Periodontal diseases in a representative urban population in south Brazil

Background and Aims: There is little information about the epidemiology and risk factors of periodontal diseases in Latin America in general, and Brazil in particular. The principal aims of this study were to: 1) describe the prevalence and severity of periodontal attachment loss and gingival recession, and to assess the contribution of demographic, behavioral, and environmental exposures to the occurrence of periodontal disease outcomes in a sample representative of the urban population in the state of Rio Grande do Sul in south Brazil; and 2) report the epidemiology and risk indicators of aggressive periodontitis in this population. Methods: A representative sample consisting of 1,586 subjects 14-103 years of age (mean 38 y) and comprising 45.3% males and 54.7% females was selected using a multi-stage, probability, cluster sampling strategy. The subjects were interviewed using a structured questionnaire and underwent a full-mouth, six sites per tooth clinical examination in a mobile examination center. Results: Moderate and severe clinical attachment loss and gingival recession were widespread among adults in this population. The prevalence and extent of attachment loss ³5 and ³7 mm were 79% and 52% subjects, and 36% and 16% teeth; and for gingival recession ³3 mm and ³5 mm were 52% and 22% subjects, and 17% and 6% teeth, respectively. Aggressive periodontitis was diagnosed in 5.5% of subjects, which is significantly higher than the reported prevalence in most other populations. Among the main risk indicators for chronic as well as aggressive destructive periodontal diseases were: older age, low socioeconomic status, dental calculus, and smoking. Cigarette smoking accounted for an important part of periodontal disease burden, particularly in adults, and should be considered an important target in any prevention strategy aimed at reducing the burden of periodontal diseases. Partial recording methods consistently underestimated the prevalence of attachment loss in the population, and the extent of underestimation was dependent on the type of system used and the threshold of attachment loss. Conclusions: Destructive periodontal diseases are prevalent in this Brazilian population. Suitable disease prevention and health promotion programs should be established to improve the periodontal health in this population.

Origens e aplicações de recursos das companhias abertas industriais e comerciais no período 1980-1985

This research had for objective to fammi1iarize the user of accounting information to an efficient instrument in the modern financiaI ana1izes of eva1uation of entities: the Statement of Sources and App1ication of Resources. This statement goes on, ti11 today, to be 1ess used by the financiaI ana1ists because it is not understood concerning its objectives, concepts of Resources and shares of to bui1d and disc10sure the statement. During the period of time between 1980 and 1985 the Brazi1's economy spent of a situation of recession to another of prosperity and growth. In the first four years of the historiaI series, the country had a recession period and it was kept unti1 the end of 1983: the national private company increased its debt degree and decreased its 1iquidity. After 1984 the economy began to grow and that was pushed by the export entities: the entities decreased its debt degree and increased its 1iquidity. The Statement of Sources and Uses of Resources has been bui1t and pub1ished in United States since the 1ast 50 years of nineteenth century, and it has been known as Statement of Funds. In Brazi1 it has just introducted after the Security Exchange Law in 1976 that put 1imits for obrigatority to disc10sure by the companies. This 1aw described, summari1y, the objective, cQII1position and manner to disc1osure. The ma in objective of the statement is to show the financiaI position of the entity. This objective envolves aspects relationed to the long-term's strategy of the company because it disclosure the policy of application of resources in long-term assets, the policy of dividends that has been used, and the structure of resources provided by long-t:erm financing, the resources of the operations, and so on. There are several means of Resources. The concept more used in Brazil is Working Capital, till for orientation of the law. Concepts as Cash and Equivalent-Cash and Net Realizable Assets can be more informatives to the users because they show informations with better complexity, including informations concerning to the short-term. Concerning to the building methods, there are three that are known: the Transations Analizing method, the T-Account method and the Work-Sheet method. AlI of them are efficient, but it's recomendable that the method used can be in accordance with the disclosured formato The statement, despite of others statements, fell \

A crise bancária irlandesa de 2008-2011

A Irlanda é um país que décadas anteriores chegou a ser chamado de “O Tigre Celta”, devido a seu crescimento econômico expressivo. Após a crise financeira mundial e a ruptura de uma bolha imobiliária, entrou em grande recessão, com um sistema bancário insolvente, a ponto da necessidade de intervenção de organizações financeiras mundiais. Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a crise do setor bancário irlandês de 2008 a 2011. A dissertação analisa a origem da crise, os métodos de solução e seu custo social.

