Role of histone methylation in the regulation of COX-2, iNOS, and mPGES-1 gene expression in human chondrocytes: Implication for Osteoarthritis

L'arthrose (OA) est une maladie articulaire dégénérative, classée comme la forme la plus fréquente au monde. Elle est caractérisée par la dégénérescence du cartilage articulaire, l’inflammation de la membrane synoviale, et le remodelage de l’os sous-chondral. Ces changements structurels et fonctionnels sont dues à de nombreux facteurs. Les cytokines, les prostaglandines (PG), et les espèces réactives de l'oxygène sont les principaux médiateurs impliqués dans la pathophysiologie de l'OA. L'interleukine-1β (IL-1β) est une cytokine pro-inflammatoire majeure qui joue un rôle crucial dans l'OA. L'IL-1β induit l'expression de la cyclooxygénase-2 (COX-2), la microsomale prostaglandine E synthase-1 (mPGES-1), la synthase inductible de l'oxyde nitrique (iNOS), ainsi que leurs produits la prostaglandine E2 (PGE2) et l'oxyde nitrique (NO). Ce sont des médiateurs essentiels de la réponse inflammatoire au cours de l'OA qui contribuent aux mécanismes des douleurs, de gonflement, et de destruction des tissus articulaires. Les modifications épigénétiques jouent un rôle très important dans la régulation de l’expression de ces gènes pro-inflammatoires. Parmi ces modifications, la méthylation/ déméthylation des histones joue un rôle critique dans la régulation des gènes. La méthylation/ déméthylation des histones est médiée par deux types d'enzymes: les histones méthyltransférases (HMT) et les histones déméthylases (HDM) qui favorisent l’activation et/ou la répression de la transcription. Il est donc nécessaire de comprendre les mécanismes moléculaires qui contrôlent l’expression des gènes de la COX-2, la mPGES-1, et l’iNOS. L'objectif de cette étude est de déterminer si la méthylation/déméthylation des histones contribute à la régulation de l’expression des gènes COX-2, mPGES-1, et iNOS dans des chondrocytes OA humains induits par l'IL-1β. Nous avons montré que la méthylation de la lysine K4 de l'histone H3 (H3K4) par SET-1A contribue à l’activation des gènes COX-2 et iNOS dans les chondrocytes humains OA induite par l'IL-1β. Nous avons également montré que la lysine K9 de l’histone H3 (H3K9) est déméthylée par LSD1, et que cette déméthylation contribue à l’expression de la mPGES-1 induite par IL-1β dans les chondrocytes humains OA. Nous avons aussi trouvé que les niveaux d'expression des enzymes SET-1A et LSD1 sont élevés au niveau du cartilage OA. Nos résultats montrent, pour la première fois, l'implication de la méthylation/ déméthylation des histones dans la régulation de l’expression des gènes COX-2, mPGES-1, et iNOS. Ces données suggèrent que ces mécanismes pourraient être une cible potentielle pour une intervention pharmacologique dans le traitement de la physiopathologie de l'OA.

Caractérisation du rôle transcriptionnel et épigénétique de l’O-GlcNAcylation des histones et du facteur de transcription FOXK1

L’O-GlcNAcylation est une modification post-traductionnelle qui consiste en l’ajout covalent du N-acetylglucosamine au groupement hydroxyle des sérines et thréonines des protéines nucléaires et cytoplasmiques. Ce type de glycosylation atypique est régulé de manière très dynamique par l’action de l’O-GlcNAc transférase (OGT) et de l’O-GlcNAcase (OGA) qui catalysent et hydrolysent cette modification respectivement. Aujourd’hui, OGT émerge comme un régulateur transcriptionnel et senseur critique du métabolisme où les protéines ciblées par l’O-GlcNAcylation couvrent la presque totalité des voies de signalisation cellulaire. Récemment, des études ont aussi proposé qu’OGT soit impliquée dans la régulation épigénétique par l’O-GlcNAcylation des histones. Dans le but de caractériser le rôle fonctionnel d’OGT dans la régulation épigénétique, nous avons revisité le concept d’O-GlcNAcylation des histones et, de manière surprenante, n’avons pu confirmer cette observation. En fait, nos données indiquent que les outils disponibles pour détecter l’O-GlcNAcylation des histones génèrent des artéfacts. De ce fait, nos travaux supportent plutôt un modèle où la régulation épigénétique médiée par OGT se fait par l’O-GlcNAcylation de régulateurs transcriptionnels recrutés à la chromatine. Parmi ceux-ci, OGT s’associe au complexe suppresseur de tumeurs BAP1. En étudiant le rôle d’OGT dans ce complexe, nous avons identifié le facteur de transcription FOXK1 comme un nouveau substrat d’OGT et démontrons qu’il est régulé par O-GlcNAcylation durant la prolifération cellulaire. Enfin, nous démontrons que FOXK1 est aussi requis pour l’adipogenèse. Ensemble, nos travaux suggèrent un rôle important d’OGT dans la régulation du complexe BAP1.

