Energy balance for biodiesel production by the castor bean crop (Ricinus communis L.)

The castor bean crop (Ricinus communis L.) has acquired prestige due to industries interest in the oil quality and recently for new sources of energy demand. The experiment that served as basis for the data used in this study was conducted at the Lageado Experimental Farm, in Botucatu - SP, 2008. This study aimed to avaluate the crop viability through energy balance and energy efficiency since the implantation until biodiesel production using parameters of consumption in operational management for installation and maintenance of culture harvest and oil production. The soil management operations, sow and harvest consumed the total of 266.20 MJ ha(-1), gathering with the fertilizers, pesticides, fuels, lubricants, labor, seed and industrial processing totaled 56,808 MJ ha(-1) of energy inputs. The energy production was 72,814.00 MJ ha(-1). The industry still lacks studies thal would contribution data collection and more specific energy coefficients. The castor beans cultivation was considered efficient allowing again of 15983.44 MJ ha(-1) equivalent to about 415 liters of diesel oil.

Alterações nos teores de macronutrientes em plantas de feijoeiro infectadas por Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens

The objective of this research was to evaluate nitrogen, phosforus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sulfur contents on shoot dry matter of bean plants cultivars IAC Carioca Arua, IAC Carioca Pyata, IAC Carioca Akyta (resistant to the bacterial wilt), IAC Carioca, and Perola (susceptible to the bacterial wilt) inoculated or not with one isolate of Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens. It was observed that all cultivars infected by C. flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens showed reduction of shoot dry matter and macronutrient contents. However, resistant cultivars had a lower reduction of nitrogen, phosforus, potassium, calcium, and magnesium contents than bacterial wilt suceptible cultivars.

Calagem e silicatagem superficiais e a disponibilidade de cátions hidrossolúveis em culturas anuais e braquiária

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Inbreeding depression in castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) progenies

O objetivo do trabalho foi investigar a depressão endogâmica (DE) na mamoneira, espécie de reprodução sexuada mista. de uma população derivada da cultivar Guarani, amostraram-se 60 plantas-mãe. de cada uma foram obtidos três tipos de progênies: de autofecundação (AU), de cruzamentos obrigatórios (CR) e de polinização livre (PL). A produtividade de grãos das progênies for avaliada por meio de experimentos em blocos incompletos em dois locais. Houve forte interação de progênies x locais o que levou a obter estimativas dentro de cada local. Verificou-se ampla variação na depressão endogâmica, com médias de 6,7% e 13,4%, comparando-se as progênies AU com as PL. Verificou-se que a população tem alto potencial para selecionar linhagens promissoras. Foi baixa a freqüência de plantas-mãe gerando progênies com alta capacidade geral de combinação e baixa depressão endogâmica, simultaneamente. Seleção recorrente aumentará a ocorrência de genitoras associando essas duas propriedades, necessárias para obtenção de variedades sintéticas superiores.

Cotton root and shoot growth as affected by application of mepiquat chloride to cotton seeds

Estudou-se o efeito do tratamento de sementes de algodão com cloreto de mepiquat sobre o crescimento inicial de raízes e parte aérea. O experimento, realizado em casa de vegetação, utilizou vasos de PVC adaptados com uma parede frontal de vidro e os tratamentos foram constituídos por cinco doses do cloreto de mepiquat (CM) do ingrediente ativo (i.a.): 0, 3, 6, 9 e 12 g kg-1 de sementes, pulverizado sobre as sementes, e a cultivar FM 993. Massa de matéria seca da parte aérea (folhas, pecíolos e haste), massa de matéria seca da raiz, área foliar, relação parte aérea:raiz, relação área foliar:crescimento radicular, o comprimento da parte aérea foram avaliados aos 21 dias após a semeadura. Crescimento radicular foi avaliado a cada três dias até os 18 dias. O CM aplicado às sementes do algodão promove redução da altura da planta e da área foliar, sem, contudo, afetar produção de massa de matéria seca da parte aérea e raiz, relação parte aérea:raiz, relação área foliar:crescimento radicular e comprimento total de raízes do algodoeiro. Assim, no presente experimento não foi observado efeito negativo do CM aplicado às sementes do algodoeiro na absorção de água pela planta.

