594 resultados para Transports.


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The potential changes to the territory of the Russian Arctic open up unique possibilities for the development of tourism. More favourable transport opportunities along the Northern Sea Route (NSR) create opportunities for tourism development based on the utilisation of the extensive areas of sea shores and river basins. A major challenge for the Russian Arctic sea and river ports is their strong cargo transport orientation originated by natural resource extraction industries. A careful assessment of the prospects of current and future tourism development is presented here based on the development of regions located along the shores of the Arctic ocean (including Murmansk and Arkhangelsk oblast, Nenets Autonomous okrug (AO), Yamal-Nenets AO, Taymyr AO, Republic of Sakha, Chykotsky AO). An evaluation of the present development of tourism in maritime cities suggests that a considerable qualitative and quantitative increase of tourism activities organised by domestic tourism firms is made virtually impossible. There are several factors contributing to this. The previously established Soviet system of state support for the investments into the port facilities as well as the sea fleet were not effectively replaced by creation of new structures. The necessary investments for reconstruction could be contributed by the federal government but the priorities are not set towards the increased passenger transportation. Having in mind, increased environmental pressures in this highly sensitive area it is especially vital to establish a well-functioning monitoring and rescue system in the situation of ever increasing risks which come not only from the increased transports along the NSR, but also from the exploitation of the offshore oil and gas reserves in the Arctic seas. The capacity and knowledge established in Nordic countries (Norway, Finland) concerning cruise tourism should not be underestimated and the already functioning cooperation in Barents Region should expand towards this particular segment of the tourism industry. The current stage of economic development in Russia makes it clear that tourism development is not able to compete with the well-needed increase in the cargo transportation, which means that Russia’s fleet is going to be utilised by other industries. However, opening up this area to both local and international visitors could contribute to the economic prosperity of these remote areas and if carefully managed could sustain already existing maritime cities along the shores of the Arctic Ocean.

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Este trabalho estuda os impactos dos avanços tecnológicos da atualidade sobre as várias dimensões da sociedade suas conseqüências para Estado. Os avanços tecnológicos são grupados ao longo de cinco vertentes históricas: infomação, transportes, fabricação, energia biotecnologia. As dimensões da sociedade são estabelecidas como sendo: econômica, social, política, tecnológica militar. Utilizando as vertentes tecnológicas como as componentes da dimensão tecnológica se sistematiza análise dos impactos destas novas tecnologias sobre as demais dimensões. análise desta matriz de impacto serve de base para estabelecer os principais desafios possibilidades da sociedade do Estado num futuro próximo. Finalmente, estudo das possibilidades futuras feito através da técnica de cenários, onde se estabelecem duas variáveis chave, que resultam em quatro cenários, apresentados também de forma pictórica.

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A structure transports system is very necessary to attending many reasons of urban dislocations. This structuration is composed by many complex elements, as such as refer to: physical elements (rodoviary network, vehicles, garages, transboarding terminals), human elements (operational and administrative workmanship) and the institutional elements (management and fiscalization). This last one, especially, is our approach in this study, focusing the functions as the fiscalization of public organization. The purpose of this study was identifies how the public organization develops the management the system of public transport for urban intercity users and how can contributes for users satisfaction, feeding back avaluations, even, giving new direction or reavaluation of the fiscalization function. The methodology sdopted to get expected solutions is exploratory survey, due the unidentified any studies with the same focus or approaching to the citizens expectatives solutions by public organism manager point of view. Also it was realized an explanation survey to complement the study giving wide comprehension for the other elements used by organization to obtain success in the relationship with users. A field survey and bibliographical was realized thru documental investigation to get informations about necessary foundamentation based conclusion.

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O Movimento Associativo de Moradores do Rio e seu potencial político na perspectiva da transformação da sociedade. Breve histórico das Associações de Moradores, de 1910 à década de 80. Assistencialismo, colaboracionismo e busca de autonomia. A vinculação com o Estado e com os partidos políticos. As lutas específicas da FAMERJ: Saúde, Habitação, Abastecimento, Transportes Coletivos, Educação, Cultura, Lazer e Saneamento Básico. Os limites do Movimento: reivindicações localistas, visão classista pequeno-burguesa. As possibilidades do Movimento: questionamento da estrutura urbana decorrente da hegemonia capitalista. A função social da cidade. A pedagogia do Movimento: primeiro patamar da vida gregária e solidária; uma linguagem nova; ações criativas como chamamento à participação. A politização de base resultante da função educativa dos Movimentos Sociais Urbanos. A apreensão do cotidiano em sua dimensão sócio-política. A crise do Movimento. Suas virtualidades.

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O campesinato santareno (lavradores, pescadores, posseiros, colonos etc.) é extremamente diversificado, guindo-se três trajetórias: a) a do campesinato de beirario, oriundo do tempo do Brasil-colônia; b) a do campesinato do planalto, formado por nordestinos fugidos das secas e do latifúndio e por sobreviventes do auge da borracha; c) a do campesinato das estradas, que se origina na penetração da Amazônia em consequência do modelo capitalista dominante. Porém todos se identificam pela mesma ameaça de exclusão frente a este modelo que lhes atinge direta ou indiretamente. As condições econômico-sociais criadas pela história, a conjuntura e a ação de determinados agentes sociais - da Pastoral, educadores e lavradores - propiciaram, em meados dos anos 70, a eclosão de um movimento de trabalhadores rurais. Este movimento é visto num primeiro período (1974-78) como comunitário, de ação e perspectivas limitadas; num segundo período (1978-82) se define, predominantemente, como movimento voltado para a organização sindical dos trabalhadores rurais; no terceiro período analisado (1983-85),a organização sindical dos camponeses impõe a sua força relativa à "cidade política", presente na cidade de Santarém, na CUT e com uma ativa participação deles no PT. Em cada período, combinam-se de modo diferente três "graus" ou "momentos", constitutivos, segundo Gramsci, da consciência de classe: o "momento econômico-corporativo", o momento sindical e o momento político. Neste processo de interacão, concretizado nas suas lutas (por terra, saúde, estrada, melhores preços para a sua produção, contra a pesca predatória, etc.) e na sua organização, o campesinato santareno forja a sua identidade coletiva, sua consciência de classe. Esta história é vista, ao mesmo tempo, como "político-militar", em que um grupo social luta para manter e ampliar o seu espaço físico-social, e como pedagógica, em que o grupo se socializa e constrói uma nova visão do mundo, adquirindo/ forjando os instrumentes conceituais e operacionais necessários para sobreviver como classe em que seus componentes se impõem como cidadãos.

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Nas últimas décadas o setor de logística passou por grandes transformações pelo mundo. Assim, a eficiência do sistema logístico é importante para o crescimento econômico, a diversificação, redução dos custos operacionais e da pobreza. Segundo o Banco Mundial, o Brasil tornou-se uma das maiores economias do mundo, mas os custos logísticos elevados colocam em risco esse crescimento. Estes custos são em grande parte o resultado de diferenças em infraestrutura de cada região, juntamente com os encargos do setor rodoviário, que corresponde por 60% do total do transporte de carga do país. Entretanto, a logística brasileira está às portas de uma nova revolução, em práticas de negócios e eficiência, e também na qualidade e disponibilidade da infraestrutura de transportes e comunicações, e novos projetos e práticas para superar a situação. O objetivo deste estudo não é analisar o presente e as atuais tendências de logística do Brasil e do setor de transporte, mas sim modelar possíveis cenários futuros para os próximos anos. Em outras palavras, este trabalho mostra diferentes possibilidades de como o setor de logística e transporte poderá ser no futuro. Para isso, este trabalho irá utilizar a metodologia de cenários prospectivos e entrevistas com especialistas relacionados da área.

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This thesis carries through an application of Analysis of Multicriterion Decision with use of the method of Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) in the problematic one of taking of decision of the adoption of electronic collecting in the system of urban transport in the country, a subject that has been controversial. A modeling of criteria and alternatives is carried through and applied a questionnaire based on method AHP the excellent actors in the system of urban transport - Leading of the Managing Agency Public Municipal theatre of Urban Transports, Controller of Company of Bus, Controller of Labor union, Controller of Union of Companies, Communitarian Leader. The considered alternatives were: the maintenance of the current state with collectors, the implementation of electronic collection without collectors, and the implementation of electronic collection with collectors. The used criteria were: job, impact in the fare, control of the system, easiness of use, information. The study was carried through in the city of Natal, RN, where if the adoption of electronic collection argues and where this implementation in some bus lines between Natal and Parnamirim exists, city that integrates the region of the great Natal. The main results of the method evidence in a dimension, the viability of use of method AHP with questionnaire by means of validation of the judgments with analysis of variance beyond proper the normal mechanisms of analysis of consistency to the method, and in another one, the contribution of the analysis boarding multicriterion to become the judgments more clearly. The main results of the analysis help to show that although to models of criteria and distinct judgments of the actors, the method evidenced that it has inclination the adoption of the electronic collection on the current situation, even so with divergences between the maintenance or not of the collector. The research points to the possibility of accomplishment of the application of the AHP in successive rounds of judgments

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In Natal/RN, 68% of the population uses some kind of individual system for their domestic sewers treatment, being that the most used it is septic tank, followed by sumidouro. Every treatment system of sewers, usually used, generates a by-product denominated sludge. That residue presents some components, in its constitution, undesirable under the environmental and sanitary point of view. In such case, to assure that the system treatment has satisfactory results, it is necessary to do the adjusted disposition of the sludge sewage. Several countries are looking for technical alternatives for the use and disposition of residues. Under technical and environmental conditions appropriate, these materials can be used, decreasing the consumption of the natural resources and the treatment need, storage or elimination of the wastes, what decrease the risks created. Some of the alternatives of recycling of the sludge sewage are: the application in the agriculture, in the production of energy and as raw material in the civil construction. This study evaluated asphalt mixtures behavior that partially substituted conventional aggregates by septic tank sludge. The septic tank sludge gave origin to two raw materials called raw sludge and sludge ash. The raw sludge was put as a small aggregate and the sludge ash as filler. In the first experiment it was made a comparison between the mixture with conventional aggregates and the mixtures that replaced sand by raw sludge in the proportions from 5% to 40%. In the second experiment, it was made comparison between mixtures with 1%, 2% and 3% of sludge ash and cement. The stages developed along the study were: physical characterization of the conventional materials; physical, chemistry, thermal, mineralogical characterizations and analysis of environmental risk of the raw sludge; physical characterization and analysis of environmental risk of the sludge ash; analysis of the mixtures performance through its volumetric and mechanical characteristics; forecast of the mixtures susceptibility in the moisture presence. For the grain size composition used and with the percentage asphalt adopted, the mixtures with up to 7,5% of raw sludge in his composition attend to the National Department of Transports Infrastructure (DNIT) specifications. However, in agreement with the mixtures susceptibility in the moisture presence, the mixtures with addition of raw sludge don't present satisfactory acting. In such case, they could be used in arid and semi-arid areas. The raw sludge application in mixtures increased their voids volume and their stability. However, it damaged mixtures adhesiveness. Mixtures with sludge ash and with cement presented similar behavior. However, mixtures with sludge ash presented a better performance than mixtures with cement as for their stability and their tensile strength ratio. The mixture with 1% of sludge ash is better. The wastes studied don't represent environmental risk

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The present dissertação had as objective to study the ambient management in the Farms Saint Rita, Tahim Agropesca and Agropesca Rigomoleiro, in the Great River of the North. For this we use as theoretical tool some fundantes concepts of geographic science, the space, and as concepts auxiliary of ambient management, of estuaries as the half natural one and of manguezais as ecosystem. The study if it gave taking in consideration a model of flow of activities of a typical farm following the way of the residues produced since the beginning until its final destination, in a suitable script of SCHERER (1999). The considered flow established a sequence activities where it is identified the material of entrance, the process of management, the residues of exit and the destination of the residues to the long one of the phase of culture of the shrimp. From it was there had been elaborated a series of managemental pictures with the data raised in the three farms, of different transports and concludes that the ambient management of these farms does not follow the formal standards of a system of typical ambient management. Collating with the system of considered by norm ISO14000 the study it disclosed that all the companies are in a situation of not conformity and that the impacts on the environment continue being many significant ones. However, it is possible to implant norm ISO14000 because some procedures implanted for the farms are correct of the point of view of the ambient management

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Cette étude a été fondée sur la reconaissance, la description et l'analyse du circuit spatial de la production de l activité des fabriques des casquettes dans la région du Seridó Potiguar. L activité des fabriques des casquettes est située dans les villes de Caicó, Serra Negra do Norte e São José do Seridó, qui forment le pôle de fabriques de casquettes, composé de soixante-quatre (64) unités de fabrication, le deuxième plus grand producteur de casquettes au Brésil. Dans la condition de base géographique, l'opérationnalisation du concept de circuits spatiales de la production a été essentielle à la compréhension de l'utilisation du territoire et de l'indivisibilité de l'espace, du fournisseur de matières premières au consommateur final, comprenant les étapes des matières premières, la main-d'oeuvre, le stockage, les transports, le commerce et la consommation dans la période actuelle, dans laquelle les instances de la production, la circulation, la distribution et de la consommation sont spatialement diffus. Sur la base de l'identification et de la localisation de ces étapes et des principaux acteurs impliqués dans la activité des fabriques de casquettes, une configuration de circuit spatial de la production a été élaborée, en s'interprétant l'utilisation des territoires par les instances productives. L'interprétation des étapes de production a identifié que les entreprises liées à l'Association Seridoense des Fabricants de Casquettes agissent plus efficacement sur le territoire que celles nonassociées, alors que toujours elles investissent dans des nouveaux équipements, en augmentant sa puissance technique pour se renforcer avant un marché si compétitif comme celui des casquettes. En examinant la contribution de la fabrication des casquettes à l'utilisation actuelle des territoires de la coupe, nous avons appris que les activités complémentaires et des matières premiéres nécessaires à sa réalisation se trouvent dans leur environnement géographique. Ainsi, la proximité spatiale entre les étapes de la fabrication des casquettes fait entrevoir la matérialité du territoire, conférée dans la coexistence des techniques passées et présentes, et l'ensemble des actions effectuées par un certain nombre de travailleurs sociaux qui collaborent à la création du circuit spatial de la production de l activité des fabriques des casquettes. Cette étude a confirmé que les fabriques des casquettes sont organisées sous la forme de cellules de production, continues ou discontinues, dont les équipements et les machines à coudre industrielles obéissent à la logique d'une production de plus en plus standardisée. Ce circuit spatial de la production contribue à l'utilisation actuelle des territoires de Caicó, Serra Negra do Norte et de São José do Seridó car il amplifie le mouvement du commerce et des relations entre les lieux, à travers la dynamique des flux des personnes, des biens et des produits, en constante circulation, guidées par la division du travail entre les étapes productives

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A carnitina, uma amina quaternária (3-hidroxi-4-N-trimetilamino-butirato), é sintetizada no organismo (fígado, rins e cérebro) a partir de dois aminoácidos essenciais: lisina e metionina, exigindo para sua síntese a presença de ferro, ácido ascórbico, niacina e vitamina B6. Tem função fundamental na geração de energia pela célula, pois age nas reações transferidoras de ácidos graxos livres do citosol para mitocôndrias, facilitando sua oxidação e geração de adenosina Trifosfato. A concentração orgânica de carnitina é resultado de processos metabólicos - como ingestão, biossíntese, transporte dentro e fora dos tecidos e excreção - que, quando alterados em função de diversas doenças, levam a um estado carencial de carnitina com prejuízos relacionados ao metabolismo de lipídeos. A suplementação de L-carnitina pode aumentar o fluxo sangüíneo aos músculos devido também ao seu efeito vasodilatador e antioxidante, reduzindo algumas complicações de doenças isquêmicas, como a doença arterial coronariana, e as conseqüências da neuropatia diabética. Por esse motivo, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi descrever possíveis benefícios da suplementação de carnitina nos indivíduos com necessidades especiais e susceptíveis a carências de carnitina, como os portadores de doenças renais, neuropatia diabética, síndrome da imunodefeciência adquirida e doenças cardiovasculares.

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Males of the South American treefrog Aplastodiscus perviridis construct concealed subterranean nests. Using a complex courtship behavior that involves tactile stimuli and vocalizations, males guide the females to the subterranean nests where eggs are laid. Embryos and facultatively oophagous tadpoles (at least in stage 25) stay in subterranean nests until flooding transports them to ponds or streams. This is a rare reproductive mode previously known for few species in the Hyla albosignata and H. albofrenata complexes. Based on similarities of reproductive mode we suggest a monophyletic origin for Aplastodiscus and these complexes of Hyla.

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Não obstante o peso decisivo das receitas geradas pelo café para os balanços financeiros das ferrovias paulistas entre 1888 e 1917, e a centralidade da atividade cafeeira na economia paulista de então, discute-se neste artigo a especialização relativa ao nível da produção verificada em São Paulo e a questão dos fretes das ferrovias neste cenário. Parte-se da ideia de que a cafeicultura, em seu desenvolvimento, demandava a diversificação de culturas agrícolas, pois as unidades básicas de produção - as fazendas de café - não se caracterizavam unicamente pela monocultura, sendo que os nexos entre uma produção voltada à exportação e outra voltada ao mercado interno davam-se nas relações de trabalho estabelecidas entre contratantes e contratados, e nas formas pelas quais os fazendeiros expropriavam aqueles que se subordinavam aos seus interesses. Verifica-se no caso estudado o aumento simultâneo das quantidades de café e de alimentos transportadas e transacionadas pela Cia. Mogiana nos marcos da periodização proposta; porém, percebe-se estreita dependência em relação à receita gerada pelo transporte de café. Aponta-se, ainda, a especialização absoluta ao nível do crédito e da circulação (transportes) que caracterizavam este complexo econômico.

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Beach deposits occur in high energy environments with continual sorting by swash and backswash. The fines are removed by the backswash, which is not competent to remove the coarser material. Hence negative asymmetry (skewness) results. The wind transports only the finer fraction to the dunes, resulting in a tendency towards a positively skewed distribution. In the case studied the aeolian sand has a mean asymmetry of 0.13, the beach sand -0.11. Equivalent values for mean grain size and standard deviation are 2.51 and 0.24 (aeolian) and 2.41 and 0.37 (beach). Beach sands are therefore coarser and less well sorted than aeolian sands. -V.Gardiner

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This work aims to express the production and consumption changes occurred in the State of São Paulo in line with the logistics, the systems of movement and the economic flows. The mentioned productive and consumption devolutions towards the interior just was possible in the fast rhythm, with the hierarchical combination of some basic elements, such as: 1) the logistics as strategy, planning and management (including in the concession of public services to the private enterprise) of transports, storage and communications; 2) the technological improvement of systems of movement (infrastructure and means of transportation) and 3) the economic flows (goods, services, informations, capital gains and people) in the territory. Thus, we go to an analysis of the impacts of the fifth logistics revolution and the alternatives between systems of movement and territorial fluidity in the service of corporative demands in the space pertaining to the State of São Paulo. © Copyright Scripta Nova, 2009.