A repatriação de refugiados afegãos: do Paquistão ao leste do Afeganistão

Pós-graduação em Relações Internacionais (UNESP - UNICAMP - PUC-SP) - FFC

Institucionalização da velhice e regressão: um olhar psicanalítico sobre os asilos dos velhos

Even with several technologies, politics, laws and to knowledge that looks to secure the worthiest conditions of aging, the asylum of olds still marks presence in the contemporaneousness, like a sign of the aging badly succeeded. The present work is the result of practices carried out in institutions of long permanence and, among the effects of the institutionalization of the old age, the most attention was given here to the mechanism of the regression, analyzed through the light of the psychoanalysis.

O asilo para os sem-teto e a construção da 'falsa consciência': segundo Siegfried Kracauer

The chapter “Asylum for the homeless” is crucial to the construction of Siegfried Kracauer´s Die Angestellten (The salaried masses) In it, the “canera eye” of the inquisitive observer reveals the cultural-ideological mechanisms responsable for the constructions of “false consciouness” of the emergent salaried class during the twilight of the Weimar Republic – the fundation of Kracauer´s interpretation of the methods of totalitarian propaganda and mass manipulation, wich he developed in the exile after 1933.

Entre potências e resistências: o Centro de Atenção Psicossocial Infantojuvenil e a construção da lógica da atenção psicossocial

Pós-graduação em Psicologia - FCLAS

Movimento da luta antimanicomial: trajetória, avanços e desafios

This article aims to address the trajectory of anti-asylum fight movement, presenting some of their actions developed to change social imagery about madness. Its initiatives aim to bring awareness of the population to the disrespectful situations undergone by patients with mental disorders, whether in society or in mental health care. It should be noted, however, the fact that this movement has not yet been institunalized. Thus, among among its hardest challenges are the need of mental health professionals to rediscover their history and respect its trajectory as well as users recognizing the importance of partnership and the need for the presence of mental health professionals as mediators of the ongoing process. Thus, the text analysis the fact that users, family and workers should be protagonists of a new form of care in mental health.

Il diritto di asilo tra ordinamento costituzionale e sistema europeo di protezione multilivello