Brazil and Turkey, a comparative analysis of both countries' economic development and institutional design from the Great Depression to the early 21st century

Apos uma década de rápido crescimento econômico na primeira década do século 21, Brasil e Turquia foram considerados duas das economias emergentes mais dinâmicas e promissoras. No entanto, vários sinais de dificuldades econômicas e tensões políticas reapareceram recentemente e simultaneamente nos dois países. Acreditamos que esses sinais e a sua simultaneidade podem ser entendidos melhor com um olhar retrospectivo sobre a história econômica dos dois países, que revela ser surpreendentemente paralela. Numa primeira parte, empreendemos uma comparação abrangente da história econômica brasileira e turca para mostrar as numerosas similaridades entre os desafios de política econômica que os dois países enfrentaram, assim como entre as respostas que eles lhes deram desde a virada da Grande Depressão até a primeira década do século 21. Essas escolhas de política econômica comuns dão forma a uma trajetória de desenvolvimento notavelmente análoga, caracterizada primeiro pela adoção do modelo de industrialização por substituição das importações (ISI) no contexto da recessão mundial dos anos 1930; depois pela intensificação e crise final desse modelo nos anos 1980; e finalmente por duas décadas de estabilização e transição para um modelo econômico mais liberal. Numa segunda parte, o desenvolvimento das instituições econômicas e políticas, assim como da economia política subjacente nos dois países, são analisados comparativamente a fim de prover alguns elementos de explicação do paralelo observado na primeira parte. Sustentamos que o marco institucional estabelecido nos dois países durante esse período também têm varias características fundamentais em comum e contribui a explicar as escolhas de política econômica e as performances econômicas comparáveis, detalhadas na primeira parte. Este estudo aborda elementos do contexto histórico úteis para compreender a situação econômica e política atual nos dois países. Potencialmente também constitui uma tentativa de considerar as economias emergentes numa perspectiva histórica e comparativa mais ampla para entender melhor as suas fraquezas institucionais e adotar um olhar mais equilibrado sobre seu potencial econômico.

Growing research where economies grow: essays on strategy and international expansion of companies from emerging countries

In recent years, emerging countries have assumed an increasingly prominent position in the world economy, as growth has picked up in these countries and slowed in developed economies. Two related phenomena, among others, can be associated with this growth: emerging countries were less affected by the 2008-2009 global economic recession; and they increased their participation in foreign direct investment, both inflows and outflows. This doctoral dissertation contributes to research on firms from emerging countries through four independent papers. The first group of two papers examines firm strategy in recessionary moments and uses Brazil, one of the largest emerging countries, as setting for the investigation. Data were collected through a survey on Brazilian firms referring to the 2008-2009 global recession, and 17 hypotheses were tested using structural equation modeling based on partial least squares. Paper 1 offered an integrative model linking RBV to literatures on entrepreneurship, improvisation, and flexibility to indicate the characteristics and capabilities that allow a firm to have superior performance in recessions. We found that firms that pre-recession have a propensity to recognize opportunities and improvisation capabilities for fast and creative actions have superior performance in recessions. We also found that entrepreneurial orientation and flexibility have indirect effects. Paper 2 built on business cycle literature to study which strategies - pro-cyclical or counter-cyclical – enable superior performance in recessions. We found that while most firms pro-cyclically reduce costs and investments during recessions, a counter-cyclical strategy of investing in opportunities created by changes in the environment enables superior performance. Most successful are firms with a propensity to recognize opportunities, entrepreneurial orientation to invest, and flexibility to efficiently implement these investments. The second group of two papers investigated international expansion of multinational enterprises, particularly the use of distance for their location decisions. Paper 3 proposed a conceptual framework to examine circumstances under which distance is less important for international location decisions, taking the new perspective of economic institutional distance as theoretical foundation. The framework indicated that the general preference for low-distance countries is lower: (1) when the company is state owned, rather than private owned; (2) when its internationalization motives are asset, resource, or efficiency seeking, as opposed to market seeking; and (3) when internationalization occurred after globalization and the advent of new technologies. Paper 4 compared five concurrent perspectives of distance and indicated their suitability to the study of various issues based on industry, ownership, and type, motive, and timing of internationalization. The paper also proposed that distance represents the disadvantages of host countries for international location decisions; as such, it should be used in conjunction with factors that represent host country attractiveness, or advantages as international locations. In conjunction, papers 3 and 4 provided additional, alternative explanations for the mixed empirical results of current research on distance. Moreover, the studies shed light into the discussion of differences between multinational enterprises from emerging countries versus those from advanced countries.

