452 resultados para granjas leiteiras
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A implementação de programas de controle de salmonela em suínos, com objetivo de diminuir os riscos de infecção alimentar em humanos, exige métodos rápidos e baratos para medir a intensidade da infecção, bem como reduzir seus fatores de risco. A partir disso, desenvolveu-se um teste de ELISA, utilizando antígeno lipopolissacarídeo do sorovar Typhimurium, pela sua similaridade antigênica com os sorovares prevalentes em suínos no Rio Grande do Sul. O teste padronizado foi utilizado na determinação da soroprevalência em 65 rebanhos suínos, os quais participaram de estudo para identificação de fatores de risco. As granjas foram classificadas em três categorias de soroprevalência, baixa (até 40%), média (40-70%) e alta (mais de 70%) prevalência, estabelecidas como variável explicada. As respostas do questionário contituíram as variáveis explicativas. Aquelas associadas à variável explicada pelo teste de χ2 (p ≤ 0,1) foram submetidas à análise fatorial de correspondência múltipla (AFCM). Paralelamente, foram avaliados seis desinfetantes (amônia quaternária, glutaraldeído, iodóforo, hipoclorito de sódio (1 e 0,1%), fenol e ácido peracético) frente a amostras de Salmonella Typhimurium isoladas de suínos. Os produtos foram testados na presença e ausência de matéria orgânica, sob duas diferentes temperaturas e, posteriormente, frente a 8 isolados com diferentes perfis de resistência antimicrobiana, por um tempo de contato de 5 minutos. O teste de ELISA identificou a soroconversão nos animais inoculados (7 dias p.i.) e contatos (21 dias p.i.), bem como o aumento no número de animais positivos após infecção natural (28,6% para 76,9%). A sensibilidade e a especificidade do teste foram respectivamente de 92 e 100%. Após adaptações para suco de carne, estabelecendo o soro como referência, a sensibilidade do teste para suco de carne foi de 88,12% e a especificidade 70,43%. Em análise de concordância entre os testes, o índice kappa foi de 5,78, com p=0,002 no teste MacNemar. A AFCM identificou a associação da maior soroprevalência com o seguinte grupo de variáveis: nas granjas terminadoras, uso de ração peletizada, distribuição de dejetos a menos de 100m do local de captação de água, não utilização de comedouro do modelo comedouro/bebedouro, transporte com freteiro misturando animais de várias granjas; enquanto nas granjas de ciclo completo apareceram ingredientes de ração desprotegidos de outros animais, ausência de controle de roedores, ração seca, ausência de cerca, não uso da pintura com cal após lavagem e desinfecção e a entrada de outras pessoas além do técnico na granja. Todos os desinfetantes foram eficazes na ausência de matéria orgânica, nas duas temperaturas testadas. Entretanto, quando na presença de matéria orgânica ou após cinco minutos de contato, somente o hipoclorito de sódio (1%), fenol e o ácido peracético foram eficazes. Dessa forma, ao estabelecer uma ferramenta sorológica para medir a infecção pelos principais sorovares de Salmonella que afetam os suínos no sul do Brasil e identificar fatores de risco associados à alta soroprevalência, será possível dar início à implementação e validação de protocolos de controle da infecção em rebanhos.
