La frontera marítima fortificada: de la vigilancia a la señalización (XVI-XIX)

During the 16th century an ambitious political programme for building towers and forts bordering the Spanish Empire’s littoral, to protect it, is materialised. This sighting network over the sea horizon had the essential mission of detecting the presence of vessels that supposed a threat. The network was organised through the strategic arrangement of watchtowers taking profit of the geographical features in the topography so that they could communicate among them with a system of visual signs. The virtual union of the stated settlements defined the fortified maritime borderline. At the same time, this network of sentinels was reinforced (in certain settlements) by the construction of fortifications that acted like centres of data reception and supplied the necessary personnel for detection and transmission. So, this mesh was established by observation points (watchtowers) and information and defense centres (fortifications) to make the news arrive to the decision centres. The present communication aims to demonstrate this military strategy providing the inventory of all defensive architectures that marked this limit between the Segura river mouth until the Huertas cape and that these are spotted from the ‘Flat’ island (later Nueva Tabarca). A riverside geography of approxi-mately 30 km long where 3 fortifications and 7 towers of diverse typologies successively took place. Among the most relevant documents of this research, we could mention the plans of the fortifycations in Guardamar and Santa Pola from the 16th century (drawn in the 18th). For this research, drawings of towers made by the Ministry of Public Works at the end of the 19th century are also important; these documents show the new military tactics, neither for attack neither for defense. At most, they replaced for maritime lighthouses for signage and help for navigation while the others towers were abandoned.

Krepostnoe khoz︠ia︡ĭstvo; izsledovani︠ia︡ po ėkonomicheskoĭ istorii Rossii v XVIII i XIX vv.

Mode of access: Internet.

Historisch-politische studien. Gesammelte aufsätze zum staatsleben des XVIII. und XIX. jahrhunderts, insbesondere Österreichs.

Mode of access: Internet.

Orationes Latinae, e doctissimorum orumque eloquentissimorum virorum saeculo XVI, XVII, XVIII, et XIX, florentium scriptis /

Mode of access: Internet.

Krestʹi︠a︡nskīĭ vopros v Rossii v XVIII i pervoĭ polovini︠e︡ XIX vi︠e︡ka

In Cyrillic characters

Mīrovai︠a︡ skorbʹ v kont︠s︡i︠e︡ XVIII i v nachali︠e︡ XIX vi︠e︡ka, ei︠a︡ osnovnye ėticheskīe i sot︠s︡īalʹnye motivy i ikh otrazhenīe v khudozhestvennom tvorchestvi︠e︡.

Mode of access: Internet.

The map, XV-XVIII centuries; an exhibition illustrating the history of cartography from the collection of Frederick B. Artz.

"Five hundred copies ... printed."

Die Getreidepreise in der Stadt Leipzig im XVII., XVIII. und XIX. Jahrhundert. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Preisbewegung.

Cover title.

Rare English glasses of the XVII & XVIII centuries,

"Commemorative glass, by Sir John S. Risley": p. [155]-167.

Politica agrară la români : desvoltarea chestiunei agrare in toate tările locuite de români din secolul XVII, XVIII și XIX /

Includes bibliographical references.

Krestʹi︠a︡nskīĭ vopros v Rossii v XVIII i pervoĭ polovini︠e︡ XIX vi︠e︡ka /

t. 1. Krestʹi︠a︡nskīĭ vopros v XVIII i pervoĭ chetverti XIX vi︠e︡ka -- t. 2. Krestʹi︠a︡nskīĭ vopros v t︠s︡arstvovanīe imperatora Nikolai︠a︡.

(Table 1) Ice station data during POLARSTERN expeditions ARK-XVIII/2 and ARK-XIX/1 to Fram Strait, the western Barents Sea and north of Svalbard

During two expeditions of the R.V. "Polarstern" to the Arctic Ocean, pack ice and under-ice water samples were collected during two different seasons: late summer (September 2002) and late winter (March/April 2003). Physical and biological properties of the ice were investigated to explain seasonal differences in species composition, abundance and distribution patterns of sympagic meiofauna (in this case: heterotrophs >20 µm). In winter, the ice near the surface was characterized by extreme physical conditions (minimum ice temperature: -22°C, maximum brine salinity: 223, brine volume: <=5%) and more moderate conditions in summer (minimum ice temperature: -5.6°C, maximum brine salinity: 94, most brine volumes: >=5%). Conditions in the lowermost part of the ice did not differ to a high degree between summer and winter. Chlorophyll a concentrations (chl a) showed significant differences between summer and winter: during winter, concentrations were mostly <1.0 µg chl a/l, while chl a concentrations of up to 67.4 µmol/l were measured during summer. The median of depth-integrated chl a concentration in summer was significantly higher than in winter. Integrated abundances of sympagic meiofauna were within the same range for both seasons and varied between 0.6 and 34.1×103 organisms /m**2 in summer and between 3.7 and 24.8×10**3 organisms /m**2 in winter. With regard to species composition, a comparison between the two seasons showed distinct differences: while copepods (42.7%) and rotifers (33.4%) were the most abundant sea-ice meiofaunal taxa during summer, copepod nauplii dominated the community, comprising 92.9% of the fauna, in winter. Low species abundances were found in the under-ice water, indicating that overwintering of the other sympagic organisms did not take place there, either. Therefore, their survival strategy over the polar winter remains unclear.