Rôle du facteur de transcription Gfi1b au cours de l’hématopoïèse précoce

Le facteur de transcription Growth factor independent 1b (GFI1b) est impliqué à différents stades dans la régulation de l'hématopoïèse. Il est notamment fortement exprimé dans les cellules souches hématopoïétiques et au cours de la différenciation des cellules des lignées érythroïdes et mégacaryocytaires. Grâce à un modèle de délétion conditionnelle chez la souris par le système CreLox, nous avons montré que l'absence de GFI1b entraîne une prolifération de cellules mégacaryocytaires incapables de produire des plaquettes. Notre étude ne permet pas de confirmer formellement la prolifération des cellules souches dans la moelle osseuse précédemment observée par notre équipe dans un autre modèle murin. En revanche, les souris GFI1b "knockout" présentent une augmentation des cellules souches circulantes dans le sang périphérique. Une analyse moléculaire préliminaire montre que GFI1b pourrait influer sur la régulation par le cycle circadien de la mobilisation de ces cellules dans le sang. Finalement, notre étude des effets biologiques de la délétion de GFI1b dans le compartiment hématopoïétique des souris adultes nous a permis de définir de façon plus précise le rôle de GFI1b dans l'hématopoïèse et de confirmer son rôle majeur dans la régulation de la mégacaryopoïèse et la production de plaquettes matures.

Bone marrow cells differentiation to neurons in the rat brain using Serotonin and GABA:Their role on glutamate receptors, IP3, cAMP and cGMP functional regulation in unilateral Parkinsonism induced by 6-hydroxydopamine

Parkinson's disease is a chronic progressive neurodegenerative movement disorder characterized by a profound and selective loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons. Our findings demonstrated that glutamatergic system is impaired during PD. The evaluations of these damages have important implications in understanding the molecular mechanism underlying motor, cognitive and memory deficits in PD. Our results showed a significant increase of glutamate content in the brain regions of 6- OHDA infused rat compared to control. This increased glutamate content caused an increase in glutamatergic and NMDA receptors function. Glutamate receptor subtypes- NMDAR1, NMDA2B and mGluR5 have differential regulatory role in different brain regions during PD. The second messenger studies confirmed that the changes in the receptor levels alter the IP3, cAMP and cGMP content. The alteration in the second messengers level increased the expression of pro-apoptotic factors - Bax and TNF-α, intercellular protein - α-synuclein and reduced the expression of transcription factor - CREB. These neurofunctional variations are the key contributors to motor and cognitive abnormalities associated with PD. Nestin and GFAP expression study confirmed that 5-HT and GABA induced the differentiation and proliferation of the BMC to neurons and glial cells in the SNpc of rats. We also observed that activated astrocytes are playing a crucial role in the proliferation of transplanted BMC which makes them significant for stem cell-based therapy. Our molecular and behavioural results showed that 5-HT and GABA along with BMC potentiates a restorative effect by reversing the alterations in glutamate receptor binding, gene expression and behaviour abnormality that occur during PD. The therapeutic significance in Parkinson’s disease is of prominence.

