874 resultados para minima of forms
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This paper discusses forms of epistemic marking that instantiate multiple perspective constructions (see Evans 2005). Such forms express the speaker’s and the addressee’s simultaneous epistemic perspectives from the point of view of the speaker, crucially relying on the assumptions of the speaker with regard to the addressee’s knowledge. The analysis of forms considers established semanto-pragmatic concepts, such as semantic scope, mitigation strategies and communicative intention (as marked by sentence-type) in the exploration of forms. In addition, the notion of knowledge asymmetry is discussed alongside the concepts of epistemic status and stance as tools for a semantic analysis of investigated forms
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The law of contract can be a complex and technical subject, rvt the new edition of Jill Poole's Casebook on Contract provides a clear and well-structured exposition of the principles and rules through a comprehensive selection of case law, addressing all aspects encountered on undergraduate courses. Opening with a chapter of valuable advice and guidance on how to successfully develop and improve the essential skills of case-reading, featuring two worked examples, the coverage in this sixth edition expands to incorporate all recent significant decisions and judgments made by the House of Lords and Court of Appeal such as, Director General of Fair Trading v First National Bank plc, Farley v Skinner, Royal Bank of Scotland v Etridge and UCB Corporate Services v Williams. Interesting recent decisions in relation to battle of forms, terms, exemption clauses and misrepresentation are also included. Extracts have been chosen from a wide range of historical and contemporary cases to illustrate the reasoning processes of the court, why decisions are made and how legal principles are developed - enabling cases to be analysed and discussed independently while, taken as a whole, the chapters provide a sound understanding of the modern law of contract. The section on damages for breach of contract has been expanded to reassess Ruxley Electronics and Construction Ltd v Forsyth in the light of Farley v Skinner, the future of Addis v Gramophone Co Ltd is considered in the light of Johnson v Unisys Ltd and Attorney General v Blake is examined in the light of the decision in Esso Petroleum Co Ltd v Niad Ltd. Succinct author comment focuses the reader on the key elements within the extracts, while thought-provoking questions are posed throughout to develop more in-depth analysis. The logical and clear organization of topics has been further improved to more accurately echo the order adopted within the author's popular textbook and closer crossreferencing to this text has been incorporated to highlight where more detailed discussion of issues arising from the caselaw can be explored. As a result, this new edition can be used both as a traditional casebook and as a companion volume to Poole's Textbook on Contract. This edition is also supported by a new companion web site that offers the benefits of essential updating of key materials, sample questions, lists for key further reading sources and relevant web links, additional relevant cases and materials and guidance on successful exam technique. As with previous editions, Casebook on Contract is an invaluable primary source and an essential study aid for all those following elements of contract law as part of the LLB and CPE, as well as for students from related disciplines such as Accounting and Business.
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The last few years have witnessed an unprecedented increase in the price of energy available to industry in the United Kingdom and worldwide. The steel industry, as a major consumer of energy delivered in U.K. (8% of national total and nearly 25% of industrial total) and whose energy costs currently form some 28% of the total manufacturing cost, is very much aware of the need to conserve energy. Because of the complexities of steelmaking processes it is imperative that a full understanding of each process and its interlinking role in an integrated steelworks is understood. An analysis of energy distribution shows that as much as 70% of heat input is dissipated to the environment in a variety of forms. Of these, waste gases offer the best potential for energy conservation. The study identifies areas for and discusses novel methods of energy conservation in each process. Application of these schemes in BSC works is developed and their economic incentives highlighted. A major part of this thesis describes design, development and testing of a novel ceramic rotary regenerator for heat recovery from high temperature waste gases, where no such system is available. The regenerator is a compact, efficient heat exchanger. Application of such a system to a reheating furnace provides a fuel saving of up to 40%. A mathematical model developed is verified on the pilot plant. The results obtained confirm the success of the concept and material selection and outlines the work needed to develop an industrial unit. Last, but not least, the key position of an energy manager in an energy conservation programme is identified and a new Energy Management Model for the BSC is developed.
