Fauna de Dissomphalus Ashmead (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae) da Mata Atlântica Brasileira, com descrição de 23 espécies novas

Foram realizadas coletas padronizadas em 18 pontos ao longo da Mata Atlântica Brasileira no escopo do Programa BIOTA/FAPESP usando-se varredura de vegetação, e armadilhas Malaise e Möricke. Foi coletado um total de 2.811 exemplares de Dissomphalus. Foram reconhecidas 30 espécies descritas, a saber: Dissomphalus conicus Azevedo, 2003, D. h-ramus Redighieri & Azevedo, 2004, D. laminaris Redighieri & Azevedo, 2004, D. manus Azevedo, 2003, D. umbilicus Azevedo, 2003, D. verrucosus Redighieri & Azevedo, 2004, D. alticlypeatus Azevedo, 2003, D. bicerutus Azevedo, 2003, D. gilvipes Evans, 1979, D. krombeini Azevedo, 1999, D. gordus Azevedo, 2003, D. undatus Azevedo, 2003, D. cristatus Redighieri & Azevedo, 2004, D. laticephalus Azevedo, 2003, D. lobicephalus Azevedo, 2003, D. completus Azevedo, 1999, D. gigantus Azevedo, 1999, D. scamatus Azevedo, 1999, D. napo Evans, 1979, D. punctatus (Kieffer, 1910), D. infissus Evans, 1969, D. plaumanni Evans, 1964, D. concavatus Azevedo, 1999, D. rectilineus Azevedo, 1999, D. bifurcatus Azevedo, 1999, D. extrarramis Azevedo, 1999, D. strictus Azevedo, 1999, D. connubialis Evans, 1966, D. microstictus Evans, 1969, D. scopatus Redighieri & Azevedo, 2004. Além disso, foram descritas e ilustradas 23 espécies novas: Dissomphalus inclinatus sp. nov., D. divisus sp. nov., D. distans sp. nov., D. crassus sp. nov., D. filiformis sp. nov., D. inflexus sp. nov., D. spissus sp. nov., D. firmus sp. nov., D. setosus sp. nov., D. tubulatus sp. nov., D. differens sp. nov., D. lamellatus sp. nov., D. fimbriatus sp. nov., D. magnus sp. nov., D. trilobatus sp. nov., D. amplifoveatus sp. nov., D. personatus sp. nov., D. excellens sp. nov., D. peculiaris sp. nov., D. bahiensis sp. nov., D. amplexus sp. nov., D. elegans sp. nov. e D. amplus sp. nov.. Foram propostos 2 grupos novos de espécies, brasiliensis com duas espécies e setosus com oito espécies. Dissomphalus connubialis Evans, 1966 foi revalidado a partir de D. brasiliensis Kieffer, 1910. Dissomphalus bispinulatus Evans, 1969 foi considerado sinônimo junior de D. brasiliensis. Foi proposto para o gênero uma chave de espécies Neotropicais baseada em machos. Algumas espécies como Dissomphalus rectilineus, D. plaumanni, D. connubialis e D. gigantus são amplamente distribuídos ao longo deste bioma. Por outro lado, espécies como Dissomphalus completus, D. bifurcatus, D. napo, D. gilvipes, D. microstictus, D. brasiliensis, D. scamatus, D. strictus, D. undatus, D. alticlypeatus, D. laticephalus, D. verrucosus, D. extrarramis, D. concavatus, D. krombeini, D. gordus, D. lobicephalus e 13 espécies novas são restritas a regiões específicas, apresentando congruência com os subcentros deste bioma.

Os gêneros de Bethylidae (Hymenoptera: Chrysidoidea) de quatro áreas de Mata Atlântica do Espírito Santo