Air-assisted boom sprayer and spray deposition on bean plants

A possibilidade do desenvolvimento de técnicas de aplicação de produtos fitossanitários mais seguras, com menores volumes de calda, número de aplicações e deriva, aliados à necessidade de se obter melhores níveis de controle dos agentes nocivos às plantas cultivadas, justificam o uso da assistência de ar junto à barra de pulverização. Com o objetivo de avaliar a deposição da pulverização na cultura do feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris), em presença e ausência da assistência de ar junto à barra de pulverização, com diferentes pontas de pulverização e volumes de calda, foi conduzido um experimento em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, utilizando-se como traçador o óxido cuproso. Alvos artificiais (papel filtro com 3 x 3 cm) foram afixados nas superfícies adaxial e abaxial de folíolos posicionados nos terços superior e inferior de plantas, selecionadas ao acaso, distribuídas perpendicularmente ao deslocamento do pulverizador. Após a aplicação do traçador os coletores foram lavados individualmente em solução extratora de ácido nítrico a 1,0 mol L-1. A determinação quantitativa dos depósitos foi realizada com o uso da espectrofotometria de absorção atômica. A assistência de ar junto à barra de pulverização não aumentou a deposição do traçador em folíolos de feijoeiro, aos 48 dias após a emergência da cultura.

SURVIVAL of XANTHOMONAS AXONOPODIS pv. PHASEOLI var. FUSCANS IN COMMON BEAN LEAFLETS on SOIL

The aim of this study was to evaluate the survival of a strain of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli var. fuscans (Xap), resistant to streptomycin sulphate, in common bean leaflets placed on the sod surface and buried at a depth of 10 and 15 cm. Four assays were carried out from November 1998 to December 2000 in Bandeirantes (Paran, Brazil). The leaflets were collected every 15 days, crushed and the dilution-plated on a semi-selective medium. Under mild temperatures and low rainfall, Xap survived for 65 to 180 days in the leaflets on the sod surface, and for 30 to 120 days in those incorporated in the soil, regardless of the depth. When higher rainfall and temperatures occurred, the survival was from 45 to 60 days in the leaflets on the sod surface and from 30 to 45 days in those buried 10 or 15 cm deep.

Resistance of stored bean varieties to Acanthoscelides obtectus (Coleoptera : Bruchidae)

During bean seed storage, yield can be lost due to infestations of Acanthoscelides obtectus Say, the bean weevil. The use of resistant varieties has shown promising results in fighting these insects, reducing infestation levels and eliminating chemical residues from the beans. The expression of resistance to A. obtectus in bean varieties is frequently attributed to the presence of phytohemagglutinins, protease inhibitors and alpha-amylase, and especially to variants of the protein arcelin, which reduce the larval viability of these insects. To evaluate the effect of bean seed storage time on the resistance expression of bean varieties to A. obtectus, tests with seeds of three ages (freshly-harvested, 4-month-old, and 8-month-old) were conducted in the laboratory, using four commercial varieties: Carioca Pitoco, Ipa 6, Porrillo 70, Onix; four improved varieties containing arcelin protein: Are. 1, Arc.2, Arc. 3, Arc.4; and three wild varieties also containing arcelin protein: Arc. IS, Arc.3S, and Arc. 5S. The Arc.5S, Arc. IS, and Arc.2 varieties expressed high antibiosis levels against the weevil; Arc. I and Arc3S expressed the same mechanism, but at lower levels. The occurrence of oviposition non-preference was also observed in Arc.5S and Arc. IS. The Arc.3 and Arc. 4 varieties expressed low feeding non-preference levels against A. obtectus. The expression of resistance in arcelin-bearing, wild or improved varieties was affected during the storage of seeds, and was high under some parameters but low in others. The results showed that addition of chemical resistance factors such as protein arcelin via genetic breeding may be beneficial in improving the performance of bean crops.

Efficiency of seed treatment with fungicides in castor bean crop genotypes

With the objective of assessing castor bean genotypes in relation to the influence of seeds treatment on agronomic characteristics and physiological quality of seeds, two experiments were conducted between November, 2005 and March, 2006. In the first study, experimental design used was randomized complete blocks, in factorial scheme (2 x 10), by comparing Lyra hybrid and AL Guarany 2002 cultivar and nine fungicides, including its mixtures and test, with four repetitions. Plant height, stem diameter, medium yield and observation of diseases incidence were evaluated. In the second study, conducted in randomized entirely design, in factorial scheme 2 x 10 with four repetitions, Savana and AL Guarany 2002 genotypes were analyzed, using the same fungicides. Germination, infected and dead seeds, vigor, initial moisture content and simulation of field emergency and seeds sanitary quality were also evaluated. The results obtained point that there is positive influence of seed treatment on agronomic characteristics in castor bean crop, increasing grain yield for AL Guarany cultivar and Lyra hybrid. In the analysis of seed quality, it was observed that seed treatments with fungicides and their mixtures provided superior percentages of germination and vigor, reduced the number of infected and dead seeds and increased seeds emergency for Guarany 2002 cultivar and Savana hybrid.

