How PEDOT:PSS solutions produce satellite-free inkjets

Satellite droplets are unwanted in inkjet printing and various approaches have been suggested for their reduction. Low jetting speeds limit applications of the process. Added surfactants for wetting and conductivity enhancement may help but dynamic surface tension effects may counteract improvements. A higher fluid viscosity delays ligament break-up, but also leads to slower jets, while viscoelasticity reduces satellite formation only in certain cases. We show here that aqueous solutions of PEDOT:PSS (1:2.5 by weight) are strongly shear-thinning. They exhibit low viscosity within the printing nozzle over a wide range of jet speeds, yet rapidly (<100 μs) recover a higher viscosity at the low shear rates applicable once the jet has formed, which give the benefit of delayed satellite formation. The delay over a 0.8 mm stand-off distance can be sufficient to completely suppress satellites, which is significant for many printing applications. © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

FLUCTUATION OF SIZE-FRACTIONATED ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE AFTER BLOOM DISAPPEARANCE IN TWO SHALLOW PONDS

The temporal and vertical fluctuations of size fractionated alkaline phosphatase activity (APA) and kinetics parameters as well as orthophosphate (o-P) and chlorophyll concentrations were investigated after bloom disappearance in two shallow ponds A and B from 27 October 2001 to 15 April 2002. Pond A (Microcystis) bloomed seriously but pond B did not. The data of o-P and chlorophyll suggested that phosphorus was the principal limiting nutrimental element and its vertical flux should be regarded as an important driving factor for algal growth. In pond A, the accumulation of algae-derived detritus after bloom disappearance in overlying water stimulated excretion of algal fraction APA, mainly produced by attached bacteria responsible for detritus decomposition, whereas bacterial fraction APA preferred to function in surface water. Interestingly, completely contrary phenomena were observed in pond B. In season, even though no obvious difference for size-fractionated APA in both ponds, the total APA in pond A peaked earlier showing higher activity and efficiency (low K-m and high V-max values) as a result of algal-derived detritus input. In summary, it is suggested that the excretion of alkaline phosphatase with strongly catalyzing efficiency and high activity should be taken as important contributor to algal-derived detritus decomposition, further fueling nutrient recycle and accelerating algal development next year. Furthermore, some inhibitors and surfactants were testified to be good tools to identify the origin of dissolved alkaline phosphatase.

Water solubility enhancement of phthalates by cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and beta-cyclodextrin

Water solubility enhancements of six phthalates (five aliphatic phthalates and one phenyl phthalate) by cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD) were studied at 25 degreesC. The solubilities of these plithalates are remarkably enhanced by CTAB solutions above the critical micelle concentration (cmc). Only marginal enhancement of phthalate solubility was observed in solutions containing CTAB below its cmc and beta-CD at low concentrations (less than 5 mM). The solubility enhancements of the plithalates are proportional to the added amount of CTAB and beta-CD. Partition coefficients of the plithalates between monomeric CTAB surfactant and water (K-MN) and between CTAB micelle and water K-MC) were estimated from the experimental data. The mechanisms of solubility enhancements by CTAB and beta-CD were discussed. A log-linear equation was proposed and evaluated for the solubilization by CTAB below cmc, while the previously proposed linear partitioning model was questioned. The structures of the complexes formed between plithalates and beta-CD were proposed, and the formation constants were estimated. The values of log K-MC, log K-MN, and log Kbeta-CD of the plithalates were found to correlate linearly with the log K-OW of plithalates, with the exception of the solid phenyl phthalate.

Polymerization of ionic liquid-based microemulsions: A versatile method for the synthesis of polymer electrolytes

电子邮箱fyan@suda.edu.cn

Study on methane hydration process in a semi-continuous stirred tank reactor

The methane hydration process is investigated in a semi-continuous stirred tank reactor. Liquid temperatures and reaction rates without stirrer are compared with those occurring with stirrer, while at the same time better stirring conditions of the methane hydration process are given by the experiments. Some basic data of fluid mechanics, for example, stirring Reynolds number, Froucle number and stirrer power, are calculated during the methane hydration process, which can be applied to evaluate stirrer capacity and provide some basic data for a scaled up reactor. Based on experiment and calculations in this work, some conclusions are drawn. First, the stirrer has great influence on the methane hydration process. Batch stirring is helpful to improve the mass transfer and heat transfer performances of the methane hydration process. Second, induction time can be shortened effectively by use of the stirrer. Third, in this paper, the appropriate stirring velocity and stirring time were 320 rpm and 30 min, respectively, at 5.0 MPa, for which the storage capacity and reaction time were 159.1 V/V and 370 min, respectively. Under the condition of the on-flow state, the initial stirring Reynolds number of the fluid and the stirring power were 12,150 and 0.54 W, respectively. Fourth, some suggestions, for example, the use of another type of stirrer or some baffles, are proposed to accelerate the methane hydration process. Comparing with literature data, higher storage capacity and hydration rate are achieved in this work. Moreover, some fluid mechanics parameters are calculated, which can provide some references to engineering application.

