A new phototransistor with uni-travelling-carrier and optically gradual coupling properties

Based on appropriate combination of different band-gap InGaAsP, a new edge-coupled two-terminal double heterojunction phototransistor (ECTT-DHPT) was designed and fabricated, which is double heterojunction, free-aluminium, and works under uni-travelling-carrier mode and optically gradual coupling mode. This device is fully compatible with monolithic micro-wave integrated circuits (MMIC) and heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT) in material and process. The DC characteristics reveal that the new ECTT-DHPT can perform good optoelectronic mix operation and linear amplification operation by optically biased at two appropriate value respectively. Responsivity of more than 52 A/W and dark current of 70 nA (when V-EC = 1 V) were obtained.

Magnetic coupling properties of rare-earth metals (Gd, Nd) doped ZnO: First-principles calculations

The electronic structure and magnetic coupling properties of rare-earth metals (Gd, Nd) doped ZnO have been investigated using first-principles methods. We show that the magnetic coupling between Gd or Nd ions in the nearest neighbor sites is ferromagnetic. The stability of the ferromagnetic coupling between Gd ions can be enhanced by appropriate electron doping into ZnO Gd system and the room-temperature ferromagnetism can be achieved. However, for ZnO Nd system, the ferromagnetism between Nd ions can be enhanced by appropriate holes doping into the sample. The room-temperature ferromagnetism can also be achieved in the n-conducting ZnO Nd sample. Our calculated results are in good agreement with the conclusions of the recent experiments. The effect of native defects (V-Zn, V-O) on the ferromagnetism is also discussed. (C) 2009 American Institute of Physics. [DOI 10.1063/1.3176490]

Chirp-free optical modulation using a silicon push-pull coupling microring

We propose a silicon ring-based optical modulation method to perform chirp-free optical modulations. In this scheme, we locate the light to be modulated at the resonance of the ring and tune the coupling coefficient between the ring and the straight waveguide by using a push-pull coupling structure. The chirp-free phase modulation can be achieved by varying the coupling coefficient in a large range, which can modify the coupling condition of the ring such that the input light experiences an abrupt phase shift of pi at the output. If the coupling coefficient is adjusted in a small range such that the coupling condition of the ring is kept unchanged, only the intensity of the light will be modulated. This leads to chirp-free intensity modulation. Our simulations performed at 10 Gbits/s confirm the feasibility of the proposal. (C) 2009 Optical Society of America

A new way of uniform splitting of the optical power by directional coupling between the photonic crystal waveguides

Directional coupler can be constructed by putting multiple photonic crystal waveguides together. The propagation of the optical field entering this system symmetrically was analysed numerically according to self-imaging principle. On the basis of this structure, ultracompact multiway beam splitter was designed and the ones with three and four output channels were discussed in details as examples. By simply tuning the effective refractive index of two dielectric rods in the coupler symmetrically to induce the redistribution of the power of the optical field, uniform or free splitting can be achieved. Compared with the reported results, this way is simpler, more feasible and more efficient and has extensive practical value in future photonic integrated circuits.

Optical matching layer structures in evanescent coupling photodiodes at a wavelength of 1.55 mu m: physics, design and simulation

We have studied the optical matching layers (OMLs) and external quantum efficiency in the evanescent coupling photodiodes (ECPDs) integrating a diluted waveguide as a fibre-to-waveguide coupler, by using the semi-vectorial beam propagation method (BPM). The physical basis of OML has been identified, thereby a general designing rule of OML is developed in such a kind of photodiode. In addition, the external quantum efficiency and the polarization sensitivity versus the absorption and coupling length are analysed. With an optical matching layer, the absorption medium with a length of 30 mu m could absorb 90% of the incident light at 1.55 mu m wavelength, thus the total absorption increases more than 7 times over that of the photodiode without any optical matching layer.

Investigation of mode coupling in a microdisk resonator for realizing directional emission

Mode coupling between the whispering-gallery modes (WGMs) is numerically investigated for a two-dimensional microdisk resonator with an output waveguide. The equilateral-polygonal shaped mode patterns can be constructed by mode coupling in the microdisk, and the coupled modes can still keep high quality factors (Q factors). For a microdisk with a diameter of 4.5 mu m and a refractive index of 3.2 connected to a 0.6-mu m-wide output waveguide, the coupled mode at the wavelength of 1490 nm has a Q factor in the order of 10(4), which is ten times larger than those of the uncoupled WGMs, and the output efficiency defined as the ratio of the energy flux confined in the output waveguide to the total radiation energy flux is about 0.65. The mode coupling can be used to realize high efficiency directional-emission microdisk lasers. (C) 2009 Optical Society of America

Simulation of light coupling enhancement and localization of transmission field via subwavelength metallic gratings

Surface plasmons(SPs) generated in nano metallic gratings on medium layer can greatly enhance the transmission field through the metallic gratings. The enhancement effect is achieved from lambda = 500 nm to near-infrared domain. The enhancement rate is about 110 % at the wavelength of about 6 10 nm and about 180 % at lambda = 700 nm and 740 nm where most kinds of thin film solar cells have a high spectral response. These structures should provide a promising way to increase the coupling efficiency of thin film solar cells and optical detectors of different wavelength response.

