Pohjoisen politiikan jännitteitä: Analyysi Kanadan arktisen alueen politiikasta pääministeri Stephen Harperin aikakaudella 2006-2015

Maapallon pohjoinen arktinen alue on monien muutoksien äärellä. Ilmaston lämpenemisestä johtuvat muutokset alueen ympäristöön luovat myös kansainvälisoikeudellisia ja -poliittisia haasteita alueen valtioille. Jäämeren rantavaltiot ovat näiden haasteiden keskipisteessä. Tämä pro gradu -tutkielma tarkastelee nimenomaan Kanadan arktisen alueen politiikkaa pääministeri Stephen Harperin aikakaudella 2006-2015. Tarkoituksena oli selvittää Kanadan arktisen politiikan lähtökohtia, painotuksia ja sitä, miksi Kanada käyttäytyy, miten se käyttäytyy arktisella alueellaan. Kanada on yksi vaikutusvaltaisimpia valtioita pohjoisella pallonpiirillä, jonka vuoksi sen politiikalla ja intresseillä alueen suhteen on suurta merkitystä. Tutkimusaineisto koostui pääministerin arktisesta alueesta pitämistä puheista vuosilta 2006-2015 eli koko pääministerikauden ajalta ja Kanadan hallinnon virallisista arktisista strategioista. Tutkimus toteutettiin tarkastelemalla pääministeri Harperin puheiden ja strategioiden diskurssikehyksiä. Diskurssikehys tarkoittaa tässä tutkimuksessa pohjimmiltaan vallankäyttöä, jolla voidaan määritellä, mihin diskurssi kytketään. Diskurssin kehystäminen luo potentiaalin tulevalle toiminnalle diskurssissa tapahtuneen asiakysymyksen määrittelyn ja kytkemisen avulla. Näin ollen diskurssikehyksiä tutkimalla pystyttiin tarkastelemaan Kanadan hallinnon poliittisia lähtökohtia ja painotuksia. Aineistosta havaittiin kuusi vuorovaikutteista diskurssikehystä. Lisäksi huomattiin selkeä ristiriita Harperin puheiden ja Kanadan virallisten arktisten asiakirjojen kehystämisen välillä. Harper painottaa puheissaan erityisesti suvereniteetin puolustusta, arktisen alueen kanadalaista läsnäoloa, arktisten luonnonvarojen hyödyntämistä taloudellisen kehityksen aikaansaamiseksi, arktisen alueen yleistä kehitystä ja Kanadan pohjoista identiteettiä. Sen sijaan Kanadan viralliset arktiset strategiat korostavat kansainvälisen yhteistyön tärkeyttä ensisijaisesti. Tutkimuksen avulla selvisi, että Kanada pyrkii lisäämään läsnäoloa arktisella alueella ja painottaa kansallisen suvereniteetin varjelemista, pyrkii kehittämään alueen hallintoa ja infrastruktuuria sekä pyrkii mahdollistamaan talouskasvua arktiselle alueelle erityisesti alueen luonnonvaroja hyödyntämällä. Samalla erityisesti Harper pyrkii tietoisesti rakentamaan kanadalaista pohjoista identiteettiä arktisen alueen politiikan perustaksi.

Takaisin luontoon: Jevgeni Zamjatinin romaanin Me ja Lois Lowryn romaanin The Giver vertaileva analyysi ekokriittisestä näkökulmasta.