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A influência da ordem de parto (OP) e da duração da lactação (DURLAC) sobre o intervalo desmame-estro (IDE) foi avaliada em 20669 registros de cobertura oriundos de duas granjas comerciais de suínos. As fêmeas foram classificadas de acordo com OP e DURLAC em quatro classes: OP 1, 2, 3-6 e >6; DURLAC 13-15 (somente na granja B), 16-19, 20-22 e 23-26 dias. As fêmeas também foram agrupadas, em oito classes, de acordo com o IDE sendo 0, 1, 2, 3-5, 6-8, 9-12, 13-18 e 19-21 dias. Mais do que 67% e 62% das fêmeas de todas as classes de ordem de parto e duração da lactação, respectivamente, concentraram seu estro entre 3 e 5 dias. Maior percentagem (P<0,05) de fêmeas de OP 3-6 mostraram estro no dia do desmame, em comparação às fêmeas de OP 1 e 2, em ambas as granjas. Fêmeas de OP 1 tiveram maior freqüência de estro (P<0,05) 6-8 dias após o desmame, quando comparadas com fêmeas de ordens de parto mais avançadas, nas duas granjas. Na granja A, fêmeas de OP 1 tiveram IDE mais longo que as fêmeas das outras ordens de parto (P<0,05). O IDE médio não excedeu 7 dias em nenhuma das classes de DURLAC e aumentou à medida que a duração da lactação aumentou (P<0,05). Na granja B, houve efeito da interação entre OP e DURLAC sobre o IDE. Quando foram consideradas as fêmeas de DURLAC 16-19 dias, o período lactacional mais freqüente, fêmeas de OP 1 tiveram IDE mais longo que fêmeas de ordens de parto mais avançadas (P<0,05). Fêmeas de OP 2 e 3-6 com DURLAC de 23- 26 dias tiveram IDE mais longo que fêmeas de outras classes de DURLAC (P<0,05). A freqüência de distribuição das fêmeas de acordo com o IDE e as conseqüências de sua variação no desempenho reprodutivo foram avaliadas na granja B. O IDE médio foi de 4,8 dias e o percentual de fêmeas manifestando estro até 2 dias após o desmame foi de 6,6%. As fêmeas em estro no dia do desmame tiveram taxa de parto inferior à das fêmeas com IDE >1 dia (P<0,05). Fêmeas com IDE de 1, 2, 6-8 e 9-12 dias tiveram taxa de parto menor que a das fêmeas com IDE de 3-5 dias (P<0,05). Fêmeas com IDE curto (0-2 dias) tiveram leitegada subsequente menor (P<0,05) que a das fêmeas com IDE de 13-21 dias. O tamanho da leitegada subsequente também foi menor nas fêmeas com IDE de 6-8 dias, em comparação às fêmeas com IDE de 3-5 dias (P<0,05). Os resultados mostram que o IDE é mais longo nas fêmeas primíparas e em lactações mais longas. O desempenho reprodutivo é influenciado pelo IDE, com o tamanho da leitegada sendo menos afetado que a taxa de parto. Uma redução substancial na taxa de parto é observada nas fêmeas com IDE de 0 e 1 dia.
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O leite é uma fonte excelente de nutrientes tornando-se um meio de cultura ideal para o crescimento de microrganismos potencialmente patogênicos. Estes microrganismos podem comprometer a qualidade e segurança do leite e seus derivados e podem contaminar o homem através da ingestão do leite in natura ou beneficiado contaminados. Para estimar a qualidade microbiológica do leite in natura, foram coletadas 116 amostras em 42 propriedades leiteiras nos municípios de Esteio, Glorinha, Gravataí, Sapucaia do Sul e Viamão, no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. A presença de coliformes fecais e E. coli foi confirmada em 24 isolados, referentes a oito propriedades. Neste trabalho não foi possível detectar a presença de Salmonella sp. As amostras testadas estavam dentro dos padrões exigidos pela legislação para microrganismos mesófilos e psicrotróficos, porém alguns autores citam que contagens acima de 3 log.ufc.ml-1 podem ser prejudiciais ao processamento do produto. Para detecção de anticorpos específicos de Brucella sp. foi utilizado o Teste de Anel de Leite, em 181 amostras (116 amostras coletadas acrescidas de 65 fornecidas pela indústria de beneficiamento), sendo encontradas dez amostras positivas em três propriedades. A qualidade higiênico-sanitária nas propriedades analisadas demostrou ser adequada, porém foi evidenciada a presença microrganismos patogênicos em algumas amostras representando um risco à saúde pública.
