Stability of periodic optical solitons for a nonlinear Schrodinger system

This paper is concerned with the existence and nonlinear stability of periodic travelling-wave solutions for a nonlinear Schrodinger-type system arising in nonlinear optics. We show the existence of smooth curves of periodic solutions depending on the dnoidal-type functions. We prove stability results by perturbations having the same minimal wavelength, and instability behaviour by perturbations of two or more times the minima period. We also establish global well posedness for our system by using Bourgain`s approach.

DC and AC side harmonics in CCC converters

The capacitor-commutated converter (CCC) has frequently been used in the conception of HVDC systems connected to busbars with low short circuit level. This alternative arrangement, in substitution to the conventional ones, guarantees less sensitive operational conditions to problems related with the commutation failure in the inverters besides supplying part of the reactive energy to be compensated. Studies related with its performance in steady and transient states have been presented in several works, however its behavior as harmonic source is still little explored. This work presents preliminary studies focusing the generation of characteristic harmonics by this type of converter. Subjects related with the amplification of the harmonic magnitudes are investigated and compared considering similar arrangements of conventional static converters (LCC) and CCC schemes. It is also analyzed the harmonic generation on the dc side of the installation and its influence on the ac side harmonics. The results are obtained from simulations in the time domain in PSpice environment and they clearly illustrate the operational differences between the L CC and the CCC schemes with regard to characteristic harmonic generation.

Violet-blue emissions due to frequency up-conversion in Nd3+-doped fluoroindate glasses

We report the observation of intense frequency up-conversion in Nd3+-doped fluoroindate glasses pumped by the second harmonic of a cw mode-locked Nd: YAG laser. Mechanisms for generating the observed emissions are discussed.

On the regular-geometric-figure solution to the N-body problem

The regular-geometric-figure solution to the N-body problem is presented in a very simple way. The Newtonian formalism is used without resorting to a more involved rotating coordinate system. Those configurations occur for other kinds of interactions beyond the gravitational ones for some special values of the parameters of the forces. For the harmonic oscillator, in particular, it is shown that the N-body problem is reduced to N one-body problems.

Geração de segundo harmônico em vidros teluritos TeO2 – LiNbO3

Pós-graduação em Ciência dos Materiais - FEIS

Medidas de espectroscopia Raman em cristais KDP e Nanotubos de Carbono: implementação da técnica

Atualmente, os físicos vêm desenvolvendo novas técnicas de caracterização de materiais, principalmente os novos materiais que os cientistas (de todas as áreas) estão produzindo a partir de outros já existentes como vidros, cerâmicas, polímeros, materiais semicondutores e supercondutores, materiais magnéticos, dentre outros. Seguindo esta linha, o Grupo de Física de Materiais da Amazônia vem adquirindo novas técnicas para caracterização de materiais e este trabalho marca o início da incorporação de mais uma técnica de caracterização junto ao laboratório de física da UFPA, a Espectroscopia Raman. Neste trabalho, utilizamos como amostras para realizar e testar a técnica implantada, cristais KH2PO4 (KDP) e nanotubos de carbono de parede simples (SWNT). O KDP foi escolhido devido ao fato de ter os espectros Raman muito conhecidos e ser um material de simples produção. O KDP puro ou dopado continua sendo alvo de pesquisa (teórica e/ou experimental) atual, principalmente por apresentar uma transição de fase ferroelétrica e ser um material que tem muitas aplicações nas indústrias que utilizam tecnologia de lasers, sensores, gerador de segundo e terceiro harmônico. Já os nanotubos de carbono também foram utilizados como amostras por ser um material de grande interesse científico, tecnológico e de grande aplicação no mundo moderno, pois podem ser empregados em nanotecnologia na produção de transistores e diodos, além disso, podem ser incorporados a certos materiais aumentando, assim, a resistência mecânica dos mesmos.Para as amostras de KDP foram realizadas medidas em temperatura ambiente, pressão uniaxial e temperatura. Nas medidas com a temperatura conseguimos observar o inicio da decomposição e de uma possível transição de fase em alta temperatura no KDP. As medidas com pressão uniaxial mostram que embora não se observe uma transição de fase bem definida é possível se identificar alteração que podem indicar o inicio de uma quebra de simetria devido aos efeitos de pressão. Nas amostras de nanotubos (nanotubos de paredes simples-SWNT) foram realizadas medidas de Raman em temperatura ambiente. Nessas medidas identificamos as bandas D e G bastante conhecidas as quais são reportadas em quase todos os artigos sobre esse tema. O mais importante foi a implantação da nova técnica que é uma técnica forte que pode ser aplicada em diferentes campos do conhecimento científico fortalecendo o Grupo de Física de Materiais da Amazônia.

