Recurrent deletions and reciprocal duplications of 10q11.21q11.23 including CHAT and SLC18A3 are likely mediated by complex low-copy repeats.

We report 24 unrelated individuals with deletions and 17 additional cases with duplications at 10q11.21q21.1 identified by chromosomal microarray analysis. The rearrangements range in size from 0.3 to 12 Mb. Nineteen of the deletions and eight duplications are flanked by large, directly oriented segmental duplications of >98% sequence identity, suggesting that nonallelic homologous recombination (NAHR) caused these genomic rearrangements. Nine individuals with deletions and five with duplications have additional copy number changes. Detailed clinical evaluation of 20 patients with deletions revealed variable clinical features, with developmental delay (DD) and/or intellectual disability (ID) as the only features common to a majority of individuals. We suggest that some of the other features present in more than one patient with deletion, including hypotonia, sleep apnea, chronic constipation, gastroesophageal and vesicoureteral refluxes, epilepsy, ataxia, dysphagia, nystagmus, and ptosis may result from deletion of the CHAT gene, encoding choline acetyltransferase, and the SLC18A3 gene, mapping in the first intron of CHAT and encoding vesicular acetylcholine transporter. The phenotypic diversity and presence of the deletion in apparently normal carrier parents suggest that subjects carrying 10q11.21q11.23 deletions may exhibit variable phenotypic expressivity and incomplete penetrance influenced by additional genetic and nongenetic modifiers.

Evaluation des connaissances des mesures légales de protection de la maternité au travail (OProma) chez les femmes enceintes et chez les gynécologues

Pour permettre à une femme enceinte de continuer à travailler en toute sécurité, l'OProma (ordonnance du Département fédéral de l'économie sur les activités dan- gereuses ou pénibles en cas de grossesse et de maternité) est entrée en vigueur en 2001. Cette loi concerne les employeurs, les médecins traitants, les gynécologues et les travailleuses enceintes et précise comment certains travaux, substances, ou micro- organismes peuvent faire courir un risque potentiel à la mère et à son enfant et comment ces risques doivent être évalués et traités. Le but de l'étude est d'évaluer, par le biais de questionnaires, l'état des connaissances des mesures légales de protection de la maternité au travail en général et plus spécifi- quement de l'OProma, chez 76 femmes enceintes suivies à la consultation d'obstétrique du CHUV (questionnaires administrés en face à face) et chez 87 gynécologues du CHUV et installés en Suisse romande (questionnaire on line). Les objectifs sont : déterminer la prévalence de la connaissance de ces dispositions légales, évaluer les facteurs person- nels pouvant influencer la connaissance de ces dernières, les raisons possibles du manque d'information et les mesures pouvant être prises pour améliorer cet état de fait. Concernant les femmes enceintes, 68% savent qu'il existe des mesures légales et 32% connaissent l'OProma, surtout par le biais de l'employeur et de l'entourage. L'unique facteur personnel significatif influençant la connaissance des mesures légales est le niveau de formation. Concernant les gynécologues, 95% savent qu'il existe des mesures légales et 47% connaissent l'existence de l'ordonnance, surtout dans le cadre de la formation continue. Les facteurs personnels significatifs sont l'âge et leurs années d'expérience pro- fessionnelle. Les deux populations trouvent que le manque d'information provient d'une méconnaissance de ces dispositions légales chez les employeurs. Les gynécologues re- connaissent aussi leurs lacunes et se sentent mal informés. Pour améliorer le manque d'information, les femmes demandent à en être informées par leur gynécologue. Les gy- nécologues désirent plus d'information et de formation sur la thématique. Il en ressort que les deux populations ont une bonne connaissance de l'existence de me- sures légales en général mais l'OProma spécifiquement est peu connue. Les gynécologues la connaissent mieux que les femmes enceintes, ce qui est loin d'être suffisant. Chez les femmes enceintes, le niveau de formation a été choisi dans cette étude comme indica- teur pour la classe sociale. L'appartenance à une classe sociale plus élevée induit une meilleure connaissance des mesures légales et de l'OProma. Chez les gynécologues, les médecins plus âgés et donc plus expérimentés connaissent mieux les mesures légales et l'OProma. Probablement, un médecin avec plus de pratique, la globalité de la patiente avec sa problématique sociale sera mieux prise en considération, en comparaison à un jeune médecin plus focalisé sur les problèmes somatiques. Il y a encore des efforts à faire concernant la formation des gynécologues et des em- ployeurs à propos de ce sujet. En effet, ces derniers se doivent d'assurer à la travailleuse enceinte une grossesse sans danger.

La protection des investissements suisses à l'étranger dans le cadre des accords de promotion et de protection des investissements

Dotée d'une économie traditionnellement ouverte vers l'extérieur, la Suisse dispose de l'un des plus vastes réseaux au monde d'accords bilatéraux de promotion et de protection des investissements (APPI). Instrument dont la faible notoriété est inversement proportionnelle au nombre élevé d'accords concernés et aux montants en jeu, les APPI visent à conférer aux entreprises suisses établies à l'étranger - et vice-versa - une large protection contre les risques non commerciaux. Le présent ouvrage s'attache à l'analyse du développement et du contenu des APPI conclus par la Suisse avec ses partenaires, essentiellement des pays en développement. S'appuyant sur la doctrine et la jurisprudence internationales, il traite de manière détaillée des droits matériels et procéduraux parfois contestés que ce type d'accords offrent aux investisseurs et met en évidence les particularités des APPI du réseau suisse.

Integrated Analysis of High-Resolution Gene Expression and Copy Number Profiling Identified Biallelic Deletion of CDKN2A/2B Tumor Suppressor Locus As the Most Frequent and Unique Genomic Abnormality in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL) with Strong Prognostic Value in Both GCB and ABC Subtypes and Not Overcome by a Dose-Intensive Immunochemotherapy Regimen Plus Rituximab. Results of a Prospective GELA Clinical Trial Program

Background and aim of the study: Genomic gains and losses play a crucial role in the development and progression of DLBCL and are closely related to gene expression profiles (GEP), including the germinal center B-cell like (GCB) and activated B-cell like (ABC) cell of origin (COO) molecular signatures. To identify new oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes (TSG) involved in DLBCL pathogenesis and to determine their prognostic values, an integrated analysis of high-resolution gene expression and copy number profiling was performed. Patients and methods: Two hundred and eight adult patients with de novo CD20+ DLBCL enrolled in the prospective multicentric randomized LNH-03 GELA trials (LNH03-1B, -2B, -3B, 39B, -5B, -6B, -7B) with available frozen tumour samples, centralized reviewing and adequate DNA/RNA quality were selected. 116 patients were treated by Rituximab(R)-CHOP/R-miniCHOP and 92 patients were treated by the high dose (R)-ACVBP regimen dedicated to patients younger than 60 years (y) in frontline. Tumour samples were simultaneously analysed by high resolution comparative genomic hybridization (CGH, Agilent, 144K) and gene expression arrays (Affymetrix, U133+2). Minimal common regions (MCR), as defined by segments that affect the same chromosomal region in different cases, were delineated. Gene expression and MCR data sets were merged using Gene expression and dosage integrator algorithm (GEDI, Lenz et al. PNAS 2008) to identify new potential driver genes. Results: A total of 1363 recurrent (defined by a penetrance > 5%) MCRs within the DLBCL data set, ranging in size from 386 bp, affecting a single gene, to more than 24 Mb were identified by CGH. Of these MCRs, 756 (55%) showed a significant association with gene expression: 396 (59%) gains, 354 (52%) single-copy deletions, and 6 (67%) homozygous deletions. By this integrated approach, in addition to previously reported genes (CDKN2A/2B, PTEN, DLEU2, TNFAIP3, B2M, CD58, TNFRSF14, FOXP1, REL...), several genes targeted by gene copy abnormalities with a dosage effect and potential physiopathological impact were identified, including genes with TSG activity involved in cell cycle (HACE1, CDKN2C) immune response (CD68, CD177, CD70, TNFSF9, IRAK2), DNA integrity (XRCC2, BRCA1, NCOR1, NF1, FHIT) or oncogenic functions (CD79b, PTPRT, MALT1, AUTS2, MCL1, PTTG1...) with distinct distribution according to COO signature. The CDKN2A/2B tumor suppressor locus (9p21) was deleted homozygously in 27% of cases and hemizygously in 9% of cases. Biallelic loss was observed in 49% of ABC DLBCL and in 10% of GCB DLBCL. This deletion was strongly correlated to age and associated to a limited number of additional genetic abnormalities including trisomy 3, 18 and short gains/losses of Chr. 1, 2, 19 regions (FDR < 0.01), allowing to identify genes that may have synergistic effects with CDKN2A/2B inactivation. With a median follow-up of 42.9 months, only CDKN2A/2B biallelic deletion strongly correlates (FDR p.value < 0.01) to a poor outcome in the entire cohort (4y PFS = 44% [32-61] respectively vs. 74% [66-82] for patients in germline configuration; 4y OS = 53% [39-72] vs 83% [76-90]). In a Cox proportional hazard prediction of the PFS, CDKN2A/2B deletion remains predictive (HR = 1.9 [1.1-3.2], p = 0.02) when combined with IPI (HR = 2.4 [1.4-4.1], p = 0.001) and GCB status (HR = 1.3 [0.8-2.3], p = 0.31). This difference remains predictive in the subgroup of patients treated by R-CHOP (4y PFS = 43% [29-63] vs. 66% [55-78], p=0.02), in patients treated by R-ACVBP (4y PFS = 49% [28-84] vs. 83% [74-92], p=0.003), and in GCB (4y PFS = 50% [27-93] vs. 81% [73-90], p=0.02), or ABC/unclassified (5y PFS = 42% [28-61] vs. 67% [55-82] p = 0.009) molecular subtypes (Figure 1). Conclusion: We report for the first time an integrated genetic analysis of a large cohort of DLBCL patients included in a prospective multicentric clinical trial program allowing identifying new potential driver genes with pathogenic impact. However CDKN2A/2B deletion constitutes the strongest and unique prognostic factor of chemoresistance to R-CHOP, regardless the COO signature, which is not overcome by a more intensified immunochemotherapy. Patients displaying this frequent genomic abnormality warrant new and dedicated therapeutic approaches.

