Sodium-dependent phosphate transporters in osteoclast differentiation and function.

Osteoclasts are multinucleated bone degrading cells. Phosphate is an important constituent of mineralized bone and released in significant quantities during bone resorption. Molecular contributors to phosphate transport during the resorptive activity of osteoclasts have been controversially discussed. This study aimed at deciphering the role of sodium-dependent phosphate transporters during osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption. Our studies reveal RANKL-induced differential expression of sodium-dependent phosphate transport protein IIa (NaPi-IIa) transcript and protein during osteoclast development, but no expression of the closely related NaPi-IIb and NaPi-IIc SLC34 family isoforms. In vitro studies employing NaPi-IIa-deficient osteoclast precursors and mature osteoclasts reveal that NaPi-IIa is dispensable for bone resorption and osteoclast differentiation. These results are supported by the analysis of structural bone parameters by high-resolution microcomputed tomography that yielded no differences between adult NaPi-IIa WT and KO mice. By contrast, both type III sodium-dependent phosphate transporters Pit-1 and Pit-2 were abundantly expressed throughout osteoclast differentiation, indicating that they are the relevant sodium-dependent phosphate transporters in osteoclasts and osteoclast precursors. We conclude that phosphate transporters of the SLC34 family have no role in osteoclast differentiation and function and propose that Pit-dependent phosphate transport could be pivotal for bone resorption and should be addressed in further studies.

The EXS Domain of PHO1 Participates in the Response of Shoots to Phosphate Deficiency via a Root-to-Shoot Signal.

The response of shoots to phosphate (Pi) deficiency implicates long-distance communication between roots and shoots, but the participating components are poorly understood. We have studied the topology of the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) PHOSPHATE1 (PHO1) Pi exporter and defined the functions of its different domains in Pi homeostasis and signaling. The results indicate that the amino and carboxyl termini of PHO1 are both oriented toward the cytosol and that the protein spans the membrane twice in the EXS domain, resulting in a total of six transmembrane α-helices. Using transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana leaf, we demonstrated that the EXS domain of PHO1 is essential for Pi export activity and proper localization to the Golgi and trans-Golgi network, although the EXS domain by itself cannot mediate Pi export. In contrast, removal of the amino-terminal hydrophilic SPX domain does not affect the Pi export capacity of the truncated PHO1 in N. benthamiana. While the Arabidopsis pho1 mutant has low shoot Pi and shows all the hallmarks associated with Pi deficiency, including poor shoot growth and overexpression of numerous Pi deficiency-responsive genes, expression of only the EXS domain of PHO1 in the roots of the pho1 mutant results in a remarkable improvement of shoot growth despite low shoot Pi. Transcriptomic analysis of pho1 expressing the EXS domain indicates an attenuation of the Pi signaling cascade and the up-regulation of genes involved in cell wall synthesis and the synthesis or response to several phytohormones in leaves as well as an altered expression of genes responsive to abscisic acid in roots.

Functional and evolutionary analysis of DXL1, a non-essential gene encoding a 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase like protein in Arabidopsis thaliana

The synthesis of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate (DXP), catalyzed by the enzyme DXP synthase (DXS), represents a key regulatory step of the 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway for isoprenoid biosynthesis. In plants DXS is encoded by small multigene families that can be classified into, at least, three specialized subfamilies. Arabidopsis thaliana contains three genes encoding proteins with similarity to DXS, including the well-known DXS1/CLA1 gene, which clusters within subfamily I. The remaining proteins, initially named DXS2 and DXS3, have not yet been characterized. Here we report the expression and functional analysis of A. thaliana DXS2. Unexpectedly, the expression of DXS2 failed to rescue Escherichia coli and A. thaliana mutants defective in DXS activity. Coherently, we found that DXS activity was negligible in vitro, being renamed as DXL1 following recent nomenclature recommendation. DXL1 is targeted to plastids as DXS1, but shows a distinct expression pattern. The phenotypic analysis of a DXL1 defective mutant revealed that the function of the encoded protein is not essential for growth and development. Evolutionary analyses indicated that DXL1 emerged from DXS1 through a recent duplication apparently specific of the Brassicaceae lineage. Divergent selective constraints would have affected a significant fraction of sites after diversification of the paralogues. Furthermore, amino acids subjected to divergent selection and likely critical for functional divergence through the acquisition of a novel, although not yet known, biochemical function, were identified. Our results provide with the first evidences of functional specialization at both the regulatory and biochemical level within the plant DXS family.

La romanisation en question: vaisselle céramique et processus d'acculturation à la fin de l'âge du fer en Gaule interne.

Fruit d'une thèse de doctorat, cet ouvrage se propose de comparer les rythmes et les modalités de l'acculturation des populations de Gaule interne, de la première moitié du iie s. av. J.-C. au début du ier siècle de notre ère au moyen de l'étude de la céramique fine, dont le répertoire évolue très rapidement pendant la période. Basée sur les données d'une vingtaine de sites urbains (oppida, capitales de cité, vici) répartis en trois aires géographiques (Centre, Est et Centre-Ouest), cette étude propose une présentation céramologique classique, mais aussi des modes d'analyse nouveaux comme le calcul d'un indice de romanisation pour évaluer et comparer le degré d'acculturation des ensembles retenus. Différentes méthodes statistiques, comme des sériations graphiques ou des analyses factorielles des correspondances, sont par ailleurs employées pour mettre en évidence les aspects qualitatifs du phénomène d'acculturation et décomposer son processus en trois niveaux principaux. Illustrés par des tableaux synoptiques et par des cartes, les résultats des calculs d'indices de romanisation permettent d'identifier différents facteurs favorisant de manière évidente la romanisation de la vaisselle dite de table, comme la proximité de la Provincia, une localisation sur un axe majeur (Rhône/Saône, Loire) ou le dynamisme de grands centres d'échanges fréquentés par les mercatores romains (l'oppidum de Bibracte, notamment). Ces traitements statistiques permettent également de mettre en évidence des retards dans l'acculturation de certains peuples qui pourraient s'expliquer par leur hostilité envers Rome. Le phénomène est notamment illustré par les Helvètes, voisins de la Transalpina depuis 120 av. J.-C., dont la vaisselle fine est très peu romanisée avant l'intégration de ce peuple dans l'Empire, puis atteint rapidement après cet événement des niveaux particulièrement élevés. L'auteur propose enfin des réflexions sur la portée réelle des phénomènes observés en termes de romanisation de la vie quotidienne, une mutation technique et stylistique des récipients n'impliquant pas forcément l'adoption de nouvelles pratiques alimentaires.

La Bouche de fer (Paris. 1790)

Variante(s) de titre : Cercle social

La Bouche de fer

1791 (T5).

La Bouche de fer

1791 (T1).

La Bouche de fer

1791 (T2).

La Bouche de fer

1790 (T2).

La Bouche de fer

1791 (T4).

La Bouche de fer

1790 (T1).

La Bouche de fer

1791 (T3).

Bulletin de la Bouche de fer

Périodicité : Irrégulier