Preços e disponibilidade de medicamentos no Programa Farmácia Popular do Brasil

OBJETIVO: Analisar o desempenho do Programa Farmácia Popular do Brasil perante os setores público e privado, em relação a: disponibilidade, preço e custo, para o paciente, de medicamentos para hipertensão e diabetes. MÉTODOS: Foi utilizada a metodologia desenvolvida pela Organização Mundial da Saúde em conjunto com a Ação Internacional para Saúde, para comparação de preços e disponibilidade de medicamentos. A pesquisa foi aplicada em maio de 2007, em estabelecimentos de diferentes setores [público, privado e as modalidades própria (FPB-P) e expansão (FPB-E) do Programa], em 30 municípios do Brasil. Os quatro medicamentos analisados foram: captopril 25mg e hidroclorotiazida 25mg, para hipertensão, e metformina 500mg e glibenclamida 5mg, para diabetes. RESULTADOS: O FPB-E apresentou maior disponibilidade de medicamentos e o setor público, a menor. Tanto no setor público quanto na FPB-P o percentual de disponibilidade de similares foi maior que o de genéricos. A comparação de preços entre os setores mostrou menor preço de aquisição no FPB-E, seguido pelo FPB-P. O FPB-E apresentou economia superior a 90% em relação ao setor privado. O número de dias de trabalho necessários para aquisição de tratamentos para hipertensão e diabetes foi menor no FPB-E. CONCLUSÕES: A menor disponibilidade encontrada no setor público pode ser uma das justificativas para migração dos usuários do setor público para o FPB. Os altos preços praticados pelo setor privado também contribuem para que o Programa seja uma alternativa de acesso a medicamentos no País.

A literature review on the optimization of legged robots

Over the last two decades the research and development of legged locomotion robots has grown steadily. Legged systems present major advantages when compared with ‘traditional’ vehicles, because they allow locomotion in inaccessible terrain to vehicles with wheels and tracks. However, the robustness of legged robots, and especially their energy consumption, among other aspects, still lag behind mechanisms that use wheels and tracks. Therefore, in the present state of development, there are several aspects that need to be improved and optimized. Keeping these ideas in mind, this paper presents the review of the literature of different methods adopted for the optimization of the structure and locomotion gaits of walking robots. Among the distinct possible strategies often used for these tasks are referred approaches such as the mimicking of biological animals, the use of evolutionary schemes to find the optimal parameters and structures, the adoption of sound mechanical design rules, and the optimization of power-based indexes.

Literature, translation and national identity: Christina Rossetti and Rosalía de Castro in the work of Plácido Castro

Plácido Castro‘s work has aroused our interest, because it evolves around the question of Galician personality and identity. While working as a journalist and a translator or while writing essays on different literary issues, Plácido Castro has never forgotten his roots or his nation. One could even say that his whole life turns around Galicia. Our purpose is to make a critical analysis of his work, especially as a translator, and try to show how he used translation in order to develop national conscience and identity and to see how far his ideology interfered in the interpretation and translation of Rossetti‘s poetry, in which he found a great similarity with Rosalìa de Castro‘s work.

Loas a María: religiosidad popular en Portugal

El trabajo de la profesora Lucília José Justino supone a todas luces una contribución en un género textual poco estudiado desde una perspectiva textual, como son la Loas a Nuestra Senora de Nazaré. in Prefácio, Eloy Martos Núnez

Loas a Maria: religiosidade popular em Portugal

Lucília José Justino dedicou-se, com um fervor que não exclui o rigor - antes pelo contrário, o fortalece - a uma fecunda recolha de loas a Nossa Senhora que, só por si tornaria este livro precioso. Mas vai mais longe: estuda-as. O seu objectivo confessado é estudar as loas a Nossa Senhora da Nazaré, Círio da Prata Grande ou dos Saloios, do século XVIII ao século XXI. in Prefácio, Teresa Rita Lopes

Acessibilidade à atenção básica a famílias negras em bairro popular de Salvador, Brasil

OBJETIVO: Analisar a acessibilidade de famílias negras de bairro popular aos serviços de atenção básica à saúde. MÉTODOS: Estudo etnográfico, ancorado na antropologia de base interpretativa, realizado com 18 famílias selecionadas de um bairro popular de Salvador, BA, no período de dois anos. Os critérios de inclusão foram residência no bairro e autoclassificação como negros. A análise se baseou na antropologia interpretativa e considerou as categorias: autorreferência étnico-racial; experiências de discriminação nos serviços; percepção sobre acessibilidade na atenção básica; e barreiras de acessibilidade. RESULTADOS E DISCUSSÃO: Identificaram-se os seguintes aspectos: a) identidade étnico-racial e saúde: percepção dos usuários de que as barreiras organizacionais e de acesso se devem a um amplo contexto social que produz cidadãos "de primeira e de segunda categorias", mais do que a um racismo institucional; b) acessibilidade no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS): acesso problemático, permeado pela demora no atendimento, falta de compromisso dos profissionais de saúde, omissão dos gestores no controle e correção dessas situações; c) acessibilidade na atenção básica: visão sobre o contexto mais geral do SUS e apoio na descrição dos entrevistados sobre o acesso aos serviços de atenção básica. CONCLUSÕES: Há barreiras de acessibilidade econômicas, organizacionais e culturais que se interpõem entre a oferta de serviços e o atendimento efetivo e oportuno das necessidades da população estudada.