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Toxoplasmosis is a zoonosis caused by Toxoplasma gondii, a protozoan that has a cosmopolitan geographic distribution and low host specificity. Usually a benign and selflimiting, infection can manifest itself in a severe systemic becoming overwhelming in fetuses and patients with immunosuppression. Domestic fowl are considered one of the most important hosts in the epidemiology of toxoplasmosis, since they are potential sources of infection for humans, in addition to playing the role of important indicators of environmental contamination by oocysts of T. gondii. We studied the prevalence of infection by the protozoan in chickens of different breeding systems mesoregions from the states of Rio Grande do Norte and Paraiba: broilers from commercial farms (200/PB) and free-range chickens of small farms (322/RN and PB). Were standardized IFAT and ELISA techniques for detecting specific antibodies in blood samples of birds, and commercial kit was used to determine the prevalence by IHAT. There was no seropositive reaction by T. gondii in the samples of broilers tested, indicating that the particularities of intensive management limit the chances of infection for these animals. Among the hens, the frequency of IgG anti-T. gondii diagnosed by the techniques of IHAT, IFAT and ELISA, respectively, were 3.73% (12/322), 37.88% (122/322) and 40.37% (130/322), for both young and adult animals. Amongst the seropositive samples by IFAT, 33 (27.05%) were positive at a dilution of 1:16, in 1:32, 31 (25.41%), in 1:64, 24 (19.67%), 15 (12.29%) in 1:128, and 19 presented titer greater than or equal to 1:256 (15.57%). The evaluation of the presence of anti-T. gondii should be careful, and reagents IHAT provided erratic results in this measure for the specie studied. This suggests the need for own standardization of the kit before the use in epidemiological studies in animal species. On the other hand, substantial agreement observed between IFAT and ELISA techniques (Kappa = 0.62) enables these methods as effective methodologies for the diagnosis of toxoplasmosis in chickens. The high prevalence of specific antibodies among poultry in the region studied attempts to the potential risk of transmission of toxoplasmosis to humans
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Considerando a importância da neosporose interferindo na produtividade animal, avaliou-se a frequência de anticorpos anti-Neospora caninum em amostras de soros de bovinos leiteiros da Região Sudoeste do Estado de Mato Grosso, Brasil, complementando-se com amostras sorológicas colhidas de cães e de humanos que conviviam nas mesmas propriedades rurais amostradas. Um total de 1.036 amostras de soros foram analisadas, sendo 932 de fêmeas bovinas leiteiras, 37 de cães e 67 de humanos, provenientes de 24 propriedades e examinados por meio da reação de imunofluorescência indireta (RIFI). As amostras de soros humanos reagentes foram testadas novamente por Western-blotting para confirmação dos resultados. Anticorpos anti-N. caninum foram encontrados em 499 bovinos (53,5%), em pelo menos um animal positivo por propriedade, em 25 caninos (67,6%) e em sete humanos (10,5%). Não houve diferença significativa no número de bovinos positivos por faixa etária. Os resultados obtidos indicam uma ampla disseminação de N. caninum na região estudada.
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
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O trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de estudar os níveis de nitrogênio uréico plasmático (NUP) de vacas mestiças leiteiras mantidas em duas áreas de pastejo rotacionado, uma de capim-elefante cv. Guaçu (Pennisetum purpureum Schum. cv. Guaçu) e outra de capim-Tanzânia (Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Tanzânia). Foram avaliadas a produção de forragem e as frações colmo, folha e material morto, com base na matéria seca (MS), bem como os teores de proteína bruta (PB) e fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) nas amostras de forragem. O sangue foi coletado em quatro épocas, utilizando-se 16 vacas por espécie de capim. A média da massa de forragem pré-pastejo foi de 5.321 e 5.384 kg de MS/ha por ciclo de pastejo para o capim-elefante e capim-Tanzânia, respectivamente. A forragem desaparecida pós-pastejo, referente à folha, ao colmo e ao material morto foi de 1.400, 620 e 443 kg de MS/ha para o capim-elefante e de 1.586, 736 e 132 kg de MS/ha para o capim-Tanzânia, por ciclo de pastejo. As médias de quatro ciclos de pastejo de PB e FDN nas amostras da planta inteira, colmo, folha, material morto e resíduo foram de 8,4; 78,5; 6,9; 77,1; 12,5; 76,3; 5,3; 82,6; 6,5; 80,2, respectivamente, para o capim-elefante, e de 9,3; 81,6; 7,4; 82,4; 14,3; 80,4; 6,3; 82,9; 7,6; 81,6, respectivamente, para o capim-Tanzânia. Foi encontrada diferença significativa nos níveis de NUP das vacas alimentadas nas diferentes espécies de capim e por época de amostragem do sangue. As médias de NUP foram 9,8 mg/dL para as vacas mantidas no capim-elefante e 10,6 mg/dL para as vacas mantidas no capim-Tanzânia. Os baixos níveis de NUP encontrados refletem a baixa ingestão de proteína bruta por vacas manejadas em pastagens tropicais.