Análise da qualidade de energia em sistemas de distribuição através de medição e fluxo de carga harmônico trifásico

Este trabalho apresenta uma análise da qualidade de energia realizado em um sistema real de distribuição de energia elétrica, a partir das diferentes classes de consumo atendida pela concessionária. O estudo foi realizado em duas etapas, sendo a primeira através de medições realizadas no secundário de transformadores da rede de distribuição que atende ao sistema da CEA (Companhia de Eletricidade do Amapá), previamente classificados por classe de atendimento sendo, classe comercial, residencial e mista. Através do estudo torna-se possível a identificação e a caracterização de fontes geradoras de harmônicos no sistema, possibilitando assim a análise do nível de injeção de harmônicos em sua rede de distribuição, bem como a avaliação dos impactos que essas fontes distribuídas de geração harmônica podem provocar na qualidade de energia fornecida pela concessionária. A etapa final do estudo apresenta o uso de um fluxo de carga harmônico trifásico, onde a partir do perfil harmônico obtido no estudo, é feita uma avaliação de forma global do sistema.

Safra, retratos da vida e do homem amazônico na produção da castanha

Esta dissertação analisa os aspectos sociais do romance Safra (1937) de Abguar Bastos, que aborda a economia da castanha na Amazônia no início do século XX, período em que a semente foi uma das poucas alternativas para os produtores após a falência da atividade de extração da borracha. A situação dos personagens, principalmente os mais pobres, da vila de Coari revela não só uma obra com tom de denúncia, como uma reflexão sobre o ser humano, o poder e as suas consequências. Nesta exposição observam-se três pontos inseparáveis. O primeiro é o contexto histórico à época em que os dois produtos, a borracha e a castanha, foram as principais fontes de lucro para a população e como se deu a passagem de uma para a outra. O segundo indica o romance como regionalista da 2º geração modernista do Brasil, por isso a carreira do escritor é apresentada com intuito de observar o percurso feito por ele, quais as idéias do movimento e qual posição política é assumida em seu trabalho. Por fim, a terceira parte aborda a maneira como a população foi retratada no livro, as características do protagonista e quais os discursos estão escondidos na narrativa.

TCAD approaches to multidimensional simulation of advanced semiconductor devices

Technology scaling increasingly emphasizes complexity and non-ideality of the electrical behavior of semiconductor devices and boosts interest on alternatives to the conventional planar MOSFET architecture. TCAD simulation tools are fundamental to the analysis and development of new technology generations. However, the increasing device complexity is reflected in an augmented dimensionality of the problems to be solved. The trade-off between accuracy and computational cost of the simulation is especially influenced by domain discretization: mesh generation is therefore one of the most critical steps and automatic approaches are sought. Moreover, the problem size is further increased by process variations, calling for a statistical representation of the single device through an ensemble of microscopically different instances. The aim of this thesis is to present multi-disciplinary approaches to handle this increasing problem dimensionality in a numerical simulation perspective. The topic of mesh generation is tackled by presenting a new Wavelet-based Adaptive Method (WAM) for the automatic refinement of 2D and 3D domain discretizations. Multiresolution techniques and efficient signal processing algorithms are exploited to increase grid resolution in the domain regions where relevant physical phenomena take place. Moreover, the grid is dynamically adapted to follow solution changes produced by bias variations and quality criteria are imposed on the produced meshes. The further dimensionality increase due to variability in extremely scaled devices is considered with reference to two increasingly critical phenomena, namely line-edge roughness (LER) and random dopant fluctuations (RD). The impact of such phenomena on FinFET devices, which represent a promising alternative to planar CMOS technology, is estimated through 2D and 3D TCAD simulations and statistical tools, taking into account matching performance of single devices as well as basic circuit blocks such as SRAMs. Several process options are compared, including resist- and spacer-defined fin patterning as well as different doping profile definitions. Combining statistical simulations with experimental data, potentialities and shortcomings of the FinFET architecture are analyzed and useful design guidelines are provided, which boost feasibility of this technology for mainstream applications in sub-45 nm generation integrated circuits.