Cholinergic receptor subtypes functional regulation in spinal cord injured monoplegic rats

The present study deals with the Cholinergic Receptor subtypes functional regulation in spinal cord injured monoplegic rats: Effect of 5-HT GABA and bone marrow cells.Spinal cord injury causes permanent and irrevocable motor deficits and neurodegeneration. Disruption of the spinal cord leads to diminished transmission of descending control from the brain to motor neurons and ascending sensory information. Behavioural studies showed deficits in motor control and coordination in SCI rats. Cholinergic system plays an important role in SCI, the evaluation of which provides valuable insight on the underlying mechanisms of motor deficit that occur during SCI. The cholinergic transmission was studied by assessing the muscarinic and nicotinic receptors; cholinergic enzymes- ChAT and AChE; second messenger enzyme PLC; transcription factor CREB and second messengers - IP3, cAMP and cGMP. We observed a decrease in the cholinergic transmission in the brain and spinal cord of SCI rats. The disrupted cholinergic system is the indicative of motor deficit and neuronal degeneration in the spinal cord and brain regions. SCI mediated oxidative stress and apoptosis leads to neuronal degeneration in SCI rats. The decreased expression of anti oxidant enzymes – SOD, GPx and neuronal cell survival factors - BDNF, GDNF, IGF-1, Akt and cyclin D2 along with increased expression of apoptotic factors – Bax, caspase-8, TNFa and NF-kB augmented the neuronal degeneration in SCI condition. BMC administration in combination with 5-HT and GABA in SCI rats showed a reversal in the impaired cholinergic neurotransmission and reduced the oxidative stress and apoptosis. It also enhanced the expression of cell survival factors in the spinal cord region. In SCI rats treated with 5-HT and GABA, the transplanted BMC expressed NeuN confirming that 5-HT and GABA induced the differentiation and proliferation of BMC to neurons in the spinal cord. Neurotrophic factors and anti-apoptotic elements in SCI rats treated with 5-HT and GABA along with BMC rendered neuroprotective effects accompanied by improvement in behavioural deficits. This resulted in a significant reversal of altered cholinergic neurotransmission in SCI. The restorative and neuro protective effects of BMC in combination with 5-HT and GABA are of immense therapeutic significance in the clinical management of SCI.

Metacognitive knowledge and self-regulation: A qualitative lecture of students functioning in writing

This research emerges from the world-wide problematic concerning student's failure. It particularly analyzes the meta-cognitive competences in the writing process of this population. Based on Flavell's (1992) viewpoint about meta-cognition and the socio-cognitive approach of self-regulation, two variables were measured: meta-cognitive knowledge and self-regulation strategies. A qualitative study was conducted on a sample of 12 French students at first year university. This study uses a specific technique of interview known as "explicitation interview". The data analysis included the categorization, codification and quantification of the information obtained with the interviews. In conclusion, even though the students had metacognitive knowledge related to the written tasks, they did not show strategies that could help to go beyond the descriptive modality of written discourses by taking into account the readers' expectations. Their writing processes focused on transcription of ideas with little control on the planning and revision phases.

Analysis of wheat SAGE tags reveals evidence for widespread antisense transcription

BACKGROUND: Serial Analysis of Gene Expression (SAGE) is a powerful tool for genome-wide transcription studies. Unlike microarrays, it has the ability to detect novel forms of RNA such as alternatively spliced and antisense transcripts, without the need for prior knowledge of their existence. One limitation of using SAGE on an organism with a complex genome and lacking detailed sequence information, such as the hexaploid bread wheat Triticum aestivum, is accurate annotation of the tags generated. Without accurate annotation it is impossible to fully understand the dynamic processes involved in such complex polyploid organisms. Hence we have developed and utilised novel procedures to characterise, in detail, SAGE tags generated from the whole grain transcriptome of hexaploid wheat. RESULTS: Examination of 71,930 Long SAGE tags generated from six libraries derived from two wheat genotypes grown under two different conditions suggested that SAGE is a reliable and reproducible technique for use in studying the hexaploid wheat transcriptome. However, our results also showed that in poorly annotated and/or poorly sequenced genomes, such as hexaploid wheat, considerably more information can be extracted from SAGE data by carrying out a systematic analysis of both perfect and "fuzzy" (partially matched) tags. This detailed analysis of the SAGE data shows first that while there is evidence of alternative polyadenylation this appears to occur exclusively within the 3' untranslated regions. Secondly, we found no strong evidence for widespread alternative splicing in the developing wheat grain transcriptome. However, analysis of our SAGE data shows that antisense transcripts are probably widespread within the transcriptome and appear to be derived from numerous locations within the genome. Examination of antisense transcripts showing sequence similarity to the Puroindoline a and Puroindoline b genes suggests that such antisense transcripts might have a role in the regulation of gene expression. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that the detailed analysis of transcriptome data, such as SAGE tags, is essential to understand fully the factors that regulate gene expression and that such analysis of the wheat grain transcriptome reveals that antisense transcripts maybe widespread and hence probably play a significant role in the regulation of gene expression during grain development.

Pre-B-cell transcription factor 1 and steroidogenic factor 1 synergistically regulate adrenocortical growth and steroidogenesis

variety of transcription factors including Wilms tumor gene (Wt-1), steroidogenic factor 1 (Sf-1), dosage-sensitive sex reversal, adrenal hypoplasia congenita on the X-chromosome, Gene 1 (Dax-1), and pre-B-cell transcription factor 1 (Pbx1) have been defined as necessary for regular adrenocortical development. However, the role of Pbx1 for adrenal growth and function in the adult organism together with the molecular relationship between Pbx1 and these other transcription factors have not been characterized. We demonstrate that Pbx haploinsufficiency (Pbx1(+/-)) in mice is accompanied by a significant lower adrenal weight in adult animals compared with wild-type controls. Accordingly, baseline proliferating cell nuclear antigen levels are lower in Pbx1(+/-) mice, and unilateral adrenalectomy results in impaired contralateral compensatory adrenal growth, indicating a lower proliferative potential in the context of Pbx1 haploinsufficiency. In accordance with the key role of IGFs in adrenocortical proliferation and development, real-time RT-PCR demonstrates significant lower expression levels of the IGF-I receptor, and up-regulation of IGF binding protein-2. Functionally, Pbx1(+/-) mice display a blunted corticosterone response after ACTH stimulation coincident with lower adrenal expression of the ACTH receptor (melanocortin 2 receptor, Mc2-r). Mechanistically, in vitro studies reveal that Pbx1 and Sf-1 synergistically stimulates Mc2-r promoter activity. Moreover, Sf-1 directly activates the Pbx1 promoter activity in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, these studies provide evidence for a role of Pbx1 in the maintenance of a functional adrenal cortex mediated by synergistic actions of Pbx1 and Sf-1 in the transcriptional regulation of the critical effector of adrenocortical differentiation, the ACTH receptor.

Characterisation and regulation of E2F-6 and E2F-6b in the rat heart: a potential target for myocardial regeneration?

The E2F transcription factors are instrumental in regulating cell cycle progression and growth, including that in cardiomyocytes, which exit the cell cycle shortly after birth. E2F-6 has been demonstrated to act as a transcriptional repressor; however, its potential role in normal cardiomyocyte proliferation and hypertrophy has not previously been investigated. Here we report the isolation and characterisation of E2F-6 and E2F-6b in rat cardiomyocytes and consider its potential as a target for myocardial regeneration following injury. At the mRNA level, both rat E2F-6 and the alternatively spliced variant, E2F-6b, were expressed in E18 myocytes and levels were maintained throughout development into adulthood. Interestingly, E2F-6 protein expression was down-regulated during myocyte development suggesting that it is regulated post-transcriptionally in these cells. During myocyte hypertrophy, the mRNA expressions of E2F-6 and E2F-6b were not regulated whereas E2F-6 protein was up-regulated significantly. Indeed, E2F-6 protein expression levels closely parallel the developmental withdrawal of myocytes from the cell cycle and the subsequent reactivation of their cell cycle machinery during hypertrophic growth. Furthermore, depletion of E2F-6, using anti-sense technology, results in death of cultured neonatal myocytes. Taken together, abrogation of E2F-6 expression in neonatal cardiomyocytes leads to a significant decrease in their viability, consistent with the notion that E2F-6 might be required for maintaining normal myocyte growth.

Nucleolin is regulated both at the level of transcription and translation

Nucleolin is a multi-functional protein that is located to the nucleolus. In tissue Culture cells, the stability of nucleolin is related to the proliferation status of the cell. During development, rat cardiomyocytes proliferate actively with increases in the mass of the heart being due to both hyperplasia and hypertrophy. The timing of this shift in the phenotype of the myocyte from one capable of undergoing hyperplasia to one that can grow only by hypertrophy occurs within 4 days of post-natal development. Thus, cardiomyocytes are an ideal model system in which to study the regulation of nucleolin during growth in vivo. Using Western blot and quantitative RT-PCR (TaqMan) we found that the amount of nucleolin is regulated both at the level of transcription and translation during the development of the cardiomyocyte. However, in cells which had exited the cell cycle and were subsequently given a hypertrophic stimulus, nucleolin was regulated post-transcriptionally. (c) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Role of Nrf2 in the regulation of CD36 and stress protein expression in murine macrophages - Activation by oxidatively modified LDL and 4-hydroxynonenal

CD36 is an important scavenger receptor mediating uptake of oxidized low- density lipoproteins ( oxLDLs) and plays a key role in foam cell formation and the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. We report the first evidence that the transcription factor Nrf2 is expressed in vascular smooth muscle cells, and demonstrate that oxLDLs cause nuclear accumulation of Nrf2 in murine macrophages, resulting in the activation of genes encoding CD36 and the stress proteins A170, heme oxygenase- 1 ( HO- 1), and peroxiredoxin I ( Prx I). 4- Hydroxy- 2- nonenal ( HNE), derived from lipid peroxidation, was one of the most effective activators of Nrf2. Using Nrf2- deficient macrophages, we established that Nrf2 partially regulates CD36 expression in response to oxLDLs, HNE, or the electrophilic agent diethylmaleate. In murine aortic smooth muscle cells, expressing negligible levels of CD36, both moderately and highly oxidized LDL caused only limited Nrf2 translocation and negligible increases in A170, HO- 1, and Prx I expression. However, treatment of smooth muscle cells with HNE significantly enhanced nuclear accumulation of Nrf2 and increased A170, HO- 1, and Prx I protein levels. Because PPAR-gamma can be activated by oxLDLs and controls expression of CD36 in macrophages, our results implicate Nrf2 as a second important transcription factor involved in the induction of the scavenger receptor CD36 and antioxidant stress genes in atherosclerosis.

Regulation of L-alanine dehydrogenase in Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae and its role in pea nodules

Alanine dehydrogenase (AldA) is the principal enzyme with which pea bacteroids synthesize alanine de novo. In free-living culture, AMA activity is induced by carboxylic acids (succinate, malate, and pyruvate), although the best inducer is alanine. Measurement of the intracellular concentration of alanine showed that AldA contributes to net alanine synthesis in laboratory cultures. Divergently transcribed from aldA is an AsnC type regulator, aldR. Mutation of aldR prevents induction of AldA activity. Plasmid-borne gusA fusions showed that aldR is required for transcription of both aldA and aldR; hence, AldR is autoregulatory. However, plasmid fusions containing the aldA-aldR intergenic region could apparently titrate out AldR, sometimes resulting in a complete loss of AldA enzyme activity. Therefore, integrated aldR::gusA and aldA::gusA fusions, as well as Northern blotting, were used to confirm the induction of aldA activity. Both aldA and aldR were expressed in the II/III interzone and zone III of pea nodules. Overexpression of aldA in bacteroids did not alter the ability of pea plants to fix nitrogen, as measured by acetylene reduction, but caused a large reduction in the size and dry weight of plants. This suggests that overexpression of aldA impairs the ability of bacteroids to donate fixed nitrogen that the plant can productively assimilate. We propose that the role of AldA may be to balance the alanine level for optimal functioning of bacteroid metabolism rather than to synthesize alanine as the sole product of N-2 reduction.

Neurokinin-B transcription in erythroid cells - Direct activation by the hematopoietic transcription factor GATA-1

