Transcriptional changes and oxidative stress associated with the synergistic interaction between potato virus X and potato virus Y and their relationship with symptom expression.

Many virus diseases of economic importance to agriculture result from mixtures of different pathogens invading the host at a given time. This contrasts with the relatively scarce studies available on the molecular events associated with virus---host interactions in mixed infections. Compared with single infections, co-infection of Nicotiana benthamiana with Potato virus X (PVX) and Potato virus Y (PVY) resulted in increased systemic symptoms (synergism) that led to necrosis of the newly emerging leaves and death of the plant. A comparative transcriptional analysis was undertaken to identify quantitative and qualitative differences in gene expression during this synergistic infection and correlate these changes with the severe symptoms it caused. Global transcription profiles of doubly infected leaves were compared with those from singly infected leaves using gene ontology enrichment analysis and metabolic pathway annotator software. Functional gene categories altered by the double infection comprise suites of genes regulated coordinately, which are associated with chloroplast functions (downregulated), protein synthesis and degradation (upregulated), carbohydrate metabolism (upregulated), and response to biotic stimulus and stress (upregulated). The expressions of reactive oxygen species?generating enzymes as well as several mitogen-activated protein kinases were also significantly induced. Accordingly, synergistic infection induced a severe oxidative stress in N. benthamiana leaves, as judged by increases in lipid peroxidation and by the generation of superoxide radicals in chloroplasts, which correlated with the misregulation of antioxidative genes in microarray data. Interestingly, expression of genes encoding oxylipin biosynthesis was uniquely upregulated by the synergistic infection. Virus-induced gene silencing of ?-dioxygenase1 delayed cell death during PVX?PVY infection.

The broken troth : a legend of old Fort Union : a cantata for soprano and tenor solo with chorus, four-part, for women's voices /

"Op. 32."

Concertino, in D major, for violin and piano, op. 12 /

Acc. originally for orchestra.

Suite for orchestra : op. 19 /

Duration: 25:00.

Piemonte; suite per orchestra sopra temi popolari. Op. 36.

Arr. for piano.

Vingt suites d'orchestre du XVIIe siècle français /

v. 1. Etude historique. Les facsimilés du manuscrit de Cassel avec l'ancien et le nouveau classement.--v. 2. Partition d'orchestre et réduction pour le piano.

Chaconne, from the fourth sonata for violin solo /

Bach's original violin work with added accompaniments by Schumann and by Mendelssohn.

Suite: the tempter. Overture, berceuse, bacchanalian dance, for orchestra.

Mode of access: Internet.

Concerto, no. 19 in D minor, for violin and piano /

Acc. originally for orchestra.

Concerto à cembalo concertato 1mo. cembalo concertato 2o. 2. violini viola e basso /

Laid in are: photocopy (negative) of complete manuscript, and 20th cent. manuscript copy of violin, viola and basso parts (in the hand of J. A. Stellfeld?)

Cadenzen zu L. van Beethoven's Violin-Concert : für die Violine allein /

Mode of access: Internet.

Modern trio album. [music] : fifteen special concert arrangements and original compositions for violin, cello and piano /

Elegie and consolation, op. 200, no. 2 / Atherton, Frank P. -- Hungarian dance no. 5 (in G minor) / Brahms, Johannes -- Humoreske : op. 101, no. 7 / Dvor̂ák, Anton ; arr. by Gustav Saenger -- La Cinquantaine / Gabriel-Marie ; special concert arr. by C. Arnold -- Gavotte Louis XIII : Amaryllis / Ghys, H. ; arr. by N. Hansen -- Serenade, from Op. 3 / Herbert, Victor -- Dreams of love = Liebesträume : notturno III / Liszt, Franz ; arr. by R. Klugescheid -- O Belle Nuite, Barcarolle from "Contes d'Hoffmann" / Offenbach, J. ; arr. by Max Woltag -- Celebrated Andante / Reissiger, C. G. -- My heart at thy sweet voice : Cantabile from "Samson and Dalila" / Saint-Saëns, C. ; arr. by R. Klugescheid -- Melodie Mignonne / Sinding, Christian ; arr. by N. Hansen -- Vienna life = Wiener Blut / Strauss, Johann ; special concert arr. by C. Arnold -- Autumn song = Chant d'automne ; Chant sans paroles : op. 40, no. 6 / Tschaikowsky, P. ; arr. by N. Hansen -- Song to the evening star : from "Tannhäuser" / Wagner, Richard ; concert paraphrase by C. Arnold.

Concerto no. 3 in G major, Köchel no. 216 for violin & pianoforte. [music] /

Acc. originally for orchestra.

Aphrodite : symphonic fantasie for orchestra /

Publisher's no.: Study score 217.

From the canebrake : for fiddle with piano : op. 5, no. 1 /

Violin part printed on p. [3] of cover.