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Time after time… and aspect and mood. Over the last twenty five years, the study of time, aspect and - to a lesser extent - mood acquisition has enjoyed increasing popularity and a constant widening of its scope. In such a teeming field, what can be the contribution of this book? We believe that it is unique in several respects. First, this volume encompasses studies from different theoretical frameworks: functionalism vs generativism or function-based vs form-based approaches. It also brings together various sub-fields (first and second language acquisition, child and adult acquisition, bilingualism) that tend to evolve in parallel rather than learn from each other. A further originality is that it focuses on a wide range of typologically different languages, and features less studied languages such as Korean and Bulgarian. Finally, the book gathers some well-established scholars, young researchers, and even research students, in a rich inter-generational exchange, that ensures the survival but also the renewal and the refreshment of the discipline. The book at a glance The first part of the volume is devoted to the study of child language acquisition in monolingual, impaired and bilingual acquisition, while the second part focuses on adult learners. In this section, we will provide an overview of each chapter. The first study by Aviya Hacohen explores the acquisition of compositional telicity in Hebrew L1. Her psycholinguistic approach contributes valuable data to refine theoretical accounts. Through an innovating methodology, she gathers information from adults and children on the influence of definiteness, number, and the mass vs countable distinction on the constitution of a telic interpretation of the verb phrase. She notices that the notion of definiteness is mastered by children as young as 10, while the mass/count distinction does not appear before 10;7. However, this does not entail an adult-like use of telicity. She therefore concludes that beyond definiteness and noun type, pragmatics may play an important role in the derivation of Hebrew compositional telicity. For the second chapter we move from a Semitic language to a Slavic one. Milena Kuehnast focuses on the acquisition of negative imperatives in Bulgarian, a form that presents the specificity of being grammatical only with the imperfective form of the verb. The study examines how 40 Bulgarian children distributed in two age-groups (15 between 2;11-3;11, and 25 between 4;00 and 5;00) develop with respect to the acquisition of imperfective viewpoints, and the use of imperfective morphology. It shows an evolution in the recourse to expression of force in the use of negative imperatives, as well as the influence of morphological complexity on the successful production of forms. With Yi-An Lin’s study, we concentrate both on another type of informant and of framework. Indeed, he studies the production of children suffering from Specific Language Impairment (SLI), a developmental language disorder the causes of which exclude cognitive impairment, psycho-emotional disturbance, and motor-articulatory disorders. Using the Leonard corpus in CLAN, Lin aims to test two competing accounts of SLI (the Agreement and Tense Omission Model [ATOM] and his own Phonetic Form Deficit Model [PFDM]) that conflicts on the role attributed to spellout in the impairment. Spellout is the point at which the Computational System for Human Language (CHL) passes over the most recently derived part of the derivation to the interface components, Phonetic Form (PF) and Logical Form (LF). ATOM claims that SLI sufferers have a deficit in their syntactic representation while PFDM suggests that the problem only occurs at the spellout level. After studying the corpus from the point of view of tense / agreement marking, case marking, argument-movement and auxiliary inversion, Lin finds further support for his model. Olga Gupol, Susan Rohstein and Sharon Armon-Lotem’s chapter offers a welcome bridge between child language acquisition and multilingualism. Their study explores the influence of intensive exposure to L2 Hebrew on the development of L1 Russian tense and aspect morphology through an elicited narrative. Their informants are 40 Russian-Hebrew sequential bilingual children distributed in two age groups 4;0 – 4;11 and 7;0 - 8;0. They come to the conclusion that bilingual children anchor their narratives in perfective like monolinguals. However, while aware of grammatical aspect, bilinguals lack the full form-function mapping and tend to overgeneralize the imperfective on the principles of simplicity (as imperfective are the least morphologically marked forms), universality (as it covers more functions) and interference. Rafael Salaberry opens the second section on foreign language learners. In his contribution, he reflects on the difficulty L2 learners of Spanish encounter when it comes to distinguishing between iterativity (conveyed with the use of the preterite) and habituality (expressed through the imperfect). He examines in turn the theoretical views that see, on the one hand, habituality as part of grammatical knowledge and iterativity as pragmatic knowledge, and on the other hand both habituality and iterativity as grammatical knowledge. He comes to the conclusion that