Nuclear medicine technologist education and training in Europe: literature and web-based findings

Purpose - The education and training of a nuclear medicine technologist (NMT) is not homogeneous among European countries, which leads to different scope of practices and, therefore, different technical skills are assigned. The goal of this research was to characterize the education and training of NMT in Europe. Materials and methods - This study was based on a literature research to characterize the education and training of NMT and support the historical evolution of this profession. It was divided into two different phases: the first phase included analysis of scientific articles and the second phase included research of curricula that allow health professionals to work as NMT in Europe. Results - The majority of the countries [N=31 (89%)] offer the NMT curriculum integrated into the high education system and only in four (11%) countries the education is provided by professional schools. The duration in each education system is not equal, varying in professional schools (2-3 years) and high education level system (2-4 years), which means that different European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System, such as 240, 230, 222, 210 or 180 European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System, are attributed to the graduates. The professional title and scope of the practice of NMT are different in different countries in Europe. In most countries of Europe, nuclear medicine training is not specific and curriculum does not demonstrate the Nuclear Medicine competencies performed in clinical practice. Conclusion - The heterogeneity in education and training for NMT is an issue prevalent among European countries. For NMT professional development, there is a huge need to formalize and unify educational and training programmes in Europe.

The effects of clinical support surfaces on pressure as a risk factor in the development of pressure ulcers, from a radiographical perspective: a narrative literature review

Purpose: Pressure ulcers are a high cost, high volume issue for health and medical care providers, having a detrimental effect on patients and relatives. Pressure ulcer prevention is widely covered in the literature, but little has been published regarding the risk to patients in the radiographical setting. This review of the current literature is to identify findings relevant to radiographical context. Methods: Literature searching was performed using Science Direct and Medline databases. The search was limited to articles published in the last ten years to remain current and excluded studies containing participants less than 17 years of age. In total 14 studies were acquired; three were excluded as they were not relevant. The remaining 11 studies were compared and reviewed. Discussion: Eight of the studies used ‘healthy’ participants and three used symptomatic participants. Nine studies explored interface pressure with a range of pressure mat technologies, two studies measured shear (MRI finite element modelling, and a non-invasive instrument), and one looked at blood flow and haemoglobin oxygenation. A range of surfaces were considered from trauma, nursing and surgical backgrounds for their ability to reduce pressure including standard mattresses, high specification mattresses, rigid and soft layer spine boards, various overlays (gel, air filled, foam). Conclusion: The current literature is not appropriate for the radiographic patient and cannot be extrapolated to a radiologic context. Sufficient evidence is presented in this review to support the need for further work specific to radiography in order to minimise the development of PU in at risk patients.

Acute Hepatitis B in a patient previously positive for antibody to surface antigen (anti-HBs) determined by radioimmunoassay: case report and review of the literature

The determination of anti-HBs as a screening test before vaccination has been advisable in order to encounter immune individuals that don't need to receive vaccine protection. A case-report is presented and three other cases are reviewed from the literature. Anti-HBs was positive in these health-care personnels that developped typical acute B hepatitis. Different subtyping involving the d/y determinants were found in the first case, but false-positive anti-HBs even with high titres, determined by RIA, were found in the other cases. Concomitant determination of anti-HBc or absence of screening tests seem to be more reasonable policies until a low-cost and risk-free vaccine is produced.

Lessing: arte popular culta

Congresso Internacional da Associação Portuguesa de Literatura Comparada, IV, actas

Erysipelothrix endocarditis with previous cutaneous lesion: report of a case and review of the literature

This report describes the first documented case of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae endocarditis in Latin America. The patient was a 51-years-old male, moderate alcoholic, with a previous history of aortic failure. He was used to fishing and cooking as a hobby and had his left hand wounded by a fish-bone. The disease began with erysipeloid form and developed to septicemia and endocarditis. He was treated with antibiotics and surgery for aortic valve replacement. There are only 46 cases of E. rhusiopathiae endocarditis reported to date. The authors wonder if several other cases might go unreported for lack of microbiological laboratorial diagnosis.

Etnografias portuguesas (1870-1970). Cultura popular e identidade nacional

274 pág.

Metamorfoses da arte popular: Joaquim de Vasconcelos, Vergílio Correia e Ernesto de Sousa

Etnográfica, vol. VI (2), pág. 251-280