Synthese und Struktur-Eigenschafts-Beziehungen von Oligo- und Poly(2,5-dipropoxy-1,4-phenylenethinylen)en

Oligomere mit konjugierten pi-Elektronensystemen sind für die Materialwissenschaften von großer Bedeutung. Die vielfältigen und umfangreichen Forschungen auf diesem Gebiet gründen im Potenzial dieser Substanzklassen, das im Bereich der Laserfarbstoffe, Leuchtdioden, Photoleiter, optische Schalter oder auch der molekularen Elektronik angesiedelt ist. Zu diesen gehören auch die in dieser Arbeit synthetisierten und untersuchten Phenylenethinylene. Die Herstellung der Oligomere erfolgt nach der Methode von Sonogashira und Hagihara. Dabei wird ein Halogenaren mit einer Alkinkomponente zur Reaktion gebracht. Als Katalysator dient dabei ein Gemisch aus Bis(triphenylphosphin-palladiumdichlorid), Kupfer-(I)-iodid und Triphenylphosphin. Verwendung fanden bei der Synthese zwei Arten von Schutzgruppen. Es handelt sich dabei einerseits um die Trimethylsilyl- und die Triisopropylsilyl-Funktion, die unabhängig voneinander in ein System eingeführt werden und selektiv wieder entfernt werden können. Die zweite Art sind die Halogene Brom und Iod, die aufgrund ihrer Eigenschaft vielmehr als 'dormant group' bezeichnet werden müssen. Eine Ethinylierung führt zunächst zur Substitution des Iod- und anschließend des Bromatoms. Die so erhaltenen Oligomere werden mit verschiedenen spektroskopischen Methoden untersucht. Besonderes Interesse liegt dabei auf der Bestimmung der effektiven Konjugationslänge (EKL). Damit ist es möglich, die Länge des konjugierten Systems zu bestimmen, das für die betreffenden Eigenschaften des entsprechenden Polymers maßgeblich ist. Das nichtlineare optische Verhalten der Oligomere wird mittels der Third-Harmonic-Generation-Methode (THG) gemessen. Die resultierende Größe, die Suszeptibilität 3. Ordnung, gibt Aufschluß über mögliche industrielle Anwendungen.

Functional photoactive and electroactive nanodevices

Most of current ultra-miniaturized devices are obtained by the top-down approach, in which nanoscale components are fabricated by cutting down larger precursors. Since this physical-engineering method is reaching its limits, especially for components below 30 nm in size, alternative strategies are necessary. Of particular appeal to chemists is the supramolecular bottom-up approach to nanotechnology, a methodology that utilizes the principles of molecular recognition to build materials and devices from molecular components. The subject of this thesis is the photophysical and electrochemical investigation of nanodevices obtained harnessing the principles of supramolecular chemistry. These systems operate in solution-based environments and are investigated at the ensemble level. The majority of the chemical systems discussed here are based on pseudorotaxanes and catenanes. Such supramolecular systems represent prototypes of molecular machines since they are capable of performing simple controlled mechanical movements. Their properties and operation are strictly related to the supramolecular interactions between molecular components (generally photoactive or electroactive molecules) and to the possibility of modulating such interactions by means of external stimuli. The main issues addressed throughout the thesis are: (i) the analysis of the factors that can affect the architecture and perturb the stability of supramolecular systems; (ii) the possibility of controlling the direction of supramolecular motions exploiting the molecular information content; (iii) the development of switchable supramolecular polymers starting from simple host-guest complexes; (iv) the capability of some molecular machines to process information at molecular level, thus behaving as logic devices; (v) the behaviour of molecular machine components in a biological-type environment; (vi) the study of chemically functionalized metal nanoparticles by second harmonic generation spectroscopy.