Tässä pro gradu -tutkielmassa tarkastellaan sitä, millaisina luonto ja luonnollisuus esiintyvät Jevgeni Zamjatinin klassikkodystopiassa Me (1921) ja Lois Lowryn nuorille aikuisille suunnatussa dystopiassa The Giver (1993). Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on tuoda esille luonnon ja luonnollisuuden kirjalliset representaatiot teosten ekokriittisen luennan kautta. Kirjallisuuden ekokriittinen tarkastelu auttaa hahmottamaan ihmisten luontosuhdetta ja luontoon liittyviä asenteita. Tämä puolestaan auttaa ymmärtämään ihmisten luontoon liittyvää toimintaa ja ajalleen tyypillisiä kiistakysymyksiä. Me ja The Giver -dystopiaromaanit sopivat luontoteeman tarkasteluun, koska teokset edustavat oman aikansa käsityksiä luonnosta ja tuovat niitä esille eri tavalla. Dystopiakirjallisuuden nähdään ammentavan aiheita todellisuudesta ja kuvailevan tulevaisuutta, jota tulisi kaikin tavoin välttää. Dystopian keinoin lukijat halutaan tavallisesti saada tietoisiksi vallitsevista ongelmista ja herättää heidät toimimaan. NA-dystopialle ominainen toivon kipinä haastaa klassiselle dystopialle ominaisen toivon puuttumisen. Näiden toisistaan poikkeavien dystopialajien voidaankin nähdä pyrkivän aktivoimaan lukijat poliittiseen toimintaan ja yhteiskunnalliseen ajatteluun eri keinoin. Analyysissa on käytetty vertailevaa kirjallisuudentutkimusta ja tarkasteltu molempien teosten luontokuvauksia, elottoman ja elollisen luonnon esiintymistä sekä luonnon asemaa totalitaristisessa dystopiayhteiskunnassa. Lisäksi, haastaen ongelmallinen kahtiajako luonnon ja kulttuurin välillä, ihmisyyttä käsitellään osana luontoa, jolloin tarkastelun kohteena on ollut myös ihmisen luonnollisina pidettyjen piirteiden näyttäytyminen, ihmisen eläimellistäminen sekä ihmisen primitiivisyyden ilmentymät analysoitavissa teoksissa. Tutkimus osoitti, että luonto esiintyy molemmissa teoksissa melko samanlaisena: kukistettuna yhteiskunnan sisällä ja kukoistavana sen ulkopuolella. Zamjatinin romaanissa steriili, lasista rakennettu Ainoa Valtio pyrkii sulkemaan luonnon kokonaan valtion ulkopuolelle. The Giverissä luonto näyttäytyy yhteiskunnan sisällä puutarhamaisena, keinotekoisena ja hallittuna, mutta pääosin yhteiskunnasta eristettynä. Molemmissa romaaneissa totalitaristiset valtiot ohjaavat luonnonvoimat uomiinsa ja eristävät ihmiset niin fyysisesti kuin symbolisestikin luonnosta tarkoituksenaan luoda ja ylläpitää täydellinen yhteiskunta. Ihmisluonnolle ominaiset luonnollisina pidetyt piirteet eliminoidaan konfliktien välttämiseksi, jolloin valtio mahdollistaa oman mahtinsa ja yhteiskuntansa jatkuvuuden. Utopiayhteiskunnalle ominainen staattisuus ja ajattomuus sotii luonnolle ominaisen muutoksen ja dynaamisuuden kanssa, jolloin luonnolla ei ole paikkaa ”täydellisessä” utopiayhteiskunnassa.

Determinação de glifosato e AMPA em maça empregando extração em fase sólida (SPE) e CLAE: comparação entre dois métodos.

2008

The Analgesic Effect Of Dipyrone In Peripheral Tissue Involves Two Different Mechanisms: Neuronal K(atp) Channel Opening And Cb(1) Receptor Activation.

Dipyrone (metamizole) is an analgesic pro-drug used to control moderate pain. It is metabolized in two major bioactive metabolites: 4-methylaminoantipyrine (4-MAA) and 4-aminoantipyrine (4-AA). The aim of this study was to investigate the participation of peripheral CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors activation in the anti-hyperalgesic effect of dipyrone, 4-MAA or 4-AA. PGE2 (100ng/50µL/paw) was locally administered in the hindpaw of male Wistar rats, and the mechanical nociceptive threshold was quantified by electronic von Frey test, before and 3h after its injection. Dipyrone, 4-MAA or 4-AA was administered 30min before the von Frey test. The selective CB1 receptor antagonist AM251, CB2 receptor antagonist AM630, cGMP inhibitor ODQ or KATP channel blocker glibenclamide were administered 30min before dipyrone, 4-MAA or 4-AA. The antisense-ODN against CB1 receptor expression was intrathecally administered once a day during four consecutive days. PGE2-induced mechanical hyperalgesia was inhibited by dipyrone, 4-MAA, and 4-AA in a dose-response manner. AM251 or ODN anti-sense against neuronal CB1 receptor, but not AM630, reversed the anti-hyperalgesic effect mediated by 4-AA, but not by dipyrone or 4-MAA. On the other hand, the anti-hyperalgesic effect of dipyrone or 4-MAA was reversed by glibenclamide or ODQ. These results suggest that the activation of neuronal CB1, but not CB2 receptor, in peripheral tissue is involved in the anti-hyperalgesic effect of 4-aminoantipyrine. In addition, 4-methylaminoantipyrine mediates the anti-hyperalgesic effect by cGMP activation and KATP opening.

Improved Selective Cholesterol Adsorption By Molecularly Imprinted Poly(methacrylic Acid)/silica (pmaa-sio₂) Hybrid Material Synthesized With Different Molar Ratios.

The present paper describes the synthesis of molecularly imprinted polymer - poly(methacrylic acid)/silica and reports its performance feasibility with desired adsorption capacity and selectivity for cholesterol extraction. Two imprinted hybrid materials were synthesized at different methacrylic acid (MAA)/tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) molar ratios (6:1 and 1:5) and characterized by FT-IR, TGA, SEM and textural data. Cholesterol adsorption on hybrid materials took place preferably in apolar solvent medium, especially in chloroform. From the kinetic data, the equilibrium time was reached quickly, being 12 and 20 min for the polymers synthesized at MAA/TEOS molar ratio of 6:1 and 1:5, respectively. The pseudo-second-order model provided the best fit for cholesterol adsorption on polymers, confirming the chemical nature of the adsorption process, while the dual-site Langmuir-Freundlich equation presented the best fit to the experimental data, suggesting the existence of two kinds of adsorption sites on both polymers. The maximum adsorption capacities obtained for the polymers synthesized at MAA/TEOS molar ratios of 6:1 and 1:5 were found to be 214.8 and 166.4 mg g(-1), respectively. The results from isotherm data also indicated higher adsorption capacity for both imprinted polymers regarding to corresponding non-imprinted polymers. Nevertheless, taking into account the retention parameters and selectivity of cholesterol in the presence of structurally analogue compounds (5-α-cholestane and 7-dehydrocholesterol), it was observed that the polymer synthesized at the MAA/TEOS molar ratio of 6:1 was much more selective for cholesterol than the one prepared at the ratio of 1:5, thus suggesting that selective binding sites ascribed to the carboxyl group from MAA play a central role in the imprinting effect created on MIP.

Avaliação da memória de trabalho em crianças com transtorno do déficit de atenção e hiperatividade

Esse projeto investigou as habilidades cognitivas da Memória de Trabalho de crianças e adolescentes com o “Transtorno do Déficit de Atenção e Hiperatividade” (TDAH). Foi aplicado teste TIHC - Teste Infantil de Habilidades Cognitivas informatizado, avaliando principalmente cinco habilidades cognitivas Raciocínio Indutivas (RI), Memória de Armazenamento Auditiva (MAA) e Visual e Memória de Trabalho Auditiva (MTA) e Visual (MTV) usando o modelo de Cattell-Horn-Carroll. O teste foi aplicado em 62 sujeitos sendo 32 com TDAH do Hospital das Clínicas-SEPIA-USP e 30 sujeitos controle “normal” do Ensino Fundamental da rede municipal de 1ª à 8ª séries com idades entre 7 e 15 anos, de ambos os sexos. As análises executadas indicaram a existência de diferenças em diversos aspectos relacionados à memória nos tipos peculiares de crianças com TDAH. Verificou-se que as crianças com TDAH obtiveram bom desempenho nas provas de memória visual em detrimento as provas de memória auditiva. A correlação dos resultados do TIHC verificara que o tempo de reação da prova de memória de armazenamento visual manteve uma correlação significativa com a prova de cálculo.

Avaliação cintilográfica de diferentes dosagens de Tecnécio-99m na padronização da perfusão pulmonar em cães da raça Rottweiller

A avaliação da função pulmonar em cães pode ser obtida mediante exames cintilográficos, os quais incluem a injeção de radiofármacos, seguida de radiografias. Neste estudo, foram utilizados 10 cães machos hígidos da raça Rottweiler e radiograficamente normais e soronegativos para dirofilariose, com administração de doses variadas de macroagregado de albumina sérica humana marcados com tecnécio-99m ([99mTc](MAA)). Os resultados foram avaliados qualitativa e quantitativamente, considerando o índice de perfusão pulmonar e sua homogeneidade, sendo dessa maneira visualizado um aumento na homogeneidade da imagem diretamente relacionado ao número de partículas de MAA injetado. Este estudo define os critérios de normalidade e de dosagem na perfusão pulmonar em cães hígidos da raça Rottweiller estabelecidos com a técnica de cintilografia.

Polydimethylsiloxane: a new contrast material for localization of occult breast lesions

Background. The radioguided localization of occult breast lesions (ROLL) technique often utilizes iodinated radiographic contrast to assure that the local injection of (99m)Tc-MAA corresponds to the location of the lesion under investigation. However, for this application, this contrast has several shortcomings. The objective of this study was to evaluate the safety, effectiveness and technical feasibility of the use of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) as radiological contrast and tissue marker in ROLL. Materials and methods. The safety assessment was performed by the acute toxicity study in Wistar rats (n = 50). The radiological analysis of breast tissue (n = 32) from patients undergoing reductive mammoplasty was used to verify the effectiveness of PDMS as contrast media. The technical feasibility was evaluated through the scintigraphic and histologic analysis. Results. We found no toxic effects of PDMS for this use during the observational period. It has been demonstrated in human breast tissue that the average diameter of the tissue marked by PDMS was lower than when marked by the contrast medium (p <0.001). PDMS did not interfere with the scintigraphic uptake (p = 0.528) and there was no injury in histological processing of samples. Conclusions. This study demonstrated not only the superiority of PDMS as radiological contrast in relation to the iodinated contrast, but also the technical feasibility for the same applicability in the ROLL.

Lentiviral vector-mediated tyro sinase-related protein 2 gene transfer to dendritic cells for the therapy of melanoma

Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most potent professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs), which play a vital role in primary immune responses. Introducing genes into DCs will allow constitutive expression of the encoded proteins and thus prolong the presentation of the antigens derived therefrom. In addition, multiple and unidentified epitopes encoded by the entire tumor-associated antigen (TAA) gene may enhance T cell activation. This study demonstrated that an HIV-1-based lentiviral vector conferred efficient gene transfer to DCs. The transgene, murine tyrosinase-related protein 2 (mTRP-2), encodes a clinically relevant melanoma-associated antigen (MAA), which has been found to be a tumor rejection antigen for B16 melanoma. The transfer and proper processing of mTRP-2 in DCs, in terms of RNA transcription activity and protein expression, were verified by RT-PCR and specific antibody, respectively. Administration of mTRP-2 gene-modified DCs (DC-HR'CmT2) to C57BL/6 mice evoked strong protection against tumor challenge, for which the presence of CD4(+) and CD8(+) cells during both the priming and challenge phase was essential. In a therapy model, our results showed that four of seven mice with preestablished tumor remained tumor free for 80 days after therapeutic vaccination. Given the results shown in this study, mTRP-2 gene transfer to DCs provides a potential therapeutic strategy for the management of melanoma, especially in the early stage of the disease.

Rapid increases in cytokinin concentration in lateral buds of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L) during release of apical dominance

We examined the role of cytokinins (CKs) in release of apical dominance in lateral buds of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Shoot decapitation or application of CKs (benzyladenine, zeatin or dihydrozeatin) stimulated rapid bud growth. Time-lapse video recording revealed growth initiation within 2 h of application of 200 pmol benzyladenine or within 3 h of decapitation. Endogenous CK content in buds changed little in the first 2 h after shoot decapitation, but significantly increased by 6 h, somewhat later than the initiation of bud growth. The main elevated CK was zeatin riboside, whose content per bud increased 7-fold by 6 h and 25-fold by 24 h. Lesser changes were found in amounts of zeatin and isopentenyl adenine CKs. We have yet to distinguish whether these CKs are imported from the roots via the xylem stream or are synthesised in situ in the buds, but CKs may be part of an endogenous signal involved in lateral bud growth stimulation following shoot decapitation. To our knowledge, this is the first detailed report of CK levels in buds themselves during release of apical dominance.

The chemistry and biological effects of malondialdehyde-acetaldehyde adducts

This article represents the proceedings of a workshop at the 2000 ISBRA Meeting in Yokohama, Japan. The chairs were Geoffrey M. Thiele and Simon Worrall. The presentations were (1) The chemistry of malondialdehyde-acetaldehyde (MAA) adducts, by Dean J. Tuma; (2) The formation and clearance of MAA adducts in ethanol-fed rats, by Simon Worrall; (3) Immune responses to MAA adducts may play a role in the development of alcoholic liver disease, by Lynell W. Klassen; (4) Unique biological responses to MAA-modifled proteins that may play a role in the development and/or progression of alcoholic liver disease, by Geoffrey M. Thiele; (5) MAA-adducted bovine serum albumin activates protein kinase C and stimulates interleukin-8 release in bovine bronchial epithelial cells, by Todd A. Wyatt; and (6) An enzyme immune assay for serum antiacetaldehyde adduct antibody using low-density lipoprotein-adduct and its significance in alcoholic liver injury and ALDH2 heterozygotes, by Naruhiko Nagata.

Elucidation of reaction scheme describing malondialdehyde-acetaldehyde-protein adduct formation

Malondialdehyde and acetaldehyde react together with proteins and form hybrid protein conjugates designated as MAA adducts, which have been detected in livers of ethanol-fed animals. Our previous studies have shown that MAA adducts are comprised of two distinct products. One adduct is composed of two molecules of malondialdehyde and one molecule of acetaldehyde and was identified as the 4-methpl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarbaldehyde derivative of an amino group (MHHDC adduct). The other adduct is a 1:1 adduct of malondialdehyde and acetaldehyde and was identified as the 2-formyl-3-(alkylamino)butanal derivative of an amino group (FAAB adduct). In this study, information on the mechanism of MAA adduct formation was obtained, focusing on whether the FAAB adduct serves as a precursor for the MDHDC adduct. Upon the basis of chemical analysis and NMR spectroscopy, two initial reaction steps appear to be a prerequisite for MDHDC formation. One step involves the reaction of one molecule of malondialdehyde and one of acetaldehyde with an amino group of a protein to form the FAAB product, while the other step involves the generation of a malondialdehyde-enamine. It appears that generation of the MDHDC adduct requires the FAAB moiety to be transferred to the nitrogen of the MDA-enamine. For efficient reaction of FAAB with the enamine to take place, additional experiments indicated that these two intermediates likely must be in positions on the protein of close proximity to each other. Further studies showed that the incubation of liver proteins from ethanol-fed rats with MDA resulted in a marked generation of MDHDC adducts, indicating the presence of a pool of FAAB adducts in the liver of ethanol-fed animals. Overall, these findings show that MDHDC-protein adduct formation occurs via the reaction of the FAAB moiety with a malondialdehyde-enamine, and further suggest that a similar mechanism may be operative in vivo in the liver during prolonged ethanol consumption.

Mortalidade materna em cidade de médio porte, Brasil, 1997

OBJETIVO: A real magnitude do problema das mortes maternas em Uberlândia, MG, Brasil, é pouco conhecida, sendo que o objetivo do estudo é conhecer o perfil da mortalidade materna desse município. MÉTODO: Utilizaram-se, como fonte de dados, as declarações de óbito de mulheres falecidas entre 10 e 49 anos de idade, residentes no município de Uberlândia, MG. Entrevistaram-se as famílias dessas mulheres para identificar o estado gestacional no momento do óbito. As mortes caracterizadas como maternas foram investigadas nos serviços de saúde, em prontuários e em entrevistas médicas. Foram analisados os óbitos maternos ocorridos até um ano após o término da gestação, considerando-se: pré-natal, período gestacional, tipo de parto, complicações em gestações anteriores, causa básica da morte, local de ocorrência e possibilidade de se evitar o óbito. Calcularam-se os coeficientes de mortalidade materna (CMM) por 100.000 nascidos vivos. RESULTADOS: Do total de 204 óbitos, analisaram-se 173 de residentes no município. Ocorreram 6 mortes maternas, sendo 4 (66,7%) até 42 dias após o parto e 2 (33,3%) de 43 dias a 1 ano; 5 (83,3%) foram devidas a causas obstétricas diretas (toxemia- 60% e hemorragia - 40%) e 1 (16,7%), indireta (cardiopatia). O CMM a partir das mortes maternas declaradas foi de 22,2 e o corrigido elevou-se para 66,6. CONCLUSÕES: O CMM encontrado está acima do aceitável. Faz-se necessária uma análise acurada da qualidade do pré-natal e do parto, bem como do registro das declarações de óbito.

Biocompatibilidade de resinas acrílicas para base e reembasamento de próteses após períodos de imersão em soluções desinfetantes: análise do metabolismo celular

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Novel potentiometric sensors of molecular imprinted polymers for specific binding of chlormequat

Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIP) were used as potentiometric sensors for the selective recognition and determination of chlormequat (CMQ). They were produced after radical polymerization of 4-vinyl pyridine (4-VP) or methacrylic acid (MAA) monomers in the presence of a cross-linker. CMQwas used as template. Similar nonimprinted (NI) polymers (NIP) were produced by removing the template from reaction media. The effect of kind and amount of MIP or NIP sensors on the potentiometric behavior was investigated. Main analytical features were evaluated in steady and flow modes of operation. The sensor MIP/4-VP exhibited the best performance, presenting fast near-Nernstian response for CMQover the concentration range 6.2×10-6 – 1.0×10-2 mol L-1 with detection limits of 4.1×10-6 mol L-1. The sensor was independent from the pH of test solutions in the range 5 – 10. Potentiometric selectivity coefficients of the proposed sensors were evaluated over several inorganic and organic cations. Results pointed out a good selectivity to CMQ. The sensor was applied to the potentiometric determination of CMQin commercial phytopharmaceuticals and spiked water samples. Recoveries ranged 96 to 108.5%.