A Hard Rain's AGonna Fall

The June issue of the Chronicle of Higher Education showcased as its cover story the blaring headlines, “Should the Internet Be Scrapped?” Did this surprise anyone? If it did, you must not have been paying attention. Over the last decade, the Internet, the Web—yes, yes, I know the terms are technically not synonymous but have become so in usage—has become increasingly useless as a scholarly tool. The CHE story discussed the obvious problems: spam, viruses, unreliable connections, not to mention unreliable information, disinformation and even misinformation.

Descentralização, construção de restrições orçamentárias "hard" e a evolução do tamanho dos governos estaduais no Brasil

O objetivo desse trabalho é mostrar a importância das instituições orçamentárias quando se estuda o efeito da descentralização sobre o tamanho dos governos subnacionais. No caso do Brasil, observamos que as mudanças institucionais iniciaram-se com a descentralização, oriunda de alterações determinadas pela Nova Constituição Federal de 1988, e que por sua vez possibilitou um conjunto de mudanças que determinou como resultado final a alteração do tamanho dos governos estaduais ao longo do tempo. Embora essas fossem promovidas pelo governo federal, a grande maioria delas aconteceu no sentido de tornar a restrição orçamentária dos governos estaduais mais hard, ou seja, os governos subnacionais teriam cada vez menos canais para ampliar seu endividamento, e com esse limitado, eles teriam que se adequar a uma realidade orçamentária mais rígida, em que as despesas teriam que seguir o comportamento das receitas; se essas crescessem, as despesas poderiam crescer, mas se houvesse uma diminuição, as despesas teriam que ser adequadas a esse novo montante de recurso. Das quatro mudanças nas instituições orçamentárias encontradas na literatura, três delas se mostraram importantes empiricamente na determinação do tamanho dos governos subnacionais: A Nova Constituição implantada em 1988, a mudança na forma de fazer orçamento (Efeito-Bacha) e a Lei de Responsabilidade Fiscal. Os resultados demonstraram que a primeira seguiu na direção de aumentar o tamanho dos governos subnacionais através do aumento de recursos transferidos via Fundo de Participação dos Estados; a segunda provocou uma diminuição no tamanho por impor uma nova realidade orçamentária, em que os governos deveriam trabalhar com o orçamento em termos reais de acordo com o que fosse determinado 6 em termos nominais; com relação à Lei de Responsabilidade Fiscal que apresentou um comportamento no sentido de aumentar o tamanho dos governos, há a questão da falta de observações em número suficiente para que seu resultado seja robusto, contudo já se percebe o sentido da influência que essa mudança teve. No caso da Renegociação das dívidas ocorrida entre os governos estaduais e a União, seu resultado mostrou-se mais como um choque negativo, do que como uma alteração que provocasse uma mudança de nível no tamanho dos governos. Trabalhamos com vinte e seis estados e um Distrito Federal entre os anos de 1986 e 2003 usando o modelo de Least Squares Dummy Variable (LSDV).

Should voters be afraid of hard budget constraint legislation? fiscal responsibility law in brazilian municipalities

This manuscript demonstrates that voters have nothing to be afraid of when new hard budget constraint legislation is implemented. Our claim is that this kind of legislation reduces the asymmetry of information between voters and incumbents over the budget and, as a consequence, the latter have incentives to increase the supply of public goods. As a nationwide institutional innovation, the Fiscal Responsibility Law (FRL) is exogenous to all municipalities; therefore, there is no self-selection bias in its implementation. We show that public goods expenditure increases after the FRL. Second, this increase occurs in municipalities located in the country’s poorest region. Third, our findings can be extended to the supply of public goods because the higher the expenditure with health and education, the greater the probability of incumbents being re-elected. Finally, there exists a “de facto” higher supply of public goods in education (number of per capita classrooms) after the FRL.

Taxing hard-to-tax markets

Tax enforcement costs constrain the government s ability to observe economic transactions, giving rise to hard-to-tax (HTT) markets. In these markets transactions are untaxed and consumers are better o¤ than in taxed markets. This paper studies a novel approach to combat evasion in HTT markets: consumer auditing, which rewards consumers for re- questing transaction receipts. We develop a Hotelling-type spatial model of sales taxation to analyze the welfare and distributional e¤ects of the implementation of this policy. We and that consumer auditing allows for a lower tax rate and greater provision of the public good in the economy. We show that this policy not only can enhance welfare, but also equalize utilities of consumers across markets

Efeitos da hard accountability na gestão das escolas públicas estaduais brasileiras

Este estudo avalia os impactos das políticas de hard accountability sobre a gestão das escolas estaduais das redes públicas brasileiras. Para isto, foi elaborado um indicador de gestão com base nas informações da Prova Brasil dos anos de 2007 e 2013. Posteriormente, através da metodologia diferenças-em-diferenças, foi estimada a relação entre os programas de incentivo via bonificação e a gestão, isolando-se os efeitos distintos entre escolas por meio de variáveis de controles desenhadas para captar o ambiente escolar. Os resultados sugerem que a hard accountability é estatisticamente significativa sobre a gestão das escolas e seu efeito é negativo. Resultados nessa linha também foram encontrados ao segmentar estas escolas de acordo com a experiência dos diretores e nível de proficiência. Adicionalmente, os impactos da hard accountability e gestão foram estudados tendo a proficiência como variável dependente. A hard accountability apresentou efeito positivo sobre a proficiência do 9º ano em Matemática. O indicador de gestão, por sua vez, mostrou relação positiva com as notas médias de todas as séries e disciplinas avaliadas.

Influence of shot peening and hard chromium electroplating on the fatigue strength of 7050-T7451 aluminum alloy

Chromium electrodeposition is a technique for the production of functional coatings on engineering components. These coatings are extensively micro-cracked and present high level of hardness, resistance to corrosion and wear and low coefficient of friction. In this paper the shot peening influence on the fatigue strength of aluminum 7050-T7451 alloy chromium electroplated, was investigated.The shot peening process was carried out to create residual stresses using ceramic and glass shots. A hard chromium electroplated coating of 100 mu m thickness was performed on the base material and the shot peened base material surfaces. S-N curves were obtained in axial and bending fatigue tests and compared with the 7050-T7451 aluminum alloy. In order to study the influence of residual stresses on fatigue life, the behavior of compressive residual stress field was measured by an X-ray tensometry.An increase in the axial fatigue strength of 25% and 50% of ceramic and glass shots, respectively, was observed. The lower performance in fatigue life for ceramic-shot peening may be attributed to higher surface damage, as a consequence of the overpeening intensity performed. However, in bending fatigue the behavior was practically equivalent for both processes. Fracture surface analysis by scanning electron microscopy was used to observe crack origin sites from shot peened and chromium electroplated samples. (C) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The effect of WC-17Co thermal spray coating by HVOF and hard chromium electroplating on the fatigue life and abrasive wear resistance of AISI 4340 high strength steel

One of the most interesting alternatives for replacement of hard chrome plating is tungsten carbide thermal spray coating applied by the high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) process which presents a safer, cleaner and less expensive alternative to chromium plating. The objective of this research is to compare the influence of the tungsten carbide-17cobalt (WC- 17Co) coating applied by high velocity oxy fuel (HVOF) process with that of hard-chromium electroplating on the fatigue strength and abrasive wear of AISI 4340 steel.

Scanning electron microscopy evaluation of the hard tissue barrier after pulp capping with calcium hydroxide, mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) or ProRoot MTA

The aim of this study was to investigate the morphology and localisation of calcium hydroxide- and mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA)-induced hard tissue barriers after pulpotomy in dogs' teeth. Pulpotomies were performed on maxillary and mandibular premolars of five dogs. The teeth were assigned into three groups according to the pulp-capping agent used. The pulpal wounds were capped with calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)(2) - control), MTA or ProRoot MTA, and the cavities were restored with amalgam. After a 90-day follow-up period, the dogs were euthanised and the teeth were examined under scanning electron microscopy (SEM). An image-processing and analysis software was used to delimit the perimeters of the root canal area and the hard tissue barrier to determine the percentage of root canal obliteration. SEM data were used to assess the morphology, localisation and extension of the reparative hard tissue barriers. ProRoot MTA was statistically different from MTA and Ca(OH)(2) (P < 0.05) regarding tissue barrier morphology. Localisation data showed that ProRoot MTA was significantly different from Ca(OH)(2) (P < 0.05) and similar to MTA (P > 0.01; P > 0.05). No statistically significant difference (P > 0.01; P > 0.05) was observed between MTA and Ca(OH)(2). A larger number of complete (centroperipheral) hard tissue barriers with predominance of dentinal tubules was observed to the ProRoot MTA when compared with the Ca(OH)(2) group.