Effect of metal contact's reflection on the effective coupling coefficient of second-order DFB laser diodes

For a second-order DFB-LD, the presence of a metal contact layer can reduce I-st-order radiation. Part of the reflected power is redistributed into guided modes and results in a variation of the effective coupling coefficient kappa(eff). In this paper, we study the effect of the Au top contact's reflection on the kappa(eff) of 2(nd)-order DFB lasers. (C) 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Decoherence of two Josephson charge qubits coupled via sigma(x)sigma(x)-type coupling and exposed to sigma(x) noise

Decoherence properties of two Josephson charge qubits coupled via the sigma(x)sigma(x) type are investigated. Considering the special structure of this new design, the dissipative effects arising from the circuit impedance providing the fluxes for the qubits' superconducting quantum interference device loops coupled to the sigma(x) qubit variables are considered. The results show that the overall decoherence effects are significantly strong in this qubit design. It is found that the dissipative effects are stronger in the case of coupling to two uncorrelated baths than are found in the case of one common bath.

Reflected in-plane conductance near a barrier with Dresselhaus spin-orbit coupling

We have calculated the in-plane conductance of a barrier with the Dresselhaus spin-orbit interaction, which is sandwiched between two spin-polarized materials aligned arbitrarily. Besides a transmitted in-plane current which arises on the drain side as pointed out in Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 056601 (2004), a reflected in-plane current always appears simultaneously on the source side near the interface of the barrier. The spin polarization of the source affects the transmitted current more than the reflected one, and conversely the spin polarization of the drain affects the reflected current more. The relationship between transmitted current and the reflected one has been studied.

A novel design of grating couplers for efficient broadband coupling between silicon-on-insulator nanophotonic waveguides and fibres

A novel design of out-of-plane grating couplers is proposed for coupling between silicon-on-insulator nanophotonic waveguides and single-mode fibres. The coupler with the first-order diffraction coupling to the optical fibre is actually a second-order reflected grating with two times of period of the first-order grating. To enhance outcoupled power, a back hole is designed to form in the silicon substrate and a kind of metals is placed on the top acting as a reflection layer. The coupler is optimized using coupled-mode- based simulations, showing that, the coupling efficiency to and from tapered optical fibre can be as high as 85% with 1 dB bandwidth about 23nm.

Effects of lattice vibration on the effective mass of quasi-two-dimensional strong-coupling polaron

The effects of lattice vibration on the system in which the electron is weakly coupled with bulk longitudinal optical phonons and strongly coupled with interface optical phonons in an infinite quantum well were studied by using Tokuda' linear-combination operator and a modified LLP variational method. The expressions for the effective mass of the polaron in a quantum well QW as functions of the well's width and temperature were derived. In particular, the law of the change of the vibration frequency of the polaron changing with well' s width and temperature are obtained. Numerical results of the effective mass and the vibration frequency of the polaron for KI/AgCl/Kl QW show that the vibration frequency and the effective mass of the polaron decrease with increasing well's width and temperature, but the contribution of the interaction between the electron and the different branches of phonons to the effective mass and the vibration frequency and the change of their variation with the well's width and temperature are greatly different.

2-ps passively mode-locked Nd : YVO4 laser using an output-coupling-type semiconductor saturable absorber mirror

We have demonstrated stable self-starting passive mode-locking in a diode-end-pumped Nd: YVO4 laser using a semiconductor saturable absorber mirror (SESAM). An ln(0.25)Ga(0.75)As single quantum-well SESAM, which was grown by the metalorganic chemical-vapor deposition technique at low temperature, acts as a passive mode-locking device and an output coupler at the same time. Continuous-wave mode-locked transform-limited pulses were obtained at 1064 nm with a pulse duration of 2.1 ps and an average output power of 1.28 W at a repetition rate of 96.5 MHz. (c) 2005 American Institute of Physics.

Ridge waveguide laser integrated with spot-size converter in a single step epitaxial for high coupling efficiency to single-mode fibres

A 1.55-mum laser diode integrated with a spot-size converter was fabricated in a single step epitaxial by using the conventional photolithography and chemical wet etching process. The device was constructed by a conventional ridge waveguide active layer and a larger passive ridge-waveguide layer. The threshold current was 40 mA together with high slope efficiency of 0.24 W/A. The beam divergence angles in the horizontal and vertical directions were as small as 12.0degrees x 15.0degrees, respectively, resulting in about 3.2-dB coupling losses with a cleaved optical fibre.

A method for analyzing the coupling of 3-D tapered rib waveguides with fibers

The fields in 3-dimensional tapered waveguides are unstable compared with the fields in the straight waveguides. In the case of waveguide-to-fiber coupling and fiber-to-waveguide coupling, a sequence of short straight waveguides has been modeled to approximate the 3-dimensional tapered waveguide; and the unstable incident and reflected fields, as well as their derivatives, were determined by the beam propagation method(BPM). Then free space radiation mode(FSRM) was employed to calculate the reflected and transmitted powers. Analysis results of the coupling of fiber with silicon-on-insulator(SOI) tapered rib waveguides showed the feasibility of the method.