Preparation of cold Mg + ion clouds for sympathetic cooling of highly charged ions at SPECTRAP

Die Elektronen in wasserstoff- und lithium-ähnlichen schweren Ionen sind den extrem starken elektrischen und magnetischen Feldern in der Umgebung des Kerns ausgesetzt. Die Laserspektroskopie der Hyperfeinaufspaltung im Grundzustand des Ions erlaubt daher einen sensitiven Test der Quantenelektrodynamik in starken Feldern insbesondere im magnetischen Sektor. Frühere Messungen an wasserstoffähnlichen Systemen die an einer Elektronenstrahl-Ionenfalle (EBIT) und am Experimentierspeicherring (ESR) der GSI Darmstadt durchgeführt wurden, waren in ihrer Genauigkeit durch zu geringe Statistik, einer starken Dopplerverbreiterung und der großen Unsicherheit in der Ionenenergie limitiert. Das ganze Potential des QED-Tests kann nur dann ausgeschöpft werden, wenn es gelingt sowohl wasserstoff- als auch lithium-ähnliche schwere Ionen mit einer um 2-3 Größenordnung gesteigerten Genauigkeit zu spektroskopieren. Um dies zu erreichen, wird gegenwärtig das neue Penningfallensystem SPECTRAP an der GSI aufgebaut und in Betrieb genommen. Es ist speziell für die Laserspektroskopie an gespeicherten hochgeladenen Ionen optimiert und wird in Zukunft von HITRAP mit nierderenergetischen hochgeladenen Ionen versorgt werden.rnrnSPECTRAP ist eine zylindrische Penningfalle mit axialem Zugang für die Injektion von Ionen und die Einkopplung eines Laserstrahls sowie einem radialen optischen Zugang für die Detektion der Fluoreszenz. Um letzteres zu realisieren ist der supraleitende Magnet als Helmholtz-Spulenpaar ausgelegt. Um die gewünschte Genauigkeit bei der Laserspektroskopie zu erreichen, muss ein effizienter und schneller Kühlprozess für die injizierten hochegeladenen Ionen realisiert werden. Dies kann mittels sympathetischer Kühlung in einer lasergekühlten Wolke leichter Ionen realisiert werden. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde ein Lasersystem und eine Ionenquelle für die Produktion einer solchen 24Mg+ Ionenwolke aufgebaut und erfolgreich an SPECTRAP in Betrieb genommen. Dazu wurde ein Festkörperlasersystem für die Erzeugung von Licht bei 279.6 nm entworfen und aufgebaut. Es besteht aus einem Faserlaser bei 1118 nm der in zwei aufeinanderfolgenden Frequenzverdopplungsstufen frequenzvervierfacht wird. Die Verdopplerstufen sind als aktiv stabilisierte Resonantoren mit nichtlinearen Kristallen ausgelegt. Das Lasersystem liefert unter optimalen Bedingeungen bis zu 15 mW bei der ultravioletten Wellenlänge und erwies sich während der Teststrahlzeiten an SPECTRAP als ausgesprochen zuverlässig. Desweiteren wurde eine Ionequelle für die gepulste Injektion von Mg+ Ionen in die SPECTRAP Falle entwickelt. Diese basiert auf der Elektronenstoßionisation eines thermischen Mg-Atomstrahls und liefert in der gepulsten Extraktion Ionenbündel mit einer kleinen Impuls- und Energieverteilung. Unter Nutzung des Lasersystems konnten damit an SPECTRAP erstmals Ionenwolken mit bis zu 2600 lasergekühlten Mg Ionen erzeugt werden. Der Nachweis erfolgte sowohl mittels Fluoreszenz als auch mit der FFT-ICR Technik. Aus der Analyse des Fluoreszenz-Linienprofils lässt sich sowohl die Sensitivität auf einzelne gespeicherte Ionen als auch eine erreichte Endtemperatur in der Größenordnung von ≈ 100 mK nach wenigen Sekunden Kühlzeit belegen.