Estudou-se a riqueza e abundância de gêneros de Bethylidae coletados em quatro áreas de mata de encosta da Mata Atlântica do Espírito Santo, com estados de preservação diferentes: Santa Maria de Jetibá (SMJ), Domingos Martins (DM), Pancas (P) e Atílio Vivácqua (AV). Foram coletados 2.840 espécimes alocados em 12 gêneros, sendo Lepidosternopsis Ogloblin e Bakeriella Kieffer citados pela primeira vez para esse estado. A riqueza dos táxons foi obtida através do procedimento Jackknife com auxílio do programa EstimateS. Curvas de acumulação de gêneros foram construídas para avaliar o esforço amostral. Os dados se ajustaram à distribuição geométrica e calculou-se o parâmetro k para comparar as localidades. O perfil genérico não foi equivalente em todas as localidades, e todas foram consideradas perturbadas. SMJ e DM apresentaram riqueza de gêneros maior em comparação com P e AV. As diferenças relatadas neste estudo para as áreas amostradas refletem o grau diferente de preservação das matas. Pseudisobrachium Kieffer e Dissomphalus Ashmead foram os gêneros mais abundantes em SMJ, DM e P e Anisepyris Kieffer em AV. Este estudo reforça o fato de Dissomphalus ser mais abundante em florestas tropicais úmidas e que o perfil genérico encontrado em AV assemelha-se a dados publicados para o cerrado.

Dez espécies novas e notas sobre Rhabdepyris Kieffer (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae) da Mata Atlântica

Sistemática, morfologia e biogeografia

Diversidade e prospecção de fungos endofíticos de Begonia spp. encontradas na Mata Atlântica

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Estudo, Avaliação e Propostas de melhoria para a Climatização do edifício Biorama do Parque Biológico de Vila Nova de Gaia

A eficiência energética e a preocupação com a sustentabilidade têm vindo a ganhar preponderância na sociedade moderna. Este trabalho é uma contribuição para esta tendência onde se pretendeu avaliar e sugerir alterações ao sistema de climatização do edifício Biorama do Parque Biológico de Vila Nova de Gaia (PBG). Procedeu-se em primeiro lugar a uma caracterização física, química e geográfica dos 5 biomas constituintes do Biorama. Para isso, recorreu-se a documentos fornecidos pelo próprio PBG, visitas ao local e registo de medições de alguns parâmetros (temperatura, humidade relativa, qualidade do ar). Posteriormente foi realizado o balanço térmico dos edifícios, de acordo com a legislação em vigor, recorrendo a expressões e conceitos teóricos. Foram determinados valores dos ganhos térmicos de aquecimento de 15811, 10694, 7939, 9233, e 6621 kWh/ano para Floresta tropical, Mesozoico, Dunas, Savana e Deserto, respetivamente. Foram igualmente determinados valores dos ganhos térmicos no verão de 7093, 4798, 3560, 4144 e 2971 kWh na Floresta tropical, no Mesozoico, nas Dunas, na Savana e no Deserto, respetivamente. As cargas térmicas de aquecimento foram 149, 125, 47, 60 e 51 kW na Floresta tropical, no Mesozoico, nas Dunas, na Savana e no Deserto, respetivamente. As cargas térmicas de arrefecimento foram iguais a 59, 57, 47, 35 e 36 kW na Floresta tropical, no Mesozoico, nas Dunas, na Savana e no Deserto, respetivamente. Algumas soluções são avançadas, bem como alternativas comportamentais de modo a corrigir alguns problemas identificados. Uma proposta é a da instalação de painéis solares e acumuladores de calor, com os quais se estima um ganho médio conjunto de 500 W em cada bioma, e representam um investimento de 1050 euros e terão um retorno de 1 ano. Em relação à humidade é sugerido a utilização mais eficaz dos aspersores existentes e a utilização de esponjas, para fazer subir a humidade relativa para valores superiores a 80%. Em sentido inverso, no inverno, propõem-se a utilização de material higroscópico para fazer baixar a humidade relativa em cerca de 5%. Os custos com os suportes e o material higroscópico rondam os 250 €. Por fim, é sugerido a instalação de um aparelho de ar condicionado de 16 000 BTU no corredor de ligação, pois é a única forma de garantir condições de conforto térmico. Esta proposta de arrefecimento com ar condicionado e ainda o recurso a uma cortina de lâminas de plástico, que servem para efetuar uma separação mais eficiente entre ar frio e ar quente, têm um custo aproximado de 350 €. É ainda sugerida a utilização de lonas ou de uma planta trepadeira com um custo por planta de 5€, nas coberturas dos telhados virados a sul, sendo que a zona do corredor deverá ser totalmente coberta, a fim de evitar a exposição solar direta.