La tesi della candidata presenta - attraverso lo studio della normativa e della giurisprudenza rilevanti in Italia, Francia e Germania – un’analisi dell'ambito soggettivo di applicazione del diritto costituzionale d'asilo e del suo rapporto con il riconoscimento dello status di rifugiato ai sensi della Convenzione di Ginevra del 1951, nonchè della sua interazione con le altre forme di protezione della persona previste dal diritto comunitario e dal sistema CEDU di salvaguardia dei diritti fondamentali. Dal breve itinerario comparatistico percorso, emerge una forte tendenza alla neutralizzazione dell’asilo costituzionale ed alla sua sovrapposizione con la fattispecie del rifugio convenzionale quale carattere comune agli ordinamenti presi in esame, espressione di una consapevole scelta di politica del diritto altresì volta ad assimilare la materia alla disciplina generale dell’immigrazione al fine di ridimensionarne le potenzialità espansive (si pensi alla latitudine delle formule costituzionali di cui agli artt. 10, co. 3 Cost. it. e 16a, co. 1 Grundgesetz) e di ricondurre l'asilo entro i tradizionali confini della discrezionalità amministrativa quale sovrana concessione dello Stato ospitante. L'esame delle fonti comunitarie di recente introduzione illumina l’indagine: in particolare, la stessa Direttiva 2004/83CE sulla qualifica di rifugiato e sulla protezione sussidiaria consolida quanto stabilito dalle disposizioni convenzionali, ma ne estende la portata in modo significativo, recependo gli esiti della lunga evoluzione giurisprudenziale compiuta dalle corti nazionali e dal Giudice di Strasburgo nell’interpretazione del concetto di “persecuzione” (specialmente, in relazione all’individuazione delle azioni e degli agenti persecutori). Con riferimento al sistema giuridico italiano, la tesi si interroga sulle prospettive di attuazione del dettato dell’art. 10, terzo comma della Costituzione, ed inoltre propone la disamina di alcuni istituti chiave dell’attuale normativa in materia di asilo, attraverso cui si riscontrano importanti profili di incompatibilità con la natura di diritto fondamentale costituzionalmente tutelato, conferita al diritto di asilo dalla volontà dei Costituenti e radicata nella ratio della norma stessa (il trattenimento del richiedente asilo; la procedura di esame della domanda, l’onere probatorio e le cause ostative al suo accoglimento; l’effettività della tutela giurisdizionale). Le questioni più problematiche ancora irrisolte investono proprio tali aspetti del procedimento - previsto per ottenere quello che alcuni atti europei, tra cui l'art. 18 della Carta di Nizza, definiscono right to asylum - come rivela la disciplina contenuta nella Direttiva 2005/85CE, recante norme minime per le procedure applicate negli Stati membri ai fini del riconoscimento e della revoca dello status di rifugiato. Infine, il fenomeno della esternalizzazione dei controlli compromette lo stesso accesso alle procedure, nella misura in cui rende "mobile" il confine territoriale dell’area Schengen (attraverso l'introduzione del criterio dello "Stato terzo sicuro", degli strumenti dell'esame preliminare delle domande e della detenzione amministrativa nei Paesi di transito, nonché per mezzo del presidio delle frontiere esterne), relegando il trattamento dei richiedenti asilo ad uno spazio in cui non sempre è monitorabile l'effettivo rispetto del principio del non refoulement, degli obblighi internazionali relativi all’accoglienza dei profughi e delle clausole di determinazione dello Stato competente all'esame delle domande ai sensi del Regolamento n. 343/03, c.d. Dublino II (emblematico il caso del pattugliamento delle acque internazionali e dell'intercettazione delle navi prima del superamento dei confini territoriali). Questi delicati aspetti di criticità della disciplina procedimentale limitano il carattere innovativo delle recenti acquisizioni comunitarie sull’ambito di operatività delle nuove categorie definitorie introdotte (le qualifiche di rifugiato e di titolare di protezione sussidiaria e la complessa nozione di persecuzione, innanzitutto), richiedendo, pertanto, l’adozione di un approccio sistemico – piuttosto che analitico – per poter rappresentare in modo consapevole le dinamiche che concretamente si producono a livello applicativo ed affrontare la questione nodale dell'efficienza dell'attuale sistema multilivello di protezione del richiedente asilo.

La condizione degli stranieri nello spazio dell'Unione Europea verso una nozione autonoma di cittadinanza europea?

The thesis analyses and examines the relevant developments of EU law since the EU institutions have been granted competence in matters of entry and residence of nationals of third countries within the space of the European Union, as governed by Title IV of the Treaty establishing the European Community (now Title V of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union) and by the ensuing norms. Based on these data my research aims to reconstruct the current state of EU legislation in matters of entry and residence of third country nationals in order to establish the extent of the EU’s competence into immigration and asylum, also in relation to the erosion of the Member States’ competence into the same areas. The most significant sign of this evolution is the recognition of the right of third-country nationals who are long-term residents to move and reside within the territory of other Member States. The increased use of the EU’s territory by third country nationals has led to the problem of the evolution of the concept of EU citizenship, and in particular to the most significant content of the question, namely the right to move freely. With regard to this aspect EU citizenship could be free from the requirement of nationality of a Member State, so as to be strictly related to the right of free use of the territory, as established by the internal market. This concept could also include the nationals of third countries.