插层剂在聚合物熔融插层蒙脱土中的作用

近年来，由于有机和无机成分在纳米尺寸上的结合而带来的优异性能使得聚合物／蒙脱土纳米复合材料得到广泛关注。在诸多方法中，因能够使用传统的聚合物熔融挤出、共混等加工设备而无需额外的设备投资，投资低、见效快而且对周围环境没有污染等优点，熔融插层法倍受青睐。然而，通常认为亲油性聚合物无法直接插层蒙脱土，而需要预先用插层剂处理蒙脱土。大多数聚合物是亲油性的，这将大大增加制备材料的成本和工艺的复杂性，并因引入了小分子插层剂而有损材料性能的提高，从而阻碍了该技术的应用和推广。本文从理论上研究了插层剂用量对有机化蒙脱土及聚合物／蒙脱土纳米复合材料微观结构的影响，探索一种无需改性蒙脱土或用很少插层剂改性蒙脱土的制备聚合物／蒙脱土纳米复合材料的方法。1．系统地改变插层剂用量，制备不同的有机化蒙脱土。通过广角X射线衍射、热失重分析、索氏抽提器抽提、差热分析和付立叶红外分析等表征手段，研究了插层剂插层机理以及插层剂在蒙脱土层间的排列方式，为进一步研究有机化蒙脱土在聚合物树脂中的分散奠定基础。结果表明，插层剂插层蒙脱土机理和在蒙脱土层间的排列方式随着插层剂用量的变化而不同。2．用不同的亲油性聚合物熔融插层有机化蒙脱土以制备相应的聚合物／蒙脱土纳米复合材料。用广角嘴射线衍射仪和透射电子显微镜分析研究了蒙脱土在聚合物／蒙脱土纳米复合材料中分散状态。结果表明，随着插层剂用量的减少，蒙脱土片层在聚合物树脂中的分散逐渐由插层型过渡到剥离型，即减少改性蒙脱土时插层剂用量有利于蒙脱土在纳米尺寸上分散于聚合物树脂中。3．用不同的亲油性聚合物直接熔融插层未改性的蒙脱土，广角X射线衍射仪和透射电子显微镜表征结果表明，与蒙脱土片层有相互作用的亲油性聚合物能够直接熔融插层未改性的蒙脱土，获得剥离或插层型聚合物／蒙脱土纳米复合材料，这对于蒙脱土在聚合物改性中的应用具有重要的实际意义和理论意义。4．用共同的母料制备聚丙烯／酸配化聚丙烯／蒙脱土纳米复合材料和尼龙12／酸醉化聚丙烯／蒙脱土纳米复合材料，用广角X射线衍射仪和透射电子显微镜对比分析蒙脱土在聚合物中分散的差异，从而了解聚丙烯与酸配化聚丙烯之间的增容作用对蒙脱土在聚丙烯树脂中分散的影响；同时，用尼龙11和酸配化聚丙烯共插层蒙脱土制备聚丙烯／蒙脱土纳米复合材料，并探讨其增容机理。