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Current challenges of humanity require a new paradigm for animal production, and invest time and attention to the development of new production techniques that take into account the principles of sustainability and animal welfare science. To do this, we must be committed to promoting animal welfare and health, ensure environmental sustainability, consumer satisfaction and profitability for producers. To change our relationship with animals there is no need for changes in market conditions or large investments, it is enough to know better the needs of the animals we raise, the management system adapted to its characteristics. Even in the most favorable management conditions, on farms that have technological resources and trained personnel, there is much to change, especially in the daily management of the animals. Some of the risks more evident in the traditional systems of beef production are: problems during parturition, morbidity and mortality of calves, lack of shade in the pastures, improper handling of animals, risk of injury, inadequate infrastructure, poor management practices during routine processing (marking, castration, vaccination, dehorning), poor welfare during loading, transport, unloading and slaughter. To remedy this, you can adopt good management practices, which have been shown to reduce risk and improve the welfare of cattle in different stages of the production chain. The objective of this review is to show some of the risks that reduce the welfare of cattle and examples of how the adoption of best management practices impact on improving the productivity of these production systems. Finally, some indicators for assessing welfare in production systems are shown.
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
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Extended storage of refrigerated milk can lead to reduced quality of raw and processed milk, which is a consequence of the growth and metabolic activities of psychrotrophic bacteria, able to grow under 7oC or lower temperatures. Although most of these microorganisms are destroyed by heat treatment, some have the potential to produce termoresistant proteolytic and lipolytic enzymes that can survive even UHT processing and reduce the processed products quality. Recently, the IN 51 determineds that milk should be refrigerated and stored at the farm what increased the importance of this group of microorganisms. In this work, psychrotrophic bacteria were isolated from 20 communitarian bulk tanks and 23 individual bulk tanks from dairy farms located at Zona da Mata region of Minas Gerais State and from southeastern Rio de Janeiro. Selected milk dilutions were plated on standard agar and after incubation for 10 days at 7oC, five colonies were isolated, firstly using nutrient agar and after using McConkey agar for 24 hours at 21oC. The isolates were identified by morphology, Gram stain method, catalase production, fermentative/oxidative metabolism and by API 20E, API 20NE, API Staph, API Coryne or API 50 CH (BioMerieux). In order to ensure reproductibility, API was repeated for 50% of the isolates. Species identification was considered when APILAB indexes reached 75% or higher. 309 strains were isolated, 250 Gram negative and 59 Gram positive. 250 Gram negative isolates were identified as: Acinetobacter spp. (39), Aeromonas spp. (07), A. Hydrophila (16), A. sobria (1), A. caviae (1), Alcaligenes feacalis (1), Burkholderia cepacia (12), Chryseomonas luteola (3), Enterobacter sp. (1), Ewingella americana(6), Hafnia alvei (7), Klebsiella sp. (1), Klebsiella oxytoca (10), Yersinia spp. (2), Methylobacterium mesophilicum (1), Moraxella spp. (4), Pantoea spp. (16), Pasteurella sp. (1), Pseudomonas spp. (10), P. fluorescens (94), P. putida (3), Serratia spp. (3), Sphigomonas paucomobilis (1). Five isolates kept unidentified. Pseudomonas was the predominant bacteria found (43%) and P. fluorescens the predominant species (37.6%), in accordance with previous reports. Qualitative analysis of proteolytic and lipolytic activity was based on halo formation using caseinate agar and tributirina agar during 72 hours at 21oC and during 10 days at 4°C, 10oC and 7°C. Among 250 Gram negative bacteria found, 104 were identified as Pseudomonas spp. and 60,57% of this group showed proteolytic and lipolytic acitivities over all four studied temperatures. 20% of Acinetobacter, Aeromonas, Alcaligenes, Burkholderia, Chryseomonas, Methylobacterium, Moraxella presented only lipolytic activity. Some isolates presented enzymatic activity in one or more studied temperatures. Among Gram positive bacteria, 30.51% were proteolytic and lipolytic at 10oC, 8.47% were proteolytic at 7oC, 10oC, and 21oC, 8.47% were proteolytic at all studied temperatures (4oC, 7oC, 10oC and 21oC) and 3.38% were proteolytic only at 21oC. At 4oC, only one isolate showed proteolytic activity and six isolates were lipolytic. In relation to Gram negative microorganisms, 4% were proteolytic and lipolytic at 7oC, 10oC and 21oC, 10% were proteolytic at 10oC and 4.4% were lipolytic at 4oC, 7oC, 10oC and 21oC, while 6.4% of all isolates were proteolytic and lipolytic at 10oC and 21oC as well as lipolytic at 4oC and 7oC. These findings are in accordance with previous researches that pointed out Pseudomonas as the predominant psycrotrophic flora in stored refrigerated raw milk