Simultaneous circulation of all four dengue serotypes in Manaus, State of Amazonas, Brazil in 2011

INTRODUCTION: Manaus, the capital city of the state of Amazon with nearly 2 million inhabitants, is located in the middle of the Amazon rain forest and has suffered dengue outbreaks since 1998. METHODS: In this study, blood samples were investigated using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), aimed at identifying dengue virus serotypes. RESULTS: Acute phase sera from 432 patients were tested for the presence of dengue virus. Out of the 432 patients, 137 (31.3%) were found to be positive. All the four dengue virus serotypes were observed. CONCLUSIONS: The simultaneous circulation of the four dengue serotypes is described for the first time in Manaus and in Brazil.

Ecology of phlebotomines (Diptera, Psychodidae) in rural foci of leishmaniasis in tropical Brazil

INTRODUCTION: This work aimed to study the community structure of sandflies, with regard to the richness, constancy, abundance, and monthly frequency of the species with a focus on the transmission of leishmaniasis. METHODS: The study was conducted in the rural villages of Bom Jardim and Santa Maria, situated on the edge of a tropical rain forest in the municipality of São Jose de Ribamar, Maranhão, Brazil. The phlebotomines were captured in the intradomiciles and peridomiciles of each village, with Centers for Disease Control (CDC) light traps set in 10 homes in each village, for 1 year, once a month, from 18h to 6h. RESULTS: We collected 1,378 individuals of 16 sandfly species. The capture success rate was higher in Bom Jardim (0.61 specimens/hour/trap) than that of Santa Maria (0.35/specimens/hour/trap). The sandflies were more abundant in the peridomiciles (86.1%) and in the rainy season (77%). Five species were considered constants (occurring in more than 50% of samples), 5 accessory (25%-50%), and 6 accidental (<25%). The most abundant species were Lutzomyia longipalpis (59.7%) and L whitmani (28%). The permutation analysis showed differences between the species composition of the villages and no separation between the intradomicile and peridomicile of each village. The species that most contributed to the dissimilarity between the light traps of the 2 villages were L. longipalpis, L. whitmani, and L. evandroi, contributing to 80.8% of the variation among groups. CONCLUSIONS: The high level of richness and abundance of species and the presence of competent vectors throughout the year and around houses justify the occurrence of leishmaniasis cases reported in the area.

Habitat preferences, diet, feeding strategy and social organization of the black spider monkey [Ateles paniscus paniscus Linnaeus 1758] in Surinam

A Socioecological Field Study.This monograph reports on a 26 month socioecological study of black spider monkeys (Ateles paniscus paniscus)in the Raleigh-vallen — Voltzberg Nature Reserve, Surinam. It recognizes the fundamental importance of food to the behavior and the regulation of population density fox this primate. It clarifies the complex temporal and spatial effects of tropical rain forest food sources on the behavior of a group of spider monkeys, concentrating on food category, food plant identity and phenology, and quantity, density and dispersion of the most important food sources. In addition, the present study describes habitat choice, optimal feeding strategy and sexual behavior of the spider monkey, and discusses implications of diet for social behavior. This study is also fundamental to conservation. Specialized in eating mature fruits, the spider monkey is a very important dispersal agent for many trees and lianes, particularly canopy species. However, the spider monkey is probably the most vulnerable monkey species in Surinam and it is disappearing rapidly throughout the remainder of its range. Unfortunately, it is large and noisy and can be easily tracked and hunted. It is largely restricted to undisturbed high forest, and consequently habitat destruction has more effect on it than on most other species. Together with its slow reproductive rate (a female gives birth only once every four or five years), this means that the species is poorly adapted to recover from exploitation. In order to implement proper measures for conservation, data on forest type preferences, diet and social behavior of the species, or on closely related species, in undisturbed areas, such as the one described in this monograph, are essential tools for assessing the potential of proposed protected areas.

Occurrence, body mass and biomass of Syntermes spp. (Isoptera: Termitidae) in Reserva Ducke, Central Amazonia

The leaf-feeding species Syntermes molestus and S. spinosus are two dominant termite species in Reserva Ducke in Central Amazonia; two other species (S. aculeosus, S. longiceps) exist in the area. All species except S. aculeosus were also found in urban areas. The workers of S. molestus and S. spinosus have average body dry weights of 4.5±0.2 and 13.1±1.4 mg, and the weight of their soldiers is 8.2±0.2 and 51.0±1.7 mg, respectively. Therefore, S. spinosus is among the largest termites of the world. In both species, fresh weight is about 4.7 higher than dry weight (a wider relation than in other termite species). The biomass of the populations of both species amounted to about 1 g m-2 (dry weight; indirect estimate), which rises previous assessments of the total termite biomass by about 36-45%, to a value of 3.0-3.5 g m-2.