The GATA family of transcription factors establishes genetic networks that control developmental processes including hematopoiesis, vasculogenesis, and cardiogenesis. We found that GATA-1 strongly activates transcription of the Tac-2 gene, which encodes proneurokinin-B, a precursor of neurokinin-B (NK-B). Neurokinins function through G protein-coupled transmembrane receptors to mediate diverse physiological responses including pain perception and the control of vascular tone. Whereas an elevated level of NK-B was implicated in pregnancy-associated pre-eclampsia ( Page, N. M., Woods, R. J., Gardiner, S. M., Lomthaisong, K., Gladwell, R. T., Butlin, D. J., Manyonda, I. T., and Lowry, P. J. ( 2000) Nature 405, 797 - 800), the regulation of NK-B synthesis and function are poorly understood. Tac-2 was expressed in normal murine erythroid cells and was induced upon ex vivo erythropoiesis. An estrogen receptor fusion to GATA-1 (ER-GATA-1) and endogenous GATA-1 both occupied a region of Tac-2 intron-7, which contains two conserved GATA motifs. Genetic complementation analysis in GATA-1-null G1E cells revealed that endogenous GATA-2 occupied the same region of intron-7, and expression of ER-GATA-1 displaced GATA-2 and activated Tac-2 transcription. Erythroid cells did not express neurokinin receptors, whereas aortic and yolk sac endothelial cells differentially expressed neurokinin receptor subtypes. Since NK-B induced cAMP accumulation in yolk sac endothelial cells, these results suggest a new mode of vascular regulation in which GATA-1 controls NK-B synthesis in erythroid cells.

Regulation of cell cycle and stress responses to hydrostatic pressure in fission yeast

We have investigated the cellular responses to hydrostatic pressure by using the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe as a model system. Exposure to sublethal levels of hydrostatic pressure resulted in G2 cell cycle delay. This delay resulted from Cdc2 tyrosine-15 (Y-15) phosphorylation, and it was abrogated by simultaneous disruption of the Cdc2 kinase regulators Cdc25 and Wee1. However, cell cycle delay was independent of the DNA damage, cytokinesis, and cell size checkpoints, suggesting a novel mechanism of Cdc2-Y15 phosphorylation in response to hydrostatic pressure. Spc1/Sty1 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase, a conserved member of the eukaryotic stress-activated p38, mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase family, was rapidly activated after pressure stress, and it was required for cell cycle recovery under these conditions, in part through promoting polo kinase (Plo1) phosphorylation on serine 402. Moreover, the Spc1 MAP kinase pathway played a key role in maintaining cell viability under hydrostatic pressure stress through the bZip transcription factor, Atf1. Further analysis revealed that prestressing cells with heat increased barotolerance, suggesting adaptational cross-talk between these stress responses. These findings provide new insight into eukaryotic homeostasis after exposure to pressure stress.

Gene transcription in Daphnia magna: effects of acute exposure to a carbamate insecticide and an acetanilide herbicide.

Daphnia magna is a key invertebrate in the freshwater environment and is used widely as a model in ecotoxicological measurements and risk assessment. Understanding the genomic responses of D. magna to chemical challenges will be of value to regulatory authorities worldwide. Here we exposed D. magna to the insecticide methomyl and the herbicide propanil to compare phenotypic effects with changes in mRNA expression levels. Both pesticides are found in drainage ditches and surface water bodies standing adjacent to crops. Methomyl, a carbamate insecticide widely used in agriculture, inhibits acetylcholinesterase, a key enzyme in nerve transmission. Propanil, an acetanilide herbicide, is used to control grass and broad-leaf weeds. The phenotypic effects of single doses of each chemical were evaluated using a standard immobilisation assay. Immobilisation was linked to global mRNA expression levels using the previously estimated 48h-EC(1)s, followed by hybridization to a cDNA microarray with more than 13,000 redundant cDNA clones representing >5000 unique genes. Following exposure to methomyl and propanil, differential expression was found for 624 and 551 cDNAs, respectively (one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni correction, Pregulation was prevalent for both test chemicals. Both pesticides promoted transcriptional changes in energy metabolism (e.g., mitochondrial proteins, ATP synthesis-related proteins), moulting (e.g., chitin-binding proteins, cuticular proteins) and protein biosynthesis (e.g., ribosomal proteins, transcription factors). Methomyl induced the transcription of genes involved in specific processes such as ion homeostasis and xenobiotic metabolism. Propanil highly promoted haemoglobin synthesis and up-regulated genes specifically related to defence mechanisms (e.g., innate immunity response systems) and neuronal pathways. Pesticide-specific toxic responses were found but there is little evidence for transcriptional responses purely restricted to genes associated with the pesticide target site or mechanism of toxicity.