La dimensione esterna della politica migratoria dell'UE

Conformemente ai trattati, l'UE sviluppa una politica comune in materia di asilo, immigrazione e controllo delle frontiere esterne, fondata sulla solidarietà e sul rispetto dei diritti fondamentali e, a tal fine, avvia relazioni strategiche con i Paesi terzi e le Organizzazioni internazionali. Un fenomeno “senza frontiere”, quale quello migratorio, esige del resto un'azione coerente e coordinata sia sul piano interno sia su quello esterno. La messa in atto di quest'ultima, tuttavia, si scontra con difficoltà di rilievo. Innanzitutto, l'UE e i suoi Stati membri devono creare i presupposti per l'avvio della collaborazione internazionale, vale a dire stimolare la fiducia reciproca con i Paesi terzi, rafforzando la propria credibilità internazionale. A tal fine, le istituzioni, gli organi e gli organismi dell'UE e gli Stati membri devono impegnarsi a fornire un modello coerente di promozione dei valori fondanti, quali la solidarietà e il rispetto dei diritti fondamentali, nonché a coordinare le proprie iniziative, per individuare, insieme ai Paesi terzi e alle Organizzazioni internazionali, una strategia d'azione comune. In secondo luogo, l'UE e gli Stati membri devono adottare soluzioni volte a promuovere l'efficacia della collaborazione internazionale e, più precisamente, assicurare che la competenza esterna sia esercitata dal livello di governo in grado di apportare il valore aggiunto e utilizzare la forma collaborativa di volta in volta più adeguata alla realizzazione degli obiettivi previsti. In definitiva, l'azione esterna dell'UE in materia di politica migratoria necessita di una strategia coerente e flessibile. Se oggi la coerenza è garantita dalla giustiziabilità dei principi di solidarietà, di rispetto dei diritti fondamentali e, giustappunto, di coerenza, la flessibilità si traduce nel criterio del valore aggiunto che, letto in combinato disposto con il principio di leale cooperazione, si pone al centro del nuovo modello partenariale proposto dall'approccio globale, potenzialmente idoneo a garantire la gestione efficace del fenomeno migratorio.

Cultural and migration aspects in functional abdominal pain

Compared to Europe's mean immigrant contingent of 7.3 to 8.6 % Switzerland holds the highest contingent of foreign population with 23.5 %. Therefore it is of utmost importance that physicians have a knowledge of the specific characteristics of immigrant patients. The influence of personality factors (experience, behavior) is not independent from the influence of culturally-related environmental factors (regional differences in diet, pollutants, meanings, etc.). In addition, different cultural groups rate their quality of life differently. Psychological reasons for recurrent abdominal pain are stress (life events), effects of self-medication (laxatives, cocaine) and sexual abuse but also rare infectious diseases are more common among immigrants (e.g. tuberculosis, histoplasmosis, etc.). Migration-specific characteristics are mainly to find in the semiotics of the symptoms: not every abdominal pain is real pain in the abdomen. Finally, it is crucial to make the distinction between organic, functional and psychological-related pain. This can, however, usually only be accomplished in the context of the entire situation of a patient and, depending on the situation, with the support of a colleague from the appropriate cultural group or an experienced interpreter. In this review we limit ourselves to the presentation of the working population of the migrants, because these represent the largest group of all migrants. The specific situation of asylum seekers will also be refrained to where appropriate.

Tempering the EU? NGO Advocacy in the Area of Freedom, Security, and Justice

The European Union’s (EU) area of Freedom, Security and Justice (AFSJ) portfolio comprises policy areas such as immigration and asylum, and police and judicial cooperation. Steps were taken to bring this field into the mandate of the EU first by the Maastricht Treaty, followed by changes implemented by the Amsterdam and Lisbon Treaties, the last one ‘normalizing’ the EU’s erstwhile Third Pillar. As the emergent EU regime continues to consolidate in this field, NGOs of various kinds continue to seek to influence policy-making and implementation, with varying success. This article seeks to establish the context in which NGOs carry out their work and argues that the EU-NGO interface is impacted both by the institutional realities of the European Union and the capacities of EU-oriented NGOs to seize and expand opportunities for access and input into the policy cycle. Using EU instruments representing three different policy bundles in AFSJ (immigration, asylum and judicial cooperation in criminal matters), the article seeks to map out NGO strategies in engaging and oftentimes resisting European Union policy instruments.

Tuberculosis in HIV-Negative and HIV-Infected Patients in a Low-Incidence Country: Clinical Characteristics and Treatment Outcomes