Optimal exchange rate policy, optimal incomplete taxation and business cycles

Implementation and collapse of exchange rate pegging schemes are recur- rent events. A currency crisis (pegging) is usually followed by an economic downturn (boom). This essay explains why a benevolent government should pursue Þscal and monetary policies that lead to those recurrent currency crises and subsequent periods of pegging. It is shown that the optimal policy induces a competitive equilibrium that displays a boom in periods of below average de- valuation and a recession in periods of above average devaluation. A currency crisis (pegging) can be understood as an optimal policy answer to a recession (boom).

A crise financeira e a política monetária no Brasil

A crise financeira iniciada em 2007 gerou uma grande recessão nos Estados Unidos e abalou a economia global com consequências nefastas para o crescimento e a taxa de desemprego em vários países. Os principais Bancos Centrais do mundo passaram a dar maior importância para políticas que garantam a estabilidade financeira. É consensual a necessidade de avanços regulatórios e de medidas prudenciais capazes de reduzir os riscos financeiros, mas existem divergências quanto ao uso da taxa básica de juros, não só como um instrumento necessário para garantir a estabilidade de preços, como também para garantir a estabilidade financeira e evitar a formação de bolhas. O Brasil viveu nos últimos vinte anos um período de grande expansão do mercado de crédito, fruto das estabilidades econômica e financeira. O Banco Central do Brasil teve atuação exitosa durante a crise e demonstrou habilidade em utilizar instrumentos de política monetária e medidas macroprudenciais de forma complementar. Nos últimos quatro anos, as condições macroeconômicas se deterioraram e o Brasil atravessou um período de crescimento baixo, inflação próxima ao teto da meta e aumento do endividamento. Enquanto as políticas macroprudenciais foram capazes de evitar a formação de bolhas, as políticas fiscal e monetária foram demasiadamente expansionistas. Neste período houve um enfraquecimento na função-reação do Banco Central, que deixou de respeitar o princípio de Taylor.

The development of the private equity industry since the 2008 financial crisis

The private equity industry was experiencing a phenomenal boom at the turn of the century but collapsed abruptly in 2008 with the onset of the financial crisis. Considered one of the worst crises since the Great Depression of the 1930s, it had sent ripples around the world threatening the collapse of financial institutions and provoking a liquidity crunch followed by a huge downturn in economic activity and recession. Furthermore, the physiognomy of the financial landscape had considerably altered with banks retracting from the lending space, accompanied by a hardening of financial regulation that sought to better contain systemic risk. Given the new set of changes and challenges that had arisen from this period of financial turmoil, private equity found itself having to question current practices and methods of operation in order to adjust to the harsh realities of a new post-apocalyptic world. Consequently, this paper goes on to explore how the private equity business, management and operation model has evolved since the credit crunch with a specific focus on mature markets such as the United States and Europe. More specifically, this paper will aim to gather insights on the development of the industry since the crisis in Western Europe through a case study approach using as a base interviews with professionals working in the industry and those external to the sector but who have/have had considerable interaction with PE players from 2007 to the present.

A grande recessão: oportunidade para o Brasil alcançar os países desenvolvidos

A crise financeira do subprime e o colapso do sistema financeiro, com a quebra do Lehman Brothers no terceiro trimestre de 2008, desencadeou um fenômeno com múltiplas dimensões e distinto da crise financeira em si, chamado Grande Recessão. Nesse cenário, as economias dos países centrais saem da normalidade e passam a ser regidas por comportamentos induzidos pela incerteza, medo, pânico etc., nos quais prevalece a lógica da desalavancagem, da balance sheet recession, da aversão ao risco e da demanda de ativos com sinais trocados, gerando instabilidades persistentes nesses mercados. Do ponto de vista político e social, o consenso desaparece e o sistema econômico, suas instituições e a ideologia que as justifica tornam-se disfuncionais, exigindo constante intervenção do Estado. O paradigma liberalizante que vigorava desde 1980 entra em crise e passa a ser questionado pelos fatos e pela crescente insatisfação da população. Como entender o que acontecerá com a economia global nesse contexto? Quais as consequências para o Brasil? A Grande Recessão representa uma ameaça ou uma oportunidade para nós? Neste texto, vamos utilizar paralelos históricos recorrendo a experiências similares, como a Grande Depressão de 1890 e a Grande Depressão de 1930. Com base nesses paralelos históricos, vamos fazer algumas conjecturas e levantar hipóteses sobre o que poderá acontecer nos próximos anos no Brasil.

The economics of wage-led recovery: analysis and policy recommendations

The financial crisis and Great Recession have been followed by a jobs shortage crisis that most forecasts predict will persist for years given current policies. This paper argues for a wage-led recovery and growth program which is the only way to remedy the deep causes of the crisis and escape the jobs crisis. Such a program is the polar opposite of the current policy orthodoxy, showing how much is at stake. Winning the argument for wage-led recovery will require winning the war of ideas about economics that has its roots going back to Keynes’ challenge of classical macroeconomics in the 1920s and 1930s. That will involve showing how the financial crisis and Great Recession were the ultimate result of three decades of neoliberal policy, which produced wage stagnation by severing the wage productivity growth link and made asset price inflation and debt the engine of demand growth in place of wages; showing how wage-led policy resolves the current problem of global demand shortage without pricing out labor; and developing a detailed set of policy proposals that flow from these understandings. The essence of a wage-led policy approach is to rebuild the link between wages and productivity growth, combined with expansionary macroeconomic policy that fills the current demand shortfall so as to push the economy on to a recovery path. Both sets of measures are necessary. Expansionary macro policy (i.e. fiscal stimulus and easy monetary policy) without rebuilding the wage mechanism will not produce sustainable recovery and may end in fiscal crisis. Rebuilding the wage mechanism without expansionary macro policy is likely to leave the economy stuck in the orbit of stagnation.

On the distributive impact of unconventional monetary policy

Logo após à crise financeira de 2007-08 o Federal Reserve interveio para tentar controlar a recessão. No entanto, ele não apenas baixou os juros, como também adotou políticas não-convencionais, incluindo o empréstimo direto para empresas em mercados de crédito de alto nível. Estas novas medidas foram controversas e alguns opositores protestaram porque elas estariam ajudando disproporcionalmente aquelas pessoas ligadas ao sistema financeiro que já eram ricas. Nós utilizamos um modelo DSGE para a análise de políticas monetária não convencional e introduzimos dois tipos distintos de agentes, capitalistas e trabalhadores, para investigar o seu impacto distributivo. Nós encontramos que a política de crédito to Fed foi bem sucedida no mercado de trabalho, o que ajuda mais os trabalhadores, e introduziu um novo competidor no mercado bancário, o governo, o que prejudica mais os capitalistas. Logo, nós encontramos que a política de crédito diminuiu a desigualdade nos EUA.

Estudos dos aspectos qualitativos e quantitativos da água e do sedimento no baixo curso do Rio Pitimbu (RN)

Urban growth of metropolitan areas has produced impacts of considerable importance on environment and water resources. Such impacts are in general associated with human activities, such as basin area uncontrolled development. In this context, Pitimbu river watershed, located at Natal metropolitan area, has been affected by uncontrolled development caused by urban expansion. Indeed, such effects have been reflected on water quantity and quality, which may produce social consequences. Pitimbu river is an important water supplier for human consumption, actually supplying a 2600 m3/h water discharge. This study aims to analyze the qualitative and quantitative aspects of water and sediment on Pitimbu river lowland portion. For this purpose, physical-chemical water properties were analyzed, and sediment macro invertebrates benthonic were monitored in two cross sections in a period between November 8th, 2007 and October 3rd, 2008. Monitoring methodology consisted of water and sediment sampling for laboratory analysis. Water quality analysis included Dissolved Oxygen, Oxygen Biochemical Demand, Nitrate, pH and Alkalinity, Suspended and Total Solids. The analysis of heavy metals in the sediment included Cadmium, Cobalt, Copper, Chrome, Silver and Nickel. Dry season water discharge data were measured and used to adjust recession function parameters, whose values reveal quick recession and strong river-aquifer unconfined interaction. Water quality analysis revealed the absence of degradation by organic composites. However, DO and BOD levels indicate that more consistent results could be provided if sampling time interval were reduced. Biomonitoring showed signs of aquatic ecosystem degradation by the absence of sensitive and abundance of resistant benthic organisms. Obtained results demonstrate the urgent need of effective management measures to provide environmental protection. The increase of environmental degradation will certainly make impracticable the use of water for human consumption

Avaliação de Percepção de periodontistas, protesistas, ortodontistas e leigos sobre parâmetros periodontais relacionados à estética do sorriso

The concept of facial esthetics has been increasingly diffused, being of interest to both the general public and the surgeon-dentists. However the difficult standardization and high variability in parameters aesthetic existing in the literature result in a huge difference of opinions between professionals and layperson. In this way, objective of this research was to evaluate the perception of periodontistas, protesistas, orthodontists and layperson about aesthetics smile. The sample included 30 periodontistas, 30 protesistas, 31 orthodontists and 37 layperson. The data collection was performed through an interview indirect, by the site, which had fifteen photos to be assessed by the participants. Each photograph was intentionally modified, with four increments 1mm for each amendment, in the program Adobe Photoshop CS2 version 9.0, adding-four aesthetic alterations: exposure gingival, recession gingival, absence of papilla and contour gingival. The smile for periodontistas, 3mm for orthodontists and laity and 4mm for protesistas. And changes in recession gingival, have undertaken the aesthetics of smiling from 2mm in accordance with the periodontistas and protesistas and 4mm for orthodontists and lay people. The end of the research was possible to conclude that the perception of periodontistas, protesistas, orthodontists and layperson are different in relation to aesthetics smile, and that among the changes in the research evaluated the papilla and recession have undertaken the aesthetics of smile

Avaliação clínica da relação entre o índice de placa, índice gengival, alinhamento dental, mucosa ceratinizada, tipo de periodonto e distúrbios oclusais com a ocorrência de recessão gengival

This study clinically evaluated the relationship of gingival recessions with the periodontal index of gingival and plaque, dental alignment, keratinized mocous, type of periodontal, and occlusal disorders. Study participants were individuals aged between 19 and 33 years. The evaluations were performed by using questionnaires and clinical examinations. In subjects examined, the teeth were assessed and divided into groups (Molars, premolars, canines and incisors). The gingival recession were measured in the central region of the teeth and individuals were subject to disclosure to the plate and observing the poll of plaque and gingival index, respectively. 558 teeth were examined, with 24.1%, 135 had gingival recession greater than or equal to 1mm. Through the combination of tests used to evaluate the average of the recession and its relationship with the variables studied, we observed that the degree of recession of the elements assessed dental showed, almost for the most part, when higher values associated with the index plaque (p = 0.101), Gingival Index (p = 0.053), dental alignment (p = 0.962), width of keratinized mocous (p = 0.004) and type of periodontium (p = 0.033), however statistically significant difference could only be considered when related the recessions in the keratinized mocous and the type of the periodontium. Although we identify, when we evaluate the whole set of teeth that occlusal disturbances (p = 0.002) were more strongly associated with cases of gum recession that the gingival index (p = 0.006), however, these two conditions were correlated with the cases of recession, contributing to its occurrence

Avaliação clínica longitudinal do periodonto de dentes pilares e não pilares de próteses parciais removíveis

The literature has shown a relation between periodontics and the removable partial denture (RPD), with progressive destruction observed in the support structures. The aim of this study was to clinically assess periodontal condition in users of removal partial denture (RPD), and compare right abutments teeth, indirect abutments and controls before installation and after 1 year, in addition to comparing tooth-supported and tooth mucosa-supported abutments. A total of 50 patients, 32 women and 18 men, mean age of 45 years, took part in the study. The patients were examined by a single examiner at prosthesis installation and after 3, 6, 9 and 12 months. The following were verified at each examination: Probe Depth (PD), Plaque Index (PI), Gingival Index (GI), the amount of Keratinized Mucosa (KM), Gingival Recession (GR) and Dental Mobility (DM); in addition patients received oral hygiene orientation, accompanied by prophylaxis, periodontal scaling and root planing (PSRP), when necessary. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with Tukey-Kramer post test was used to assess the dependent variables (PD, PI, KM, GR) of the three groups over time while Friedman s test was used for GI. To assess the outcomes of prosthesis type in the right abutment group, a confidence interval-based analysis was performed. The results showed that the control group was the least compromised in all the variables studied. With respect to development of the groups over time, it was verified that the measures for GR, PD, GI and KM increased from initial examination to 1 year of use in all the groups, but only PI showed a significant increase. There was a non-discriminatory low prevalence of dental mobility. The tooth mucosa-supported prosthesis had significantly higher values for GR, GI and PI and significantly lower ones for KM when compared to tooth-supported. Over time, both types of prostheses showed no significant differences from initial to final examination for the variables GR, PD, KM and GI, with PI significant only for tooth-supported. The results showed that the teeth most involved in RPD design had greater potential of periodontal damage, probably because of greater dental biofilm accumulation. Abutments elements adjacent to the free extremities had less favorable periodontal condition than those adjacent to interpolated spaces, but the use of RPD did not worsen the initial condition