the use of preterite as a default past tense marker may explain the impoverished system of aspectual distinctions, not only at beginners but also at advanced levels, which may indicate that the system is differentially represented among L1 and L2 speakers. Acquiring the vast array of functions conveyed by a form is therefore no mean feat, as confirmed by the next study. Based on the prototype theory, Kathleen Bardovi-Harlig’s chapter focuses on the development of the progressive in L2 English. It opens with an overview of the functions of the progressive in English. Then, a review of acquisition research on the progressive in English and other languages is provided. The bulk of the chapter reports on a longitudinal study of 16 learners of L2 English and shows how their use of the progressive expands from the prototypical uses of process and continuousness to the less prototypical uses of repetition and future. The study concludes that the progressive spreads in interlanguage in accordance with prototype accounts. However, it suggests additional stages, not predicted by the Aspect Hypothesis, in the development from activities and accomplishments at least for the meaning of repeatedness. A similar theoretical framework is adopted in the following chapter, but it deals with a lesser studied language. Hyun-Jin Kim revisits the claims of the Aspect Hypothesis in relation to the acquisition of L2 Korean by two L1 English learners. Inspired by studies on L2 Japanese, she focuses on the emergence and spread of the past / perfective marker ¬–ess- and the progressive – ko iss- in the interlanguage of her informants throughout their third and fourth semesters of study. The data collected through six sessions of conversational interviews and picture description tasks seem to support the Aspect Hypothesis. Indeed learners show a strong association between past tense and accomplishments / achievements at the start and a gradual extension to other types; a limited use of past / perfective marker with states and an affinity of progressive with activities / accomplishments and later achievements. In addition, - ko iss– moves from progressive to resultative in the specific category of Korean verbs meaning wear / carry. While the previous contributions focus on function, Evgeniya Sergeeva and Jean-Pierre Chevrot’s is interested in form. The authors explore the acquisition of verbal morphology in L2 French by 30 instructed native speakers of Russian distributed in a low and high levels. They use an elicitation task for verbs with different models of stem alternation and study how token frequency and base forms influence stem selection. The analysis shows that frequency affects correct production, especially among learners with high proficiency. As for substitution errors, it appears that forms with a simple structure are systematically more frequent than the target form they replace. When a complex form serves as a substitute, it is more frequent only when it is replacing another complex form. As regards the use of base forms, the 3rd person singular of the present – and to some extent the infinitive – play this role in the corpus. The authors therefore conclude that the processing of surface forms can be influenced positively or negatively by the frequency of the target forms and of other competing stems, and by the proximity of the target stem to a base form. Finally, Martin Howard’s contribution takes up the challenge of focusing on the poorer relation of the TAM system. On the basis of L2 French data obtained through sociolinguistic interviews, he studies the expression of futurity, conditional and subjunctive in three groups of university learners with classroom teaching only (two or three years of university teaching) or with a mixture of classroom teaching and naturalistic exposure (2 years at University + 1 year abroad). An analysis of relative frequencies leads him to suggest a continuum of use going from futurate present to conditional with past hypothetic conditional clauses in si, which needs to be confirmed by further studies. Acknowledgements The present volume was inspired by the conference Acquisition of Tense – Aspect – Mood in First and Second Language held on 9th and 10th February 2008 at Aston University (Birmingham, UK) where over 40 delegates from four continents and over a dozen countries met for lively and enjoyable discussions. This collection of papers was double peer-reviewed by an international scientific committee made of Kathleen Bardovi-Harlig (Indiana University), Christine Bozier (Lund Universitet), Alex Housen (Vrije Universiteit Brussel), Martin Howard (University College Cork), Florence Myles (Newcastle University), Urszula Paprocka (Catholic University of Lublin), †Clive Perdue (Université Paris 8), Michel Pierrard (Vrije Universiteit Brussel), Rafael Salaberry (University of Texas at Austin), Suzanne Schlyter (Lund Universitet), Richard Towell (Salford University), and Daniel Véronique (Université d’Aix-en-Provence). We are very much indebted to that scientific committee for their insightful input at each step of the project. We are also thankful for the financial support of the Association for French Language Studies through its workshop grant, and to the Aston Modern Languages Research Foundation for funding the proofreading of the manuscript.