A reflection about the social and technological aspects in flood risk management - the case of the Italian Civil Protection

The right of a person to be protected from natural hazards is a characteristic of the social and economical development of the society. This paper is a contribution to the reflection about the role of Civil Protection organizations in a modern society. The paper is based in the inaugural conference made by the authors on the 9th Plinius Conference on Mediterranean Storms. Two major issues are considered. The first one is sociological; the Civil Protection organizations and the responsible administration of the land use planning should be perceived as reliable as possible, in order to get consensus on the restrictions they pose, temporary or definitely, on the individual free use of the territory as well as in the entire warning system. The second one is technological: in order to be reliable they have to issue timely alert and warning to the population at large, but such alarms should be as "true" as possible. With this aim, the paper summarizes the historical evolution of the risk assessment, starting from the original concept of "hazard", introducing the concepts of "scenario of event" and "scenario of risk" and ending with a discussion about the uncertainties and limits of the most advanced and efficient tools to predict, to forecast and to observe the ground effects affecting people and their properties. The discussion is centred in the case of heavy rains and flood events in the North-West of Mediterranean Region.

Potential role of pathogen signaling in multitrophic plant-microbe interactions involved in disease protection.

Multitrophic interactions mediate the ability of fungal pathogens to cause plant disease and the ability of bacterial antagonists to suppress disease. Antibiotic production by antagonists, which contributes to disease suppression, is known to be modulated by abiotic and host plant environmental conditions. Here, we demonstrate that a pathogen metabolite functions as a negative signal for bacterial antibiotic biosynthesis, which can determine the relative importance of biological control mechanisms available to antagonists and which may also influence fungus-bacterium ecological interactions. We found that production of the polyketide antibiotic 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (DAPG) was the primary biocontrol mechanism of Pseudomonas fluorescens strain Q2-87 against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici on the tomato as determined with mutational analysis. In contrast, DAPG was not important for the less-disease-suppressive strain CHA0. This was explained by differential sensitivity of the bacteria to fusaric acid, a pathogen phyto- and mycotoxin that specifically blocked DAPG biosynthesis in strain CHA0 but not in strain Q2-87. In CHA0, hydrogen cyanide, a biocide not repressed by fusaric acid, played a more important role in disease suppression.