LLDPE接枝新型表面活性剂共聚物的制备及其结构、性能与应用的基础研究

合成三个系列的新型表面活性剂，制备了三个系列的聚乙烯接枝共聚物。第一系列的表面活性剂是将Tween8O、span80，聚氧乙烯肉桂醇醚，PEO（400），PEO（1000），PEO（2000）OCOC1’7H35和PEO（6000）-OCOC17H35引入双键而使其功能化，然后接枝到聚乙烯分子链上，表面活性剂的引入改变了聚乙烯的表面性能，使其亲水性增加。前三者为商品防雾滴剂，实验发现防雾滴剂的聚乙烯接枝共聚物膜的防雾滴性不如物理共混法制备的聚乙烯防雾滴膜的效果好。接枝聚乙烯共聚物LLDPE-g-PEO和LLDPE-g-PEO-sterate，由于结构差别，共聚物表面组成不同。前者随着支链长度的增加，支链柔性降低，共聚物表面氧的富集量趋于减少；而后者由于疏水基硬脂酸中碳链的存在，随着支链的增加，共聚物表面氧的富集量增加。LLDPE-g-PEO（400）和LLDPE-g-PEO（1000）的等温结晶速率都比空白聚乙烯的快。由于PEO与聚乙烯不相容，支链PEo在接枝共聚物中起异相成核剂的作用，使结晶速率加快。LLDPE-g-PEO（2000）-stearate的等温结晶速率与聚乙烯的接近，但比空白聚乙烯的略慢。这是由于支链末端硬脂酸碳链是柔性的疏水链，且与聚乙烯有较好的相容性，在本体聚乙烯非晶区中活动性较强，带动聚氧乙烯支链向相同的方向运动，使支链在聚乙烯中分散且伸展，对聚乙烯分子起惰性稀释剂的作用而导致结晶速率降低；但聚氧乙烯（2000）又具有结晶性，在本体聚乙烯中起异相成核剂的作用，使聚乙烯结晶速率加快，这两种作用消长的结果，使LLDPE-g-PEO（2000）-stearte接枝共聚物的结晶速率接近聚乙烯，但比聚乙烯的结晶速率略慢。LLDPE-g-PEO（6000）-stearate接枝共聚物的结晶速率比聚乙烯的快，这是由于聚氧乙烯（6000）的结晶性较强，活动性较强的硬脂酸基团很难使其伸展，其晶粒在本体聚乙烯中主要起异相成核剂的作用，导致其结晶速率比聚乙烯的快。为了弄清表面活性剂接枝到大分子链上的作用机理，特设计第二、第三系列的表面活性剂。第二系列的新型表面活性剂是I、II、III、IV和V，以及含有不饱和键的表面活性剂A-I、A-II和A-III。这些表面活性剂是以聚乙二醇、乙二醇、1，6-己二醇和1，10-癸二醇为主要的起始原料制得的。实验结果发现这些表面活性剂的表面张力随着疏水链长度的增加而增加。以A-I、A-II和A-II作为接枝单体，将其成功接枝到聚乙烯分子链上，从而改善了聚乙烯的表面性能。 由FTIR确定了其接枝率。由DSc对其等温结晶行为的研究发现：接枝链在本体聚合物中起异相成核剂的作用，加速了结晶过程，但没有改变聚乙烯晶格结构（WXA）。随着接枝链中的疏水链长度的增加，等温结晶速率加快。在低剪切速率时，空白聚乙烯具有牛顿流体的特性，而接枝聚乙烯表现出非牛顿流体行为。接枝聚合物在低剪切速率具有剪切变稠、高剪切速率时剪切变稀的现象。第三系列的新型表面活性剂是含氟和聚氧乙烯的特种表面活性剂：productIII（600-4600）。以FTIR和1HNMR表征其结构。以productIII（600-4600）为接枝单体，成功制得含氟接枝聚乙烯共聚物，亲水性表面活性剂的引入，同样改变了聚乙烯的表面性能。当PEO分子量较低时，含氟接枝聚乙烯共聚物的表面极性随着接枝链的分子量增加，极性增加，在ProductIII（1500）时，达到最大值，分子量继续增加，极性反而降低。这是由于支链结晶增加而影响分子链的迁移。含氟接枝聚乙烯共聚物的等温结晶速率比空白LLDPE的高，而且接枝共聚物的结晶速率随着支链分子量的增加而加快。这是由于含氟聚氧乙烯的接枝链在结晶体系中起成核剂的作用，使结晶过程加速。由于接枝率低，接枝链在接枝共聚物起异相成核剂的作用，虽然加速了结晶速率，但没有破坏聚乙烯晶格。

表面活性剂与菲的复合生态效应

利用表面活性剂去除土壤中难降解的多环芳烃，近年来得到了较多的应用.但对其去污机理及两者共存时的复合毒性，国内外研究甚少.该篇论文以六种不同离子类型、分子结构的表面活性剂和以菲为多环芳烃的代表，研究了表面活性剂对菲降解的影响，和与菲共存时的复合毒性，以及表面活性剂对菲在模拟生态系统中的迁移转化规律的影响.

Preparation and characterization of microencapsulated hexadecane used for thermal energy storage

Polyurea microcapsules about 2.5 mum in diameter containing phase change material for thermal energy storage application were synthesized and characterized by interfacial polycondensation method with toluene-2,4-diisocyanate and ethylenediamine as monomers in an emulsion system. Hexadecane was used as a phase change material and OP, which is nonionic surfactant, and used as an emulsifier. The chemical structure and thermal behavior of the microcapsules were investigated by FTIR and thermal analysis respectively. The results show encapsulated hexadecane has a good potential as a solar energy storage material.

Microencapsulation of n-eicosane as energy storage material

For heat energy storage application, polyurea. microcapsules containing phase change material, n-eicosane, were synthesized by using interfacial polymerization method with toluene- 2,4-diisocyanate (TDI) and diethylenetriamine (DETA) as monomers in an emulsion system. Poly(ethylene glycol)octyl-phenyl ether (OP), a nonionic surfactant, was the emulsifier for the system. The experimental result indicates that TDI was reacted with DETA in a mass ratio of 3 to 1. FT-IR spectra confirm the formation of wall material, polyurea, from the two monomers, TDI and DETA. Encapsulation efficiency of n-eicosane is about 75%. Microcapsule of n-eicosane melts at a temperature close to that of n-eicosane, while its stored heat energy varies with core material n-eicosane when wall material fixed. Thermo-gravimetric analysis shows that core material n-eicosane, micro-n-eicosane and wall material polyurea can withstand temperatures up to 130, 170 and 250 degreesC, respectively.