Observations on dynamics of foraging hole construction of two leaf-feeding, soil-inhabiting Syntermes species (insecta: Isoptera) in an Amazonian Rainforest, Brazil

The intensity of construction of foraging access holes by two leaf-litter feeding, soil- inhabiting termite species, Syntermes molestus and Syntermes spinosus, in a Central Amazonian rain forest, was observed on consecutive nights for two weeks. Between 11 and 48 nest entrances per m2 were counted. Interaction between the two species was intense; some entrance holes were overtaken by the larger species during the observations; however, both species coexist in the area. A calculated minimum of 35 entrances/m2 is built every year by both species, emphasizing the importance of soil-burrowing termites for soil structure, aeration and water regime.

Evaluation of antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of the topical preparation of Cipura paludosa (Iridaceae)

Alho do mato (Cipura paludosa, Iridaceae) is a medicinal plant found in the Amazon rain forest, North of Brazil. It has been used to treat algic, inflammatory and infectious processes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive action of the crude Cipura paludosa ethanolic extract at concentrations ranging between 2.0 and 4.0% in Oil and Water cream formulations for topical use. The physical-chemical stability of the formulations was monitored over a six-month period with the use of accelerated stability tests. In order to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities, we used a paw edema test induced by carrageenan and a formalin test, respectively. The paw edema test showed that there was a statistical difference in the control group in relation to the treatments. The formalin test did not confirm antinociceptive action of the treatments with the extract in the early phase of the test. However, statistical difference was confirmed for the treatments in relation to the control in the late phase. The antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of Cipura paludosa preparations, as demonstrated in the results, at least partially support the ethno-medical uses of this plant.

Atividade reprodutiva de Physalaemus signifer (Anura, Leptodactylidae) em ambiente temporário

The breeding activity of Physalaemus signifer (Girard, 1853) was monitored from July 1999 to July 2000 in a temporary pond in Palmital, Municipality of Saquarema, State of Rio de Janeiro, Atlantic Rain Forest, Brazil. Males were sexually actives only in four nights, arriving at the pond on the early rainy season. Males in amplexus were larger and spent more nights in the reproductive aggregation than solitary ones. The number of nights was correlated with the mass of the males. Males adopted satellite behavior as alternative tactic for mate acquisition. Changes between calling and satellite tactics were observed in different nights. Calling males were not larger and heavier than satellite ones. Satellite behavior seemed to be related with the order of arrival on the pond. Size and mass of males did not influence the results of fights. Resident males won the majority of agonistics combats. Three types of vocalizations are described: advertisement, territorial, and encounter calls.

Novas espécies de Trichomyia (Diptera, Psychodidae) da Mata Atlântica da Bahia, nordeste do Brasil

Six new species of Trichomyia from Atlantic rain forest of Bahia, northeastern Brazil, are described: T. itabunensis, T. onorei, T. queirozi, T. silvatica, T. sulbaianensis and T. teimosensis. The first two have palpi with four segments, similar to the other Neotropical species. The other four species have palpi with three segments, similar to other species with wide world distribution.

Maruina menina, uma nova espécie de Psychodidae (Diptera) do Brasil

Maruina menina sp. nov., from Atlantic rain forest of Bahia, northeastern Brazil, is described and illustrated.

Two new species of Drosophila belonging to the canalinea group (Diptera, rosophilidae)

Drosophila piratininga sp. nov. and Drosophila sampa sp. nov., belonging to the canalinea group of the subgenus Drosophila, are described based mostly on wild-caught specimens collected at a forest reserve of the Cidade Universitária "Armando de Salles Oliveira", an urban remnant of the montane Atlantic Forest located at west São Paulo city, state of São Paulo, Brazil. The two species are readily distinguished from each other mostly by having different wing patterns: the main crossveins being remarkably clouded in the first one and unclouded in the latter. Illustrations of terminalia are also provided.