Germination and early growth of soybean, dry bean and turnip grown under Digitaria horizontalis straw

The study aimed to evaluate the possible inhibitory effects of different concentrations of crabgrass (Digitaria horizontalis Willd.) dry mass incorporated to the soil over the germination and early growth of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merril.), dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), and turnip (Raphanus raphanistrum L.). The experimental design adopted was completely random, with four replications where, each one was consisted of a 2.5 L capacity pot. Dry mass of crabgrass at equivalent amounts of 0, 2.5, 5.0 and 10 t ha(-1) were incorporated into the soil. Crops seedling emergence was checked daily, and germination, speed germination index, mean germination time, relative frequency and synchronization index of germination were computed at the final of 10 days. The height and dry mass of plants were evaluated at 35 days after sowing. The incorporation to the soil of D. horizontalis dry mass caused significant reduction of the height and dry weight of soybean, dry bean and turnip, but were not observed consistent influence over the germination of these species.

Nutrient extraction and exportation by castor bean hybrid lyra

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Survival of Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens in soil and bean crop debris

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Spray deposition on weeds of common bean crops

A.C.P. Rodrigues-Costa, D. Martins, N.V. Costa, and M.R.R. Pereira. 2011. Spray deposition on weeds of common bean crops. Cien. Inv. Agr. 38(3): 357-365. Weed control failure in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) production may be related to inappropriate herbicide application techniques. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to evaluate the amount of spray solution deposition that occurred on the weeds, Bidens pilosa L. and Brachiaria plantaginea (Link) Hitch., both within and between rows of common beans. The research was arranged in a randomized block design with four replications. The following 6 spray nozzles were used: flat fan nozzles XR 110015 VS (150 L ha(-1)) and XR 11002 VS (200 L ha(-1)); cone nozzles TX VK 6 (150 L ha(-1)) and TX VK 8 (200 L ha(-1)); and twin flat fan nozzles TJ60 11002 VS (150 L ha(-1)) and TJ60 11002 VS (200 L ha-1). The results showed that the loss of the spray solution on the soil occurred mainly within the bean rows and with a high intensity when using a nozzle spraying 200 L ha(-1). At 30 days after sowing, the TX (150 L ha(-1)) nozzle was the only nozzle that promoted deposits of less than 210.0 mu L g(-1) of dry mass. The spray nozzles showed a good performance in the deposition of the spray solution on the weeds that occurred both within and between the rows. However, for both species there was great variation in individual deposits depending on their location in relationship to the plants.

Comportamento de cultivares de feijoeiro comum à murcha-de-curtobacterium

No presente trabalho foi avaliada a resistência de 40 cultivares de feijoeiro comum (Phaseolus vulgaris) à murcha-de-Curtobacterium, inoculadas separadamente com dois isolados de Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens, e o desenvolvimento da parte aérea de cultivares resistentes e suscetíveis a essa doença, inoculadas ou não com um isolado da bactéria. As reações apresentadas pelas cultivares permitiram verificar que 'IAC Carioca Aruã', 'IAC Carioca Akytã' e 'IAC Carioca Pyatã' foram resistentes e que 'A - 768', 'Aeté', 'Aporé', 'Bambuí', 'Bico de Ouro', 'BR IPA 11 - Brígida', 'Carioca MG', 'Carioquinha', 'Catu', 'Corrente', 'Diamante Negro', 'FT Bonito', 'FT Nobre', 'FT-120', 'IAC Carioca', 'IAC Maravilha', 'IAC Una', 'IAPAR 14', 'IAPAR 16', 'IAPAR 31', 'IAPAR 44', 'IPA 6', 'Iraí', 'Jalo Precoce', 'Jamapa', 'Onix', 'Ouro Negro', 'Pérola', 'R - 161', 'RAO 33', 'Rio Tibagi', 'Rosinha G2', 'Roxo 90', 'Rudá', 'Safira', 'Tarumã' e 'Xamego' foram suscetíveis à murcha-de-Curtobacterium. Plantas de feijoeiro das cultivares resistentes (IAC Carioca Aruã, IAC Carioca Akytã e IAC Carioca Pyatã) apresentaram menor redução da matéria seca da parte aérea do que das suscetíveis (IAC Carioca e Pérola), quando inoculadas com C. flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens.