The impact of investment in education on economic development: Spain in comparative perspective (1860-2000)

Throughout the 19th century and until the mid-20th century, in terms of long-terminvestment in human capital and, above all, in education, Spain lagged far behind theinternational standards and, more specifically, the levels attained by its neighbours inEurope. In 1900, only 55% of the population could read; in 1950, the figure was 93%.This no doubt contributed to a pattern of slower economic growth in which thephysical strength required for agricultural work, measured here through height, had alarger impact than education on economic growth. It was not until the 1970s, with thearrival of democracy, that the Spanish education system was modernized and theinfluence of education on economic growth increased.

"Urheiluelämäämme on saatava keskinäinen sopu ja rauhallisen työn mahdollisuudet"

Urho Kekkosen haast. - "Urheiluelämäämme on saatava keskinäinen sopu ja rauhallisen työn mahdollisuudet", lausuu SUL:n puheenjohtaja Kekkonen

Keskustajääkäri Aarne Sihvo : näkökulma aseellisen voiman ja yhteiskunnan vuorovaikutukseen itsenäistymisen murroksesta paasikiviläiseen toiseen tasavaltaan

Summary: Middle-of-the-roader : General Aarne Sihvo (1889-1963) and the interaction between the Finnish armed forces and democracy

Nuoren Apollon syöksykierre : sivistyneistö ja kansallisen ideologian murroksia

Päivi Molarius