Background In Switzerland and other developed countries, the number of tuberculosis (TB) cases has been decreasing for decades, but HIV-infected patients and migrants remain risk groups. The aim of this study was to compare characteristics of TB in HIV-negative and HIV-infected patients diagnosed in Switzerland, and between coinfected patients enrolled and not enrolled in the national Swiss HIV Cohort Study (SHCS). Methods and Findings All patients diagnosed with culture-confirmed TB in the SHCS and a random sample of culture-confirmed cases reported to the national TB registry 2000–2008 were included. Outcomes were assessed in HIV-infected patients and considered successful in case of cure or treatment completion. Ninety-three SHCS patients and 288 patients selected randomly from 4221 registered patients were analyzed. The registry sample included 10 (3.5%) coinfected patients not enrolled in the SHCS: the estimated number of HIV-infected patients not enrolled in the SHCS but reported to the registry 2000–2008 was 146 (95% CI 122–173). Coinfected patients were more likely to be from sub-Saharan Africa (51.5% versus 15.8%, P<0.0001) and to present disseminated disease (23.9% vs. 3.4%, P<0.0001) than HIV-negative patients. Coinfected patients not enrolled in the SHCS were asylum seekers or migrant workers, with lower CD4 cell counts at TB diagnosis (median CD4 count 79 cells/µL compared to 149 cells/µL among SHCS patients, P = 0.07). There were 6 patients (60.0%) with successful outcomes compared to 82 (88.2%) patients in the SHCS (P = 0.023). Conclusions The clinical presentation of coinfected patients differed from HIV-negative TB patients. The number of HIV-infected patients diagnosed with TB outside the SHCS is similar to the number diagnosed within the cohort but outcomes are poorer in patients not followed up in the national cohort. Special efforts are required to address the needs of this vulnerable population.

Acute health problems in African refugees: ten years' experience in a Swiss emergency department

Over the last two decades, the total number of applications from Africans for asylum in the countries of the European Union has increased from 578,000 to more than 2.9 million. About 20 % (7,196/36,100) of the asylum seekers in Switzerland originate from Africa. The disease profile of African asylum seekers is remarkably different from that of the native population in the country of application. We have therefore conducted an analysis of African asylum seekers presenting themselves to our emergency department.

Isolated extraordinary daytime urinary frequency of childhood: a case series of 26 children in Switzerland

BACKGROUND: The term 'isolated extraordinary daytime urinary frequency' designates an abnormally increased diurnal frequency of painless urination in a completely toilet-trained child with normal urinalysis. METHODS: We report the history of 26 children (16 boys and 10 girls; aged between 4.1 and 10 years) who were referred to us between 2002 and 2006 and subsequently diagnosed with this condition. RESULTS: Possible psychosocial problems, or recent emotional stressors, were disclosed in the majority of the children: recent (36 months or less) asylum seekers (n = 9), school-related problems (n = 4), parental divorce (n = 2) or death of the mother (n = 1). Possible dietary causes were observed in 9 patients: oxalate-rich beverages (n = 5) and liberal ingestion of 'acidic' juices (n = 4). A diet low in oxalates was recommended when children were consuming large quantities of oxalate-rich beverages; and a diet low in acidic juice was recommended in those liberally ingesting acidic juices. Reassurance and observation were the approach in the remaining cases. The median duration of the symptoms was 5 months. A longer (p < 0.05) duration was noted in children of asylum seekers. CONCLUSIONS: This functional condition is easily identifiable, but often under- or misdiagnosed. Confounding the condition might result in redundant investigation.

[Rare cause of right heart failure: two cases]

Two asylum seekers (patient A, 30 year old man from Mongolia; patient B, 18 year old woman from the Sudan) were referred to our outpatient clinic because of acute and chronic deterioration of their general condition and shortness of breath. Both patients presented with a clear clinical picture of systemic venous hypertension and moderate pulmonary congestion. Patient B had a paradoxical pulse compatible to cardiac tamponade.

Contested Control: Irregular Transit Migrants in Europe

This presentation is about young migrants’ journeys with low chances of receiving asylum or any other type of residence in Europe. These migrants exhibit a highly complex migration pattern. First, these migrants are frequently in durable “transit” across Europe, moving back and forth between different states. Second, transit migrants must exhibit a high degree of flexibility, as they have to respond to suddenly changing conditions, such as work opportunities, rejection of asylum claims, detention or deportation. Third, transit migrants often switch between different legal statuses, such as asylum seeker, rejected asylum seeker, illegal worker or detainee. This throws them into a general state of uncertainty and psychological distress. The experience of these young adults shows a deep ambivalence between a sense of autonomy, on the one hand, and of profound hope- and powerlessness, on the other. This presentation explores the “fragmented journeys” of these migrants, by way of a multi-sited ethnographic approach and biographical interviews. It focuses on the lived experiences and the strategies of irregular migrants to find a way to reside in Europe in the context of an increasingly restrictive migration management.