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Among the traits of economic importance to dairy cattle livestock those related to sexual precocity and longevity of the herd are essential to the success of the activity, because the stayability time of a cow in a herd is determined by their productive and reproductive lives. In Brazil, there are few studies about the reproductive efficiency of Swiss-Brown cows and no study was found using the methodology of survival analysis applied to this breed. Thus, in the first chapter of this study, the age at first calving from Swiss-Brown heifers was analyzed as the time until the event by the nonparametric method of Kaplan-Meier and the gamma shared frailty model, under the survival analysis methodology. Survival and hazard rate curves associated with this event were estimated and identified the influence of covariates on such time. The mean and median times at the first calving were 987.77 and 1,003 days, respectively, and significant covariates by the Log-Rank test, through Kaplan-Meier analysis, were birth season, calving year, sire (cow s father) and calving season. In the analysis by frailty model, the breeding values and the frailties of the sires (fathers) for the calving were predicted modeling the risk function of each cow as a function of the birth season as fixed covariate and sire as random covariate. The frailty followed the gamma distribution. Sires with high and positive breeding values possess high frailties, what means shorter survival time of their daughters to the event, i.e., reduction in the age at first calving of them. The second chapter aimed to evaluate the longevity of dairy cows using the nonparametric Kaplan-Meier and the Cox and Weibull proportional hazards models. It were simulated 10,000 records of the longevity trait from Brown-Swiss cows involving their respective times until the occurrence of five consecutive calvings (event), considered here as typical of a long-lived cow. The covariates considered in the database were age at first calving, herd and sire (cow s father). All covariates had influence on the longevity of cows by Log-Rank and Wilcoxon tests. The mean and median times to the occurrence of the event were 2,436.285 and 2,437 days, respectively. Sires that have higher breeding values also have a greater risk of that their daughters reach the five consecutive calvings until 84 months
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The objectives of this research were characterizing the dairy goat production systems and model it using linear program. On the first step of this research, the model was developed using data from farms that was affiliated in the ACCOMIG/Caprileite, used a similar dairy goat production systems and have a partnership program with Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais . The data of research were from a structured questionnaire applied with farmers and monitoring of production systems during a guided visit on their farms. The results permitted identify that all farms were classified as a small and have a intensive production system. The average herd size had 63.75 dairy goats on lactation; it permits a production of 153, 38 kg of goat milk per day. It was observed that existing more than one channel of commercialization for the goat milk and their derivative products. The data obtained, on the first step of this research, was used to develop a linear program model. It was evaluated in two goat production systems, called P1 and P2. The results showed that the P1 system, with an annual birth and lactation during approximately 300 days was the best alternative for business. These results were compared with a mixed (beef and dairy) goat system in the semiarid region, which indicated merged with both systems. Therefore, to achieve profits and sustainability of the system, in all simulations it was necessary a minimum limit of funding of U.S. $ 10,000.00; this value permit earning of U.S. $ 792.00 per month and pay the investment within 5 years
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This research intended to study the process of production of the rural space in the municipal district of Little Ceará-Mirim, looking for to identify the transformations in him happened, above all in the last thirty years. Since the beginning of your historical formation, the area in study had as element modelador and transformer of the physiognomy of your territory the culture canavieira that printed in your economy and in your society marks of a powerful nobility. The sugar-cane is covered of a cyclical character facing acme phases and decadence, as the one that it happens at the present time. Simultaneously, the sphere rural cearimirinense is going by changes by the implantation of modern companies gone back to the papaya production destined to the internal market and more precisely to the external market. Of this context they also consist the supplying farms of this same product. In the group of the establishments in the rural landscape here analyzed, they still interfere the mixed farms, the ones that practice agriculture, the ones that were devoted to the livestock, as well as the farms and the ranches. Another innovation is the caprinocultura developed in modern molds, using the system voisin of pasture rodízio being constituted in a pioneering experience in Brazil. Of that reality they announce other elements, to example of the establishments, being configured as new forms of use of the soil. In the perspective of turning them productive, the challenge resides of overcoming the difficulties in them existent. The reality of the space in screen is replete of lacks in all the instances. It is inferred that the municipal district possesses an enormous potential, however the performance of the administrative components is seen as deficient. He becomes urgent that the municipal public power promotes changes, mainly in what it respects to the social area, with a better attendance to the rural communities, for them to act positively in the process of the development of this municipal district