Spins, moments and radii of cd isotopes

The complex nature of the nucleon-nucleon interaction and the wide range of systems covered by the roughly 3000 known nuclides leads to a multitude of effects observed in nuclear structure. Among the most prominent ones is the occurence of shell closures at so-called ”magic numbers”, which are explained by the nuclear shell model. Although the shell model already is on duty for several decades, it is still constantly extended and improved. For this process of extension, fine adjustment and verification, it is important to have experimental data of nuclear properties, especially at crucial points like in the vicinity of shell closures. This is the motivation for the work performed in this thesis: the measurement and analysis of nuclear ground state properties of the isotopic chain of 100−130Cd by collinear laser spectroscopy.rnrnThe experiment was conducted at ISOLDE/CERN using the collinear laser spectroscopy apparatus COLLAPS. This experiment is the continuation of a run on neutral atomic cadmium from A = 106 to A = 126 and extends the measured isotopes to even more exotic species. The required gain in sensitivity is mainly achieved by using a radiofrequency cooler and buncher for background reduction and by using the strong 5s 2S1/2 → 5p 2P3/2 transition in singly ionized Cd. The latter requires a continuous wave laser system with a wavelength of 214.6 nm, which has been developed during this thesis. Fourth harmonic generation of an infrared titanium sapphire laser is achieved by two subsequent cavity-enhanced second harmonic generations, leading to the production of deep-UV laser light up to about 100 mW.rnrnThe acquired data of the Z = 48 Cd isotopes, having one proton pair less than the Z = 50 shell closure at tin, covers the isotopes from N = 52 up to N = 82 and therefore almost the complete region between the neutron shell closures N = 50 and N = 82. The isotope shifts and the hyperfine structures of these isotopes have been recorded and the magnetic dipole moments, the electric quadrupole moments, spins and changes in mean square charge radii are extracted. The obtained data reveal among other features an extremely linear behaviour of the quadrupole moments of the I = 11/2− isomeric states and a parabolic development in differences in mean square nuclear charge radii between ground and isomeric state. The development of charge radii between the shell closures is smooth, exposes a regular odd-even staggering and can be described and interpreted in the model of Zamick and Thalmi.

A stochastic principle behind polar properties of condensed molecular matter

A statistical mechanics view leads to the conclusion that polar molecules allowed to populate a degree of freedom for orientational disorder in a condensed phase thermalize into a bi-polar state featuring zero net polarity. In cases of orientational disorder polar order of condensed molecular matter can only exist in corresponding sectors of opposite average polarities. Channel type inclusion compounds, single component molecular crystals, solid solutions, optically anomalous crystals, inorganic ionic crystals, biomimetic crystals and biological tissues investigated by scanning pyroelectric and phase sensitive second harmonic generation microscopy all showed domains of opposite polarities in their final grown state. For reported polar molecular crystal structures it is assumed that kinetic hindrance along one direction of the polar axis is preventing the formation of a bi-polar state, thus allowing for a kinetically controlled mono-domain state. In this review we summarize theoretical and experimental findings leading to far reaching conclusions on the polar state of solid molecular matter. “… no stationary state … of a system has an electrical dipole moment.” P. W. Anderson, Science, 1972, 177, 393.

Symmetry and the polar state of condensed molecular matter

Polar molecular crystals seem to contradict a quantum mechanical statement, according to which no stationary state of a system features a permanent electrical polarization. By stationary we understand here an ensemble for which thermal averaging applies. In the language of statistical mechanics we have thus to ask for the thermal expectation value of the polarization in molecular crystals. Nucleation aggregates and growing crystal surfaces can provide a single degree of freedom for polar molecules required to average the polarization. By means of group theoretical reasoning and Monte Carlo simulations we show that such systems thermalize into a bi-polar state featuring zero bulk polarity. A two domain, i.e. bipolar state is obtained because boundaries are setting up opposing effective electrical fields. Described phenomena can be understood as a process of partial ergodicity-restoring. Experimentally, a bi-polar state of molecular crystals was demonstrated using phase sensitive second harmonic generation and scanning pyroelectric microscopy