Presentació Monografia: Educació i cooperació internacional en el marc de les desigualtats

La idea de cooperar o de fer cooperació internacional s'ha anat incorporant a les nostres vides -també en la vida acadèmica- en els darrers deu anys, sense que moltes vegades s'hagi aprofundit suficientment en què vol dir, no només etimol6gicament. En aquests moments, en els quals la situació en el món i les complexes relacions internacionals han experimentat canvis importants, s'imposa que ens aturem a pensar una mica sobre el perquè, el com, on i amb qui fem la cooperació internacional. Sobre el paper de l'educació en aquests nous contextos i, més en concret, en el que les universitats fan o poden fer en el que anomenem cooperació per al desenvolupament.

Sea Urchins Predation Facilitates Coral Invasion in a Marine Reserve

Macroalgae is the dominant trophic group on Mediterranean infralittoral rocky bottoms, whereas zooxanthellate corals are extremely rare. However, in recent years, the invasive coral Oculina patagonica appears to be increasing its abundance through unknown means. Here we examine the pattern of variation of this species at a marine reserve between 2002 and 2010 and contribute to the understanding of the mechanisms that allow its current increase. Because indirect interactions between species can play a relevant role in the establishment of species, a parallel assessment of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus, the main herbivorous invertebrate in this habitat and thus a key species, was conducted. O. patagonica has shown a 3-fold increase in abundance over the last 8 years and has become the most abundant invertebrate in the shallow waters of the marine reserve, matching some dominant erect macroalgae in abundance. High recruitment played an important role in this increasing coral abundance. The results from this study provide compelling evidence that the increase in sea urchin abundance may be one of the main drivers of the observed increase in coral abundance. Sea urchins overgraze macroalgae and create barren patches in the space-limited macroalgal community that subsequently facilitate coral recruitment. This study indicates that trophic interactions contributed to the success of an invasive coral in the Mediterranean because sea urchins grazing activity indirectly facilitated expansion of the coral. Current coral abundance at the marine reserve has ended the monopolization of algae in rocky infralittoral assemblages, an event that could greatly modify both the underwater seascape and the sources of primary production in the ecosystem.

The structure of Mediterranean rocky reef ecosystems across environmental and human gradients, and conservation implications

Historical exploitation of the Mediterranean Sea and the absence of rigorous baselines makes it difficult to evaluate the current health of the marine ecosystems and the efficacy of conservation actions at the ecosystem level. Here we establish the first current baseline and gradient of ecosystem structure of nearshore rocky reefs at the Mediterranean scale. We conducted underwater surveys in 14 marine protected areas and 18 open access sites across the Mediterranean, and across a 31-fold range of fish biomass (from 3.8 to 118 g m22). Our data showed remarkable variation in the structure of rocky reef ecosystems. Multivariate analysis showed three alternative community states: (1) large fish biomass and reefs dominated by non-canopy algae, (2) lower fish biomass but abundant native algal canopies and suspension feeders, and (3) low fish biomass and extensive barrens, with areas covered by turf algae. Our results suggest that the healthiest shallow rocky reef ecosystems in the Mediterranean have both large fish and algal biomass. Protection level and primary production were the only variables significantly correlated to community biomass structure. Fish biomass was significantly larger in well-enforced no-take marine reserves, but there were no significant differences between multi-use marine protected areas (which allow some fishing) and open access areas at the regional scale. The gradients reported here represent a trajectory of degradation that can be used to assess the health of any similar habitat in the Mediterranean, and to evaluate the efficacy of marine protected areas.

Multiple processes regulate long-term population dynamics of sea urchins on Mediterranean rocky reefs

We annually monitored the abundance and size structure of herbivorous sea urchin populations (Paracentrotus lividus and Arbacia lixula) inside and outside a marine reserve in the Northwestern Mediterranean on two distinct habitats (boulders and vertical walls) over a period of 20 years, with the aim of analyzing changes at different temporal scales in relation to biotic and abiotic drivers. P. lividus exhibited significant variability in density over time on boulder bottoms but not on vertical walls, and temporal trends were not significantly different between the protection levels. Differences in densities were caused primarily by variance in recruitment, which was less pronounced inside the MPA and was correlated with adult density, indicating density-dependent recruitment under high predation pressure, as well as some positive feedback mechanisms that may facilitate higher urchin abundances despite higher predator abundance. Populations within the reserve were less variable in abundance and did not exhibit the hyper-abundances observed outside the reserve, suggesting that predation effects maybe more subtle than simply lowering the numbers of urchins in reserves. A. lixula densities were an order of magnitude lower than P. lividus densities and varied within sites and over time on boulder bottoms but did not differ between protection levels. In December 2008, an exceptionally violent storm reduced sea urchin densities drastically (by 50% to 80%) on boulder substrates, resulting in the lowest values observed over the entire study period, which remained at that level for at least two years (up to the present). Our results also showed great variability in the biological and physical processes acting at different temporal scales. This study highlights the need for appropriate temporal scales for studies to fully understand ecosystem functioning, the concepts of which are fundamental to successful conservation and management.

Surface-dependent strategies and energy flux in benthic marine communities or, why corals do not exist in the Mediterranean

Most structure-building organisms in rocky benthic communities are surface-dependent because their energy inputs depend mainly on the surface they expose to water. Two photosynthetic strategies, divided into calcareous and non calcareous algae, strict suspension-feeders and photosynthetic suspension feeders (e.g. hermatypic corals) are the four main strategies evolutively acquired by benthic organisms. Competition between those strategies occur in relation to productivity of the different species, in such a way that, for given environmental conditions, species with a higher growth (P/B ratio) would dominate. At a worldwide scale, littoral marine benthos can he considered to fit into the four fields defined by two main axes: the first, relates to productivity and relies atrophic and oligotrophic waters and the second is defined by the degree of environmental variability or seasonality (from high to low). Coral reefs (marine ecosystems dominated by photosynthetic suspension feeders) develop in the space of oligotrophic areas with low variability, while kelp beds (marine ecosystem dominated by large, non calcareous algae) are to be found only in eutrophic places with a high variability. The space of eutrophic waters with a low variability do not has specially adapted, high structured, benthic marine ecosystems, and in these conditions opportunistic algae and animals predominate. Finally, photophilic mediterranean benthos -devoid of kelps and without hermatypic corals- typifies the field of oligotrophic areas with high variability; in its more genuine aspect, Mediterranean benthos is represented by small algae with a high percentage of calcareous thallii. In all cases strict suspension-feeders compete successfully with photosynthetic organisms only in situations of low irradiances or very high inputs of POM. In its turn, Mediterranean rocky benthos, in spite of its relative uniformity, is geographically organized along the same axes. The Gulf of Lions and the insular bottoms (Balearic Islands, for example) would correspond to the extremes of eutrophic-high variability areas and oligotrophic-low variability areas, respectively. Irradiance, nutrient and POM concentration, and hydrodynamism are the three variables which mainly affect the distribution of the different surface-dependent strategies, and thus, these parameters are of paramount interest for understanding the trophic structure of Mediterranean benthic communities. In environments non limited by light, nutrient availability, defined as the product between nutrient -POM concentration and hydrodynamism, states the dominance of calcareous versus non calcareous algae. Calcareous algae dominate in oligotrophic waters while non-calcareous algae dominate in moderately eutrophic waters. In light-limited environments, passive suspension feeders (octocorallaria, gorgonians) become dominant species if POM availability is enhanced by a high hydrodynamism (strong currents); in waters with a low charge of POM organisms of other groups, mainly active suspension feeders, predominate (sponges, bryozoans, scleractiniarians). In any case, there always exists a very variable bathymetric zone, depending on light attenuation and nutrient-POM availability, where encrusting calcareous algae strongly compete with suspension feeders (coralligenous).

Catálogo de las algas bentónicas (con exclusión de las diatomeas) de la costa catalana

Aquest treball és un intent d´actualitzar i sistematitzar les dades algològiques que es posseeixen referents al nostre país. Aquestes dades han estat obtingudes de la bibliografia existent, incloent-hi també nombroses observacions personals inèdites. La sistemàtica utilitzada ha estat, bàsicament, la proposada per PARKE i DIXON (1976). La distribució geogràfica de les espècies s'especifica en funció del reticle UTM. En aquest moment són 403 (28 Cyanophyta, 220 Rhodophyta, 69 Phaeophyta, 85 Chlorophyta i 1 Chrysophyta) les espècies que es coneixen a les costes del Principat.

Aproximación al conocimiento de las comunidades algales de la zona infralitoral superior de la costa catalana

Se presentan una serie de inventarios de la zona infralitoral superior realizados a lo largo de toda la costa catalana precisando las localidades de recolección y sus características. Los inventarios se agrupan en una serie de tablas las cuales se comentan en función de su composición florística. Finalmente, se hace una división de la costa catalana atendiendo a las distintas comunidades encontradas y se valora su distribución en relación a las características de la costa y a los posibles focos de contaminación. Se presta especial atención a las comunidades portuarias.

Aportación a la Flora Bentónica de las Islas Baleares, V.

Los numerosos trabajos sobre fitobentos marino de las islas Baleares fueron recopilados en los catálogos florísticos de RIBERA & GÓMEZ (Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 15: 377-406. 1984; Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 16:25-41.1985). Posteriormente, debido a la realización de numerosos estudios bentónicos de la zona, se han publicado adiciones a dicho catálogo (PERICAS, Boll. Soc. Hist. Nat. Balears: 139-146.1984; BALLESTEROS, Bull. Inst. Cat. Hist. Nat. 51 (See. Bot, 5): 31-33. 1984; BALLESTEROS, Fol. Bot. Mise. 6: 65-70. 1989; RULL LLUCH, GÓMEZ GARRETA and RIBERA Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 15: 377-406. 1987; CREMADES Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid 46 (1): 149-152. 1989; CREMADES A nales Jard. Bot. Madrid 46 (1): 341-343. 1989).

Els fongs de Catalunya occidental segons les prospeccions recents. II

This paper contains the conclusion of a mycological survey of western Catalonia. The first part of the results was published in Acta Bot. Barc. 45 (Homenatge a Oriol de Bolòs): 57-89. The present part covers the last two groups of Basidiomycota: the agarics (326 species) and the gasteromycetes (44 species). The data regarding the surveyed area, collection localities, abbreviations used in the information on ecology, collectors and identifiers are found in the mentioned first part, which contains records of 37 species of Myxomycota, 5 of Zygomycota, 101 of mitosporic fungi, 8 of Teliomycetes, 1 of Ustomycetes, 16 of Phragmobasidiomycetes and 92 of Aphyllophorales. Together with the first part, the results of our survey are a useful contribution to an improved understanding of the fungal component of plant communities of the dry, warm lowlands of the western Mediterranean region, and highlight the remarkable reproductive activity of the fungi observed during late Autumn and Winter, in the studied area.

Spore germination and development of young mycelia in some Rhizopogon species

Spore germination in Rhizopogon abietis, R. luteolus, R. roseolus and R. villosulus was induced in the presence of Rhodotorula glutinis and activated charcoal, in agar medium (N6:5). In one R. roseolus sample, 51% of spores germinated within 35 days, allowing observation of the course of spore germination and the different developmental patterns of homokaryotic mycelia. In these plates, spores showed two times of germination. The spores that germinated early produced an apical germ tube. Later other spores germinated in proximity to young mycelium, by forming a germ vesicle. One of the hyphal growth patterns obtained (interruption-swelling-ramification) is similar to that reported for other fungi. With this technique for inducing spore germination, it is possible to obtain enough monosporic cultures to perform mating tests. Key words: Basidiomycotina, Hypogeous, Monosporic Cultures.

Els fongs de Catalunya occidental segons les prospeccions recents. I.

The fungi of occidental Catalonia after recent prospections I. This work intends to collect the mycological data gathered during the last four years as a result of the project "Fungal biodiversity of Catalonia", in the western and southern, mainly lowland areas of this country. The climate is mainly dry (400-600 mm/year) and warm. The survey, that covers 160 localities, has enabled the identification of 37 species of Myxomycota, 5 of Zygomycora, 159 of Ascomyctra, 101 mitosporic fungi, 8 Teliomycetes, 1 Ustomycetes, 16 Phragmobasidiomycetes and 92 Apliyllopllorates, that are included in this paper. Because of space limitations, the remaining 326 agarics and 44 Gasteromycetes will be published in the next number of this journal. This work is a contribution to a best understanding of the fungal flora, chorology, ecology and phenology of the West-Mediterranean dry lowlands.

Aportacion al catalogo micologico de Cataluña. I.

Presentamos en esta primera nota un análisis de la especie Hygrocybe conicoides (Orton) Orton y Watling, primera cita para el catalogo micológico de Cataluña. Se tratan los aspectos macroscópicos y microscópicos, así como los caracteres diferenciales de la especie y su identidad taxonómica. Hygrocybe conicoides aparece como un hongo psamófilo, posiblemente citado en otras ocasiones como forma arenícola de H. nigrescens e H. cónica (LOSA QUINTANA, 1968; HEIM, 1934).

Seseli farrenyi

SESELI FARRENYI MOLERO & PUJADAS (APIACEAE) - Tàxon estudiat per l'equip del BioC ambfinançament del projecte AMB97-0375 (Bases para la gestión de la biodiversidad: Biología de lareproducción y efectos del cambio climático sobre especies amenazadas, DGICYT) i del programaRED (Generalitat de Catalunya). L'espècie va ser dedicada pels seus descobridors a Joan Enric Farreny i Sistach, jove botànic mort en accident de muntanya a la dècada dels 70

Seseli farrenyi

SESELI FARRENYI MOLERO & PUJADAS (APIACEAE) - Tàxon estudiat per l'equip del BioC ambfinançament del projecte AMB97-0375 (Bases para la gestión de la biodiversidad: Biología de lareproducción y efectos del cambio climático sobre especies amenazadas, DGICYT) i del programaRED (Generalitat de Catalunya). L'espècie va ser dedicada pels seus descobridors a Joan Enric Farreny i Sistach, jove botànic mort en accident de muntanya a la dècada dels 70

Poesia, música i escola: un triangle sonor

L"article parteix de tres idees fonamentals: a) la importància de l"oralitat, en l"educació general i en l"educació poètica i artística en concret; b) la necessitat d"educar de forma holística, més enllà de cada disciplina; i c) els forts lligams històrics entre cançó i poesia en l"àmbit de la didàctica. A partir d"aquí, s"aborda la relació entre poesia i música des de quatre dimensions (fenomenològica, comparativa, complementària i integradora) i se n"extreuen implicacions educatives i didàctiques. Des d"aquest plantejament i de cara a facilitar un ús integrat d"ambdues disciplines, l"article planteja un marc comú entre poesia dita en veu alta i música que en faciliti l"anàlisi. Es proposa un esquema amb tres dimensions (recepció sonora, interpretació escènica i creació) que permeti la comprensió de les obres i l"adquisició del sentit crític. Finalment, com a exemple il·lustratiu, es mostra l"aplicació de l"esquema a un poema recitat per Enric Casasses.