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Astrocytes are increasingly implicated in a range of functions in the brain, many of which were previously ascribed to neurons. Much of the prevailing interest centers on the role of astrocytes in the modulation of synaptic transmission and their involvement in the induction of forms of plasticity such as long-term potentiation and long-term depression. However, there is also an increasing realization that astrocytes themselves can undergo plasticity. This plasticity may be manifest as changes in protein expression which may modify calcium activity within the cells, changes in morphology that affect the environment of the synapse and the extracellular space, or changes in gap junction astrocyte coupling that modify the transfer of ions and metabolites through astrocyte networks. Plasticity in the way that astrocytes release gliotransmitters can also have direct effects on synaptic activity and neuronal excitability. Astrocyte plasticity can potentially have profound effects on neuronal network activity and be recruited in pathological conditions. An emerging principle of astrocyte plasticity is that it is often induced by neuronal activity, reinforcing our emerging understanding of the working brain as a constant interaction between neurons and glial cells. © The Author(s) 2013.
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BACKGROUND: Subthreshold depressive disorders (minor and subthrehold depression) have been defined in a wide range of forms, varying on the number of symptoms and duration required. Disability associated with these conditions has also been reported. Our aim was to review the different definitions and to determine factors associated with these conditions in order to clarify the nosological implications of these disorders. METHODS: A Medline search was conducted of the published literature between January 2001 and September 2011. Bibliographies of the retrieved papers were also analysed. RESULTS: There is a wide heterogeneity in the definition and diagnostic criteria of minor and subthreshold depression. Minor depression was defined according to DSM-IV criteria. Regarding subthreshold depression, also called subclinical depression or subsyndromal symptomatic depression, between 2 and 5 depressive symptoms were required for the diagnosis, and a minimum duration of 2 weeks. Significant impairment associated with subthreshold depressive conditions, as well as comorbidity with other mental disorders, has been described. CONCLUSIONS: Depression as a disorder is better explained as a spectrum rather than as a collection of discrete categories. Minor and subthreshold depression are common conditions and patients falling below the diagnostic threshold experience significant difficulties in functioning and a negative impact on their quality of life. Current diagnostic systems need to reexamine the thresholds for depressive disorders and distinguish them from ordinary feelings of sadness.
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This thesis developed a conceptual framework aimed at enhancing our understanding of contemporary child slavery. A new variety of slavery exists today, the result of forms of forced servitude that existed alongside slavery many centuries ago. This is tantamount to slavery. There is, however, a critical lack of awareness about important aspects of the reality of this new child slavery. The framework and definitions of slavery in usage today, though interesting and sufficient to cover historical situations, are unable to adequately describe the conditions of the child slavery. Using existing literature and research, this thesis conceptualized children's labor in a manner that allows a clearer perception of the exploitation of their labor within and beyond the household. Explanatory factors such as culture, the age of victims, the number of hours worked and the ability or not of the victim to volunteer or withdraw their participation in the specific activities were employed to determine if particular situations should be considered as child slavery, repressive child labor or merely as child work. Important distinctions were made between the use of children's mental and physical energy in defined activities. ^
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Like numerous other mini ficçion genres, the Flash fiction is configured as a concise and brief genre, but it can still preserve some elements of the traditional tale, such as: narrator, space-temporal unit, characters and plot. For some authors, the emergence of this genre is strictly connected to the speed and diversity of forms of communication in the current social context, that require the reader other skills in addition to reading and writing. Considering the importance of these skills in a literate society and recognizing this genre as potentially effective tool for the development of literacy, this research has as objective to describe the development and implications of didactic sequence directed the literacy practices with the Flash fiction genre. Thus, the research becomes effective in an elementary school vespertine class in 9th grade from Escola Estadual Dr. José Gonçalves de Medeiros, located in the city of Acari-RN. As theoretical assumptions, it will be used fundamentals from Literacy Studies as social practice, especially that ones discussed by the writings Kleiman (1995), Hamilton (2000), Soares (2012), Mortatti (2004) and Rojo (2012). To subsidize the literary literacy, it will be used the theoretical contibutions of Borges (2000), Candido (2004), Pinheiro (2001) and Silva e Silveira (2013). In what relates to the study about the storytellers, it was taken by support the postulates of Gotlib (2006), Bosi (1997), Cortázar (1999), Talbot (2002), Poe (s/d), Luzia de Maria (2004), as well as studies by researchers and writers as Spalding (2007; 2008; 2011), George (2007), Freire (2004) and Trevisan (1994), among others who are dedicated to study Flash fiction. In the methodological field, the proposed perspective anchors itself in an action-researching guidelines (MOREIRA; CALEFFE, 2006) and in the approach of a qualitative data (BOGDAN; BIKLEN, 1994), since it talks to interpretation of diagnosed situation, implementation of intervention actions organized in didactic sequence (SCHNEUWLY; DOLZ, 2004; BARROS; RIVERS-registry, 2014), including description and evaluation of results achieved from the implementation of such actions. The discussions generated indicate that the work with Flash ficition, developed by means of didactic sequences, contributes to the reflection on teaching strategies of Portuguese, used to prepare the students to meet the demands of reading and writing of contemporary society.
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We present results from the Spitzer Infrared Spectrograph spectral mapping observations of 15 local luminous infrared galaxies (LIRGs). In this paper, we investigate the spatial variations of the mid-IR emission which includes fine structure lines, molecular hydrogen lines, polycyclic aromatic features (PAHs), continuum emission, and the 9.7 μm silicate feature. We also compare the nuclear and integrated spectra. We find that the star formation takes place in extended regions (several kpc) as probed by the PAH emission, as well as the [Ne II]12.81 μm and [Ne III]15.56 μm emissions. The behavior of the integrated PAH emission and 9.7 μm silicate feature is similar to that of local starburst galaxies. We also find that the minima of the [Ne III]15.56 μm/[Ne II]12.81 μm ratio tends to be located at the nuclei and its value is lower than that of H II regions in our LIRGs and nearby galaxies. It is likely that increased densities in the nuclei of LIRGs are responsible for the smaller nuclear [Ne III]15.56 μm/[Ne II]12.81 μm ratios. This includes the possibility that some of the most massive stars in the nuclei are still embedded in ultracompact H II regions. In a large fraction of our sample, the 11.3 μm PAH emission appears more extended than the dust 5.5 μm continuum emission. We find a dependency of the 11.3 μm PAH/7.7 μm PAH and [Ne II]12.81 μm/11.3 μm PAH ratios with the age of the stellar populations. Smaller and larger ratios, respectively, indicate recent star formation. The estimated warm (300 K
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Polygonal Fresnel zone plates can be configured in a variety of forms depending on the number of sides of the polygon and the number of phase steps used. This contribution deals with some specific polygonal designs that tessellate the plane: triangles, squares, and hexagons. The phase distribution is chosen as a continuous one to form a polygonal kinoform. The selected designs have been simulated and its behaviour compared. Although their performance is worse than the circular Fresnel plate, they may present some other advantages as the tessellation capability, and the possibility to fabricate them as extruded profiles.
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Esta investigación sobre la relación que establecen los jóvenes con la política busca interpretar analíticamente las formas a través de las cuales las y los estudiantes secundarios de la ciudad de La Plata participan políticamente. Desde la segunda mitad del siglo XX diversos estudios provenientes de campos como la sociología, la antropología y la teoría política, colocaron en el centro del debate teórico dimensiones clásicas del análisis de lo social (el Estado, las esferas pública y privada, lo político). Allí aparece una nueva problemática en torno del lazo social y la pluralidad de formas que asume la acción política. En ese contexto, emergen preguntas sobre las acciones políticas de jóvenes escolarizados y su relación con el contexto de surgimiento. E0ste análisis brindará elementos interesantes a partir de los cuales realizar una lectura epocal que recupere las formas y sentidos bajo los cuales las y los jóvenes desarrollan en la actualidad la acción política. El propósito de esta investigación es conocer e interpretar las formas que asume hoy la acción política juvenil estudiantil en la ciudad de La Plata, en torno a qué contenidos e intereses participan, bajo que formatos, cuáles son los territorios y estrategias que despliegan. Se utilizan tres categorías para describir las prácticas más características que se encuentran en nuestro campo: trayectorias de participación, enfoque de derechos humanos y performance. Por último, la investigación busca comprender las posibles variaciones de prácticas de acción política en función de las propuestas de escolarización de la que participan como alumnas y alumnos de escuelas secundarias
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Los estudios sobre mujeres y género en relación con el antifascismo llevados a cabo en el ámbito académico en distintos países han revelado una variedad de desarrollos en el mundo. En el caso argentino, las investigaciones han demostrado que el antifascismo, caracterizado por una gran heterogeneidad de manifestaciones, movilizó a amplias capas de la sociedad de diversas maneras y en distintos períodos. El presente artículo, orientado a establecer el estado actual de la historiografía, explora en primer lugar los avances realizados en los campos respectivos de los estudios de género y el antifascismo en la Argentina en las últimas décadas. Indaga luego la manera en que una serie de trabajos recientes ha incorporado los aportes de ambos campos, mostrando las posibilidades ofrecidas por el entrecruzamiento entre género y antifascismo. Finalmente, el texto concluye ofreciendo una agenda de investigación con orientaciones para futuros trabajos
Resumo:
Esta investigación sobre la relación que establecen los jóvenes con la política busca interpretar analíticamente las formas a través de las cuales las y los estudiantes secundarios de la ciudad de La Plata participan políticamente. Desde la segunda mitad del siglo XX diversos estudios provenientes de campos como la sociología, la antropología y la teoría política, colocaron en el centro del debate teórico dimensiones clásicas del análisis de lo social (el Estado, las esferas pública y privada, lo político). Allí aparece una nueva problemática en torno del lazo social y la pluralidad de formas que asume la acción política. En ese contexto, emergen preguntas sobre las acciones políticas de jóvenes escolarizados y su relación con el contexto de surgimiento. E0ste análisis brindará elementos interesantes a partir de los cuales realizar una lectura epocal que recupere las formas y sentidos bajo los cuales las y los jóvenes desarrollan en la actualidad la acción política. El propósito de esta investigación es conocer e interpretar las formas que asume hoy la acción política juvenil estudiantil en la ciudad de La Plata, en torno a qué contenidos e intereses participan, bajo que formatos, cuáles son los territorios y estrategias que despliegan. Se utilizan tres categorías para describir las prácticas más características que se encuentran en nuestro campo: trayectorias de participación, enfoque de derechos humanos y performance. Por último, la investigación busca comprender las posibles variaciones de prácticas de acción política en función de las propuestas de escolarización de la que participan como alumnas y alumnos de escuelas secundarias
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Los estudios sobre mujeres y género en relación con el antifascismo llevados a cabo en el ámbito académico en distintos países han revelado una variedad de desarrollos en el mundo. En el caso argentino, las investigaciones han demostrado que el antifascismo, caracterizado por una gran heterogeneidad de manifestaciones, movilizó a amplias capas de la sociedad de diversas maneras y en distintos períodos. El presente artículo, orientado a establecer el estado actual de la historiografía, explora en primer lugar los avances realizados en los campos respectivos de los estudios de género y el antifascismo en la Argentina en las últimas décadas. Indaga luego la manera en que una serie de trabajos recientes ha incorporado los aportes de ambos campos, mostrando las posibilidades ofrecidas por el entrecruzamiento entre género y antifascismo. Finalmente, el texto concluye ofreciendo una agenda de investigación con orientaciones para futuros trabajos
Resumo:
Los estudios sobre mujeres y género en relación con el antifascismo llevados a cabo en el ámbito académico en distintos países han revelado una variedad de desarrollos en el mundo. En el caso argentino, las investigaciones han demostrado que el antifascismo, caracterizado por una gran heterogeneidad de manifestaciones, movilizó a amplias capas de la sociedad de diversas maneras y en distintos períodos. El presente artículo, orientado a establecer el estado actual de la historiografía, explora en primer lugar los avances realizados en los campos respectivos de los estudios de género y el antifascismo en la Argentina en las últimas décadas. Indaga luego la manera en que una serie de trabajos recientes ha incorporado los aportes de ambos campos, mostrando las posibilidades ofrecidas por el entrecruzamiento entre género y antifascismo. Finalmente, el texto concluye ofreciendo una agenda de investigación con orientaciones para futuros trabajos