation allogénique de cellules souches hématopoïétiques est une technique très efficace pour traiter différents cancers du sang. Malheureusement la réaction du greffon contre l’hôte (GVHD) demeure la cause principale de morbidité et de mortalité post-greffe. La GVHD entraîne une diminution de la reconstitution immunitaire ce qui accentue considérablement l’immunosuppression associée à ce traitement et de ce fait augmente les risques d’infection et de rechute. Notre laboratoire a démontré précédemment que les niveaux élevés d’IL-7 dans des hôtes lymphopéniques interféraient avec la capacité des cellules dendritiques (DC) à soutenir la prolifération homéostatique (PH) des lymphocytes T CD4+. Puisque les niveaux d’IL-7 sont aussi élevés dans un contexte de GVHD, nous avons émis l’hypothèse que la signalisation de l’IL-7 sur les DC pouvait contribuer à diminuer la reconstitution immunitaire des lymphocytes T CD4+. Pour répondre à cette question, nous avons utilisé le modèle murin de GVHD C57BL/6 (B6) dans B6D2F1. Afin de régénérer une niche hématopoïétique permissive à la PH des lymphocytes T CD4+, nous avons transplanté des souris B6D2F1 avec de la moelle osseuse de souris B6 IL-7Rα-/-. La GVHD a été induite en transférant des lymphocytes T B6 réactifs aux cellules B6D2F1. Dans les souris contrôles, la PH des lymphocytes T CD4+ est maintenue. Par contre, la PH est absente dans les souris en GVHD malgré la présence d’une niche périphérique qui ne répond pas à l’IL-7. L’absence de PH des lymphocytes T CD4+ durant la GVHD est associée à une diminution du nombre de DC. En utilisant un test de cytotoxicité in vivo nous démontrons que les DC B6 générées dans une hôte B6D2F1 sont éliminées par les lymphocytes T B6 alloréactifs. En conclusion, nos résultats démontrent que l’immunosuppression associée à la GVHD est en partie causée par une élimination des DC par les lymphocytes T allogéniques. Nous postulons donc que la perte des DC, et non la signalisation de l’IL-7 sur les DC, est le facteur limitant la PH des lymphocytes T CD4+ durant la GVHD.

Amélioration de la prise de greffe hématopoïétique par une thérapie cellulaire à base de cellules souches mésenchymateuses

Le traitement du cancer à l’aide d’une exposition aux radiations ionisantes peut mener au développement de plusieurs effets secondaires importants, dont un retard de réparation et de régénération du tissu hématopoïétique. Les mécanismes responsables de ces effets demeurent encore inconnus, ce qui limite le développement de nouvelles approches thérapeutiques. À l’aide d’un modèle murin de prise de greffe, nos résultats démontrent que l’endommagement du microenvironnement par l’irradiation a un impact limitant sur le nichage hématopoïétique. Parce que le microenvironnement est composé principalement de cellules dérivées des cellules souches mésenchymateuses (CSM), nous avons évalué le potentiel des CSM à régénérer le tissu hématopoïétique par la reconstitution de la niche osseuse. Cette thérapie a mené à une augmentation remarquable du nichage hématopoïétique chez les souris irradiées. Les causes moléculaires impliquées dans le nichage hématopoïétiques sont encore inconnues, mais nous avons remarqué l’augmentation de la sécrétion de la cytokine « granulocyte-colony stimulating factor » (G-CSF) dans l’espace médullaire suite à l’irradiation. Le G-CSF est impliqué dans la mobilisation cellulaire et est fort possiblement nuisible à une prise de greffe. Nous avons évalué le potentiel d’une thérapie à base de CSM sécrétant le récepteur soluble du G-CSF afin de séquestrer le G-CSF transitoirement et les résultats obtenus démontrent que le blocage du G-CSF favorise le nichage hématopoïétique. Globalement, les données présentées dans ce mémoire démontrent que le microenvironnement osseux et le niveau de G-CSF dans la moelle sont importants dans le processus de nichage hématopoïétique et que la baisse du potentiel de régénération du tissu hématopoïétique suite à l’irradiation peut être renversée à l’aide d’une thérapie cellulaire de CSM génétiquement modifiées ou non.

ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR GENE EXPRESSION DURING PANCREATIC REGENERATION AND INSULIN SECRETION IN RATS –

In the present study, the changes in the brain EPI (Epinephrine), adrenergic receptors and the receptor gene expression were investigated during pancreatic regeneration and insulin secretion. The changes in the pancreatic islet EPI and adrenergic receptors were also studied in the pancreatectomised rats. The regulatory function of EPI in association with Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and glucose were investigated in rat islet cultures. In vitro studies were carried out using antagonists for adrenergic receptor subtypes to see their involvement in the islet DNA synthesis. The mechanism by which the peripheral EPI regulate insulin secretion was also investigated by studying the nuclear binding proteins in the pancreatic islets during pancreatic regeneration and diabetes. The study reveals that EPI can regulate the pancreatic islet cell proliferation by controlling the insulin synthesis and secretion. The brain adrenergic receptor gene expression and functional correlation regulate the pancreatic adrenergic receptors. The functional balance of α and β-adrenergic receptors controls the insulin secretion and pancreatic β-cell proliferation, which will have immense clinical significance in